Pervasive antibiotic misuse in the Cambodian community: Antibiotic-seeking behaviour with unrestricted access

Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control

Volumn 6, Issue 1, 2017, Pages

  Om, Chhorvoin ^a   Daily, Frances ^b   Vlieghe, Erika ^c   McLaughlin, James C ^b   McLaws, Mary Louise ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

^b Diagnostic Microbiology Development Program   (Cambodia)

^c INSTITUTE OF TROPICAL MEDICINE   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Antibiotic resistance; Behaviour; Drug outlet; Nurse prescriber; Pharmacy; Self medication; Unofficial prescriber

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; CEPHALOSPORIN DERIVATIVE; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT;

ADULT; ARTICLE; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; CAMBODIAN; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COMMON COLD; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG MISUSE; DRUG SEEKING BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; FEVER; HEALTH CARE ACCESS; HEALTH CARE FACILITY; HEALTH CARE FINANCING; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HOSPITAL CARE; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; INFORMATION PROCESSING; INTERVIEW; MALARIA; MALE; NURSING STAFF; PAIN; PHARMACIST; PRESCRIPTION; PRIVATE PRACTICE; SELF MEDICATION; THEMATIC ANALYSIS; THERAPEUTIC MISCONCEPTION;

EID: 85016161646     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20472994     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/s13756-017-0187-y     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. WHO. Worldwide country situation analysis: response to antimicrobial resistance. Geneva, 2015. http://www.ac2bmr.fr/images/WHO_Response.pdf. Accessed 20 Aug 2016
2. Ventola CL. The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats. P T. 2015;40(4):277-83.
3. Bhutta ZA, Sommerfeld J, Lassi ZS, Salam RA, Das JK. Global burden, distribution, and interventions for infectious diseases of poverty. Infect Dis Poverty. 2014;3:21.
4. WHO. The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Update. Geneva, 2008. http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GBD_report_2004update_full.pdf?ua=1. Accessed 07 Oct 2016.
5. WHO. Interventions and Strategies to Improve the use of antimicrobials in developing countries: a review. Geneva, 2001. http://www.who.int/drugresistance/Interventions_and_strategies_to_improve_the_use_of_antim.pdf. Accessed 15 Aug 2016.
6. Okeke IN, Laxminarayan R, Bhutta ZA, Duse AG, Jenkins P, O'Brien TF, et al. Antimicrobial resistance in developing countries. Part I: recent trends and current status. Lancet Infect Dis. 2005;5(8):481-93.
7. Morgan DJ, Okeke IN, Laxminarayan R, Perencevich EN, Weisenberg S. Non-prescription antimicrobial use worldwide: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;11(9):692-701.
8. Isturiz RE, Carbon C. Antibiotic use in developing countries. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2000;21(6):394-7.
9. Gwatkin DR, Guillot M. The Burden of Disease Among the Global Poor. Current Situation, Future Trends, and Implications for Strategy. Washington, DC, The World Bank. 2000. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPAH/Resources/Publications/Seminars/burden.pdf. Accessed 07 Oct 2016
10. Hogerzeil HV, Bimo, Ross-Degnan D, Laing RO, Ofori-Adjei D, Santoso B et al. Field tests for rational drug use in twelve developing countries. Lancet. 1993;342:1408-10.
11. Planta MB. The role of poverty in antimicrobial resistance. J Am Board Fam Med. 2007;20(6):533-9.
12. Okeke IN, Lamikanra A, Edelman R. Socioeconomic and behavioral factors leading to acquired bacterial resistance to antibiotics in developing countries. Emerg Infect Dis. 1999;5(1):18-27.
13. Radyowijati A, Haak H, Radyowijati A, Haak H. Improving antibiotic use in low-income countries: an overview of evidence on determinants. Soc Sci Med. 2003;57(4):733-44.
14. Radyowijati A, Haak H. Determinants of antimicrobial use in the developing world: child health research project special report. USAID Bureau of Global Health: Washington D.C.; 2002. http://www.childhealthresearch.org/doc/AMR_vol4.pdf. Accessed 03 Oct 2016.
15. Okumura J, Wakai S, Umenai T, Okumura J, Wakai S, Umenai T. Drug utilisation and self-medication in rural communities in Vietnam. Soc Sci Med. 2002;54(12):1875-86.
16. Stoesser N, Moore CE, Pocock JM, An KP, Emary K, Carter M, et al. Pediatric bloodstream infections in Cambodia, 2007 to 2011. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013;32(7):E272-E6.
17. Emary K, Moore CE, Chanpheaktra N, An KP, Chheng K, Sona S, et al. Enteric fever in Cambodian children is dominated by multidrug-resistant H58 Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi with intermediate susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2012;106(12):718-24.
18. Kasper MR, Sokhal B, Blair PJ, Wierzba TF, Putnam SD, Kasper MR, et al. Emergence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones in Cambodia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2010;66(2):207-9.
19. Vlieghe ER, Phe T, De Smet B, Veng HC, Kham C, Lim K, et al. Bloodstream infection among adults in Phnom Penh, Cambodia: Key pathogens and resistance patterns. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e59775.
20. Chareonkul C, Khun VL, Boonshuyar C. Rational drug use in Cambodia: study of three pilot health centers in Kampong Thom Province. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2002;33(2):418-24.
21. WHO. Annual Report 2002 Essential Drugs and Medicines Policy: Supporting countries to close the access gap. Geneva, 2002. http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/pdf/s4863e/s4863e.pdf. Accessed 10 Oct 2016.
22. Emary KRW, Carter MJ, Pol S, Sona S, Kumar V, Day NPJ, et al. Urinary antibiotic activity in paediatric patients attending an outpatient department in north-western Cambodia. Trop Med Int Health. 2015;20(1):24-8.
23. Ramage I. Assessment of official private providers and delivery of health care services to children under five. Phnom Penh, Cambodia: WHO; 2011. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.548.3332&rep=rep1&type=pdf. Accessed 12 Oct 2016.
24. The World Bank. Cambodia Country Overview. 2016. http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/cambodia/overview. Accessed 21 Oct 2016.
25. Asian Development Bank. Cambodia: Country poverty analysis 2014. Mandaluyong City, Philippines, 2014. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/151706/cambodia-country-poverty-analysis-2014.pdf. Accessed 10 Oct 2016.
26. Department of Planning and Health Information. Annual health statistics report 2012. Phnom Penh, Cambodia: Ministry of Health; 2012.
27. National Institute of Statistics. Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey 2010. Ministry of Planning, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 2010. https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR249/FR249.pdf. Accessed 12 Oct 2016.
28. Giacomini MK, Cook DJ. Users' guides to the medical literature: XXIII. Qualitative research in health care A. Are the results of the study valid? evidence-based medicine working group. JAMA. 2000;284(3):357-62.
29. Om C, Vlieghe E, McLaughlin JC, Daily F, McLaws ML. Antibiotic prescribing practices: A national survey of Cambodian physicians. Am J Infect Control. 2016;44(10):1144-8.
30. Morse JM. The significance of saturation. Qual Health Res. 1995;5(2):147-9.
31. Francis JJ, Johnston M, Robertson C, Glidewell L, Entwistle V, Eccles MP, et al. What is an adequate sample size? Operationalising data saturation for theory-based interview studies. Psychol Health. 2010;25(10):1229-45.
32. Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol. 2006;3(2):77-101.
33. Sandelowski M, Leeman J. Writing usable qualitative health research findings. Qual Health Res. 2012;22(10):1404-13.
34. Joffe H, Yardley L. Research methods for clinical and health psychology. London: SAGE Publications Ltd; 2004. p. 56-68. Content and Thematic Analysis.
35. Vun MC, Galang RR, Fujita M, Killam W, Gokhale R, Pitman J, et al. Cluster of HIV infections attributed to unsafe injection practices--Cambodia, December 1, 2014-February 28, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65(6):142-5.
36. Ministry of Health. Medicines Policy of the Kingdom of Cambodia. Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 2010. http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s22477en/s22477en.pdf. Accessed 15 Feb 2017.
37. Burki T. The real cost of counterfeit medicines. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10(9):585-6.
38. Byarugaba DK. A view on antimicrobial resistance in developing countries and responsible risk factors. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2004;24(2):105-10.
39. Nair H, Nokes DJ, Gessner BD, Dherani M, Madhi SA, Singleton RJ, et al. Global burden of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2010;375(9725):1545-55.
40. Arroll B, Kenealy T. Antibiotics for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):Cd000247.
41. Robinson J. Antibiotics for the common cold-do they work? Evidence-Based Child Health. 2013;8(5):1512-3.
42. Andrews M, Condren M. Once-daily amoxicillin for pharyngitis. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2010;15(4):244-8.
43. Almuzaini T, Choonara I, Sammons H. Substandard and counterfeit medicines: a systematic review of the literature. BMJ Open. 2013;3(8):e002923.
44. Kelesidis T, Kelesidis I, Rafailidis PI, Falagas ME. Counterfeit or substandard antimicrobial drugs: a review of the scientific evidence. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007;60(2):214-36.
45. Lon CT, Tsuyuoka R, Phanouvong S, Nivanna N, Socheat D, Sokhan C, et al. Counterfeit and substandard antimalarial drugs in Cambodia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2006;100(11):1019-24.