Women in the medical profession: International trends

The Palgrave Handbook of Gender and Healthcare

Volumn , Issue , 2016, Pages 389-404

  Riska, Elianne ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85015885141     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1057/9780230290334_24     Document Type: Chapter

References (51)

1. Acker, J. (2006) ‘Inequality Regimes: Gender, Class, and Race in Organizations,’ Gender and Society, 20 (4), 441-64.
2. AMA - American Medical Association (2009) Physician Characteristics in the US, 2009 edition (Chicago: AMA).
3. Barr, D. A. (1995) ‘The Professional Structure of Soviet Medical Care: The Relationship between Personal Characteristics, Medical Education and Occupational Setting for Estonian Physicians,’ American Journal of Public Health, 85 (3), 373-8.
4. Beagan, B.L. (2000) ‘Neutralizing Differences: Producing Neutral Doctors for (Almost) Neutral Patients’, Social Science & Medicine, 51 (8), 1253-65.
5. Becker, H. S., B. Geer, E. C. Hughes and A. L. Strauss (1961) Boys in White: Student Culture in Medical School (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
6. Bickel, J. (2001) ‘Gender Equity in Undergraduate Medical Education: A Status Report’, Journal of Women’s Health and Gender-Based Medicine, 10 (3), 261-70.
7. Bertakis, K. D. and R. Azari (2007) ‘Patient Gender and Physician Practice Style’, Journal of Women’s Health, 16 (6), 859-68.
8. Bloom, S. W. (2002) The Word as Scalpel: A History of Medical Sociology (New York: Oxford University Press).
9. Boston Women’s Health Collective (1973) Our Bodies, Ourselves: A Book by and for Women (New York: Simon and Schuster).
10. Boulis, A. K. and J. A. Jacobs (2008) The Changing Face of Medicine: Women Doctors and the Evolution of Health Care in America (Ithaca: Cornell University Press).
11. Bourgeault, I. L. (2005) ‘Rationalization of Health Care and Female Professional Projects: Reconceptualizing the Role of Medicine, the State and Health Care Institutions from a Gendered Perspective’, Knowledge, Work and Society, 3 (1), 25-52.
12. Britton, D. M. (2000) ‘The Epistemology of the Gendered Organization’, Gender and Society, 14 (3), 418-34.
13. Carnes, M., C. Morrissey and S. E. Geller (2008) ‘Women’s Health and Women’s Leadership in Academic Medicine: Hitting the Same Glass Ceiling’, Journal of Women’s Health, 17 (9), 1453-62.
14. Davies, C. (1996) ‘The Sociology of Professions and the Profession of Gender’, Sociology, 30 (4), 661-78.
15. Ehrenreich, B. and D. English (1978) For Her Own Good: 150 Years of Experts’ Advice to Women (New York: Anchor Press).
16. Elling, R. (2007) ‘Reflections on the Health Social Sciences - Then and Now’, International Journal of Health Services, 37 (4), 601-17.
17. Elston, M. A. (2009) Women and Medicine: The Future (London: Royal College of Physicians).
18. Emmons, S. L., K. E. Adams, M. Nichols and J. Cain (2004) ‘The Impact of Perceived Gender Bias on Obstetrics and Gynecology Skills Acquisition by Third-Year Medical Students’, Academic Medicine, 79 (4), 326-32.
19. EMA - Estonian Medical Association (2009) Unpublished data, information provided by Katrin Rehemaa via e-mail on 9 January 2009.
20. Field, M. (1991) ‘The Hybrid Profession: Soviet Medicine’, in A. Jones (ed.), Professions and the State: Expertise and Autonomy in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe (Philadelphia: Temple University Press), 43-62.
21. FMA - Finnish Medical Association (FMA) (2009) Statistics on Physicians 2009, at: www.laakariliitto.fi/tilastot/laakaritilastot/erikoislaakarit.html, accessed 30 June 2009.
22. Harden, J. (2001) ’"Mother Russia” at Work: Gender Divisions in the Medical Profession’, The European Journal of Women’s Studies, 8 (2), 181-99.
23. Hammarström, A. (2003) ‘The Integration of Gender in Medical Research and Education: Obstacles and Possibilities from a Nordic Perspective’, Women and Health, 37 (4), 121-33.
24. Heru, A. M. (2005) ‘Pink-collar Medicine: Women and the Future of Medicine’, Gender Issues, 22 (1), 20-34.
25. Henrich, J. B. and C. M. Viscoli (2006) ‘What Do Medical Schools Teach about Women’s Health and Gender Differences?’, Academic Medicine, 81 (5), 476-82.
26. Kanter, R. M. (1977) Men and Women of the Corporation (New York: Basic Books).
27. Kilminster S., J. Downes, B. Gough, D. Murdoch-Eaton and T. Roberts (2007) ‘Women in Medicine - Is there a Problem? A Literature Review of the Changing Gender Composition, Structures and Occupational Cultures in Medicine’, Medical Education, 41 (1), 39-49.
28. Lorber, J. (1984) Women Physicians (London: Tavistock).
29. Mayer, A. L. and P. M. Tikka (2008) ‘Family-friendly Policies and Gender Bias in Academia’, Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 30 (4), 363-74.
30. Merton, R. K., G. G. Reader and P. L. Kendall (eds) (1957) The Student-Physician: Introductory Studies in the Sociology of Medical Education (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
31. MHRL - Ministry of Health of Republic of Lithuania (2008) Data of Physician License Registry (2007-2008) (Vilnius: Ministry of Health).
32. McKinlay, J. B. and L. D. Marceau (2008) ‘When There Is No Doctor: Reasons for the Disappearance of Primary Care Physicians in the US During the Early 21st Century’, Social Science & Medicine, 67 (10), 1481-91.
33. More, E. S. (1999) Restoring the Balance: Women Physicians in the Profession of Medicine, 1850-1995 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
34. Nordic Medical Associations (2006) Physicians in the Nordic Countries 2006, at: www.legeforeningen.no.asset/32194/1/32194_1.pdf, accessed 24 June 2009.
35. Oakley, A. (1984) The Captured Womb (Oxford: Blackwell).
36. OECD Health Data (2009) Statistics and Indicators, version December 2008, at: www.ecosante.org/affmultiphp?base=OECDE&valeur=&langh=Eng&langs=EN, accessed 24 June 2009.
37. Parsons, T. (1951) The Social System (New York: Free Press).
38. Riska, E. (2001a) Medical Careers and Feminist Agendas: American, Scandinavian and Russian Women Physicians (New York: Aldine de Gruyter).
39. Riska, E. (2001b) ‘Towards Gender Balance: But Will Women Physicians Have an Impact on Medicine?’, Social Science & Medicine, 52 (2), 179-87.
40. Riska, E. (2008) ‘The Feminization Thesis: Discourses on Gender and Medicine’, NORA, 16 (1), 3-18.
41. Riska, E. and A. Novelskaite (2008) ‘Gendered Careers in Post-Soviet Society: Views on Professional Qualifications in Surgery and Pediatrics’, Gender Issues, 25 (4), 229-45.
42. Rivkin-Fish, M. (2005) Women’s Health in Post-Soviet Russia: The Politics of Intervention (Bloomington: Indiana University Press).
43. Roter, D. L. and J. A. Hall (2004) ‘Physician Gender and Patient-centered Communication: A Critical Review of Empirical Research’, Annual Review of Public Health, 25, 497-519.
44. RCP - Royal College of Physicians (2009) Women and Medicine: The Future (Summary of Findings from Royal College of Physicians Research) (Suffolk: Lavenham Press).
45. SMA - Swedish Medical Association (2009) Läkarfakta 2009 (Statistics on Physicians), at: www.lakarforbundet.se, accessed 24 June 2009.
46. Verdonk, P., L. J. L. Mans and T. L. M. Lagro-Janssen (2006) ‘How Is Gender Integrated in Curricula of Dutch Medical Schools? A Quick Scan on Gender Issues as an Instrument for Change’, Gender and Education, 18 (4), 399-412.
47. Verdonk, P., Y. W. M. Benschop, H. C. J. de Haes and T. L. M. Lagro-Janssen (2008) ‘From Gender Bias to Gender Awareness in Medical Education’, Advances in Health Sciences Education, 14 (1), 135-52.
48. Witz, A. (1992) Professions and Patriarchy (London: Routledge).
49. Wrede, S. (2008) ‘Educating Generalists: The Flexibilisation of Finnish Auxiliary Nursing and the Dilemma of Professional Identity’, in E. Kuhlmann and M. Saks (eds), Rethinking Professional Governance: International Directions in Healthcare (Bristol: Policy Press), 127-40.
50. Zetka, J. R. (2008a) ‘Radical Logics and Their Carriers in Medicine: The Case of Psychopathology and American Obstetricians and Gynecologists’, Social Problems, 55 (1), 95-116.
51. Zetka, J. R. (2008b) ‘The Making of the "Women’s Physician” in American Obstetrics and Gynecology: Re-forging an Occupational Identity and a Division of Labor’, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 49 (3), 335-51.