Some aspects of the hydrodynamics of bubble columns

International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 2002, Pages

  Wild, Gabriel ^a   Poncin, Souhila ^b   Li, Huai Zhi ^b   Olmos, Eric ^b  

^a Laboratoire des Sciences Du enie Chimique CNRS ENSIC   (France)

^b LSGC CNRS ENSIC   (France)

Author keywords

Airlift; Bubble column; CFD; Non Newtonian

Indexed keywords

COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS; NON NEWTONIAN FLOW; NON NEWTONIAN LIQUIDS;

AIR-LIFT REACTORS; AIRLIFT; CLASSICAL APPROACH; MEASURING TECHNIQUE; NON-NEWTONIAN; NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS;

BUBBLE COLUMNS;

EID: 85015838509     PISSN: None     EISSN: 15426580     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (203)

1. Acharya, A., Mashelkar, R. A., Ulbrecht, J., "Mechanics of bubblemotion and deformation in non-Newtonian media", Chem. Eng. Sci., 32, 863-872, (1977).
2. Acharya, A., Ulbrecht, J. "Note on the influence of viscoelasticity on the coalescence rate of bubbles and drops." AIChE J. Vol. 24, 348-351 (1978).
3. Akita, K., Yoshida, F., "Gas holdup and volumetric mass transfer coefficient in bubble columns" Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. & Dev. Vol. 12, 76-80, (1973).
4. Astarita, G., Apuzzo, G., "Motion of gas bubbles in non-Newtonian liquids." AIChE J. Vol. 11, 815-820 (1965).
5. Bach, H.F., Pilhofer, T., "Variation of gas hold-up in bubble columns with physical properties of liquids and operating parameters of columns" Ger. Chem. Eng., Vol. 1, 270-275 (1978).
6. Baird, M.H.I., Rice, R. G, "Axial dispersion in large unbaffled columns", Chem. Eng. J., Vol. 9, 171-174, (1975).
7. Bakshi, B.R., Zhong, H., Jiang, P., Fan, L.S., "Analysis of Flow in Gas-Liquid Bubble Columns using Multi- Resolution Methods", Chem. Eng. Res. Des., Trans. IChemE, 73, Part A., 608-614, (1995).
8. Bando, Y., Kuraishi, M., Nishimura, M., Hattori, M., Asada, T., "Cocurrent downflow bubble column with simultaneous gas-liquid injection nozzle", J. Chem. Eng. Japan, Vol. 21, 607-610 (1988).
9. Bauer, M., Eigenberger, G., "A concept for multi-scale modelling of bubble columns and loop reactors", Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 54, 5109-5117 (1999).
10. Becker, S., Sokolichin, A., Eigenberger, G. "Gas-liquid flow in bubble column and loop reactors : Part II comparison of detailed experiments and simulation", Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 49, 5747-5762 (1994).
11. Bello, RA., W.R. Campbell & M. Moo-Young, "Liquid circulation and mixing in an external-loop airlift reactor", Can. J. Chem. Eng., Vol. 62, 573-577 (1984a).
12. Bello, R.A., Robinson, C.W., Moo-Young, M. "Liquid circulation and mixing characteristics of airlift contactors" Can. J. Chem. Eng. Vol. 62, 573-577 (1984b).
13. Bendjaballah, N., Dhaouadi, H., Poncin, S., Midoux, N., Hornut, J.M., Wild, G., "Hydrodynamics and flow regimes in external loop airlift reactors", Chem. Eng. Sci. Vol. 54, 5211-5221(1999).
14. Bendjaballah Lalaoui N. "Hydrodynamique globale et locale dans un reacteur a gazosiphon a recirculation externe", These de doctorat, Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine, Nancy, France, (2000).
15. Bhavaraju, S.M., Mashelkar, R.A., Blanch, H.W., "Bubble motion and mass transfer in non-Newtonian fluids", AIChE J., Vol. 24, 1063-1076, (1978).
16. Bird, R. B., Armstrong, R. C., Hassager, O., "Dynamics of Polymeric Liquids", Wiley-Interscience, New York. (1987).
17. Bisgaard, C., "Velocity fields around spheres and bubbles investigated by laser-Doppler anemometry", J. non- Newtonian Fluid Mech. Vol. 12, 283-302, (1983).
18. Borchers, O., Busch, C., Sokolichin, A., Eigenberger, G., "Applicability of the standard k-model to the dynamic simulation of bubble columns. Part II : Comparison of detailed experiments and flow simulations, Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 54, 5927-5935 (1999).
19. Boyer, C., Duquenne, A.-M., Wild, G. "Measuring techniques in gas-liquid and gas-liquid-solid reactors" Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 57, 3185-3215 (2002).
20. Brauer, H., "Stoffaustausch-Maschinen - Chancen fur den Geratebau und die stoffwandelnde Industrie", Chem.-Ing.- Tech., Vol. 58 (2), 97-107, (1986).
21. Brenn, G., Braeske, H., Zivkivic, G., Durst, F., "Experimental and numerical investigation of liquid channel flows with dispersed gas and solid particles", Int. J. Multiphase Flow, Vol. 29, 219-247 (2003).
22. Broder, D., Sommerfeld, M., "Experimentelle Unterschung des Koaleszenzverhaltens von Blasen in turbulenter Stromung" Chem.-Ing.-Tech., Vol. 74, 1277-1281 (2002).
23. Buwa, V V., Ranade, V. V. "Dynamics of gas-liquid flow in a rectangular bubble column: Experiments and single/multi-group CFD simulations", Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 57, 4715-4736 (2002).
24. Calderbank, P. H., Johnson, D. S. L., Loudon, J., "Mechanics and mass transfer of single bubbles in free rise through some Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids." Chem. Eng. Sci. Vol. 25, 235-256, (1970).
25. Camarasa, E., Vial, C., Poncin, S., Wild, G., Midoux, N., Bouillard, J., "Influence of coalescence behaviour of the liquid and of gas sparging on hydrodynamics and bubble characteristics in a bubble column", Chem. Eng. & Proc. Vol. 38, 329-344 (1999).
26. Camarasa, E., Carvalho, E., Meleiro, L. A. C., Maciel Filho, R., Domingues, A. G., Wild, G., Poncin, S., Midoux, N., Bouillard, J., "Development of a complete model for an air-lift reactor", Chem. Eng. Sci. Vol. 56, 493-502 (2001).
27. Carreau, P.J., Devic, M., Kapellas, M., "Dynamique des bulles en milieu viscoelastique", Rheol. Acta, 13, 477-489, (1974).
28. Chaouki, J., Larachi, F., Dudukovic, M.P., "Noninvasive tomographic and velocimetric monitoring of multiphase flows" Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. Vol. 36, 4476-4503 (1997).
29. Chen, R.C., Reese, J., Fan, L.S., "Flow structure in a three-dimensional bubble column and three-phase fluidized bed" AIChE J. Vol. 40, 1093-1104 (1994).
30. Chisti, M.Y, Halard, B, Moo-Young, M., "Liquid circulation in airlift reactors", Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 43, 451-457 (1988).
31. Chisti, M.Y., "Airlift Bioreactors", Elsevier Applied Sciences, London, New York (1989).
32. Choi, K.H., Lee, W.K. "Circulation liquid velocity, gas hold-up, volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient in externalloop airlift reactors", J. Chem. Tech. Biotech., Vol. 56, 51-58 (1993).
33. Clark, N. N., Flemmer, R. L., "On vertical downward two phase flow", Chem. Eng. Sci., vol. 39, 170-173 (1984).
34. Clift, R., Grace, J. R., Weber, M. E., "Bubbles Drops and Particles", Academic Press, New York (1978).
35. Climent, E., Magnaudet, J ≪Simulation d'ecoulements induits par des bulles dans un liquide initialement au re pos≫, C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Vol. 324, 91-98 (1997).
36. Cockx, A., "Modelisation de contacteurs gaz-liquide : Application de la mecanique des fluides numeriques aux airlifts", These de doctorat, Institut National de Sciences Appliquees de Toulouse (1997).
37. Crowe, C.T. "On models for turbulence modulation in fluid-particle flows", Int. J. Multiphase Flow, Vol. 26, 719- 727 (2000).
38. Darton, R. C., LaNauze, R. D., Davidson, J. F., Harrison, D., "Bubble growth due to coalescence in fluidized beds", Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng., Vol. 55, 274 (1977).
39. De Kee, D., Carreau, P. J., Mordarski, J., "Bubble velocity and coalescence in viscoelastic liquids", Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 41, 2273-2283, (1986).
40. De Kee, D., Chhabra, R.P., Dajan, A., "Motion and coalescence of gas bubbles in non-Newtonian polymer solutions". J. Non-Newt. Fluid Mech. Vol. 37, 1-18, (1990).
41. Deckwer, W.-D., "Reaktionstechnik in Blasensaulen", Salle-Sauerlander, Aarau (Switzerland) and Frankfurt am Main (Germany) (1985) English translation: "Bubble Column Reactors", J. Wiley&Son LTD, Chichester (GB) (1992).
42. Deckwer, W.D., Schumpe, A., "Improved tools for bubble column reactor design and scale-up" Chem. Eng. Sci. Vol. 48, 889-911 (1993).
43. Deen, N.G., Solberg, T., Hjertager, B.H. "Large eddy simulation of the gas-liquid flow in a square cross-sectioned bubble column", Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 56, 6341-6349 (2001).
44. Delnoij, E., Kuipers, J. A. M., van Swaaij, W.P.M., "Computational fluid dynamics applied to gas-liquid contactors", Chem. Eng. Sci, Vol. 52, 3623-3638 (1997a).
45. Delnoij, E., Lammers, F. A., Kuipers, J. A. M., van Swaaij, W. P. M., "Dynamic simulation of dispersed gas-liquid two-phase flow using a discrete bubble model", Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 52, 1429-1458 (1997b).
46. Delnoij, E., Kuipers, J. A. M., van Swaaij, W. P. M., "A three-dimensional CFD model for gas-liquid bubble columns", Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 54, 2217-2226 (1999).
47. Dhaouadi, H., Poncin, S., Oinas, P., Hornut, J.M., Wild, G., "Hydrodynamics of an airlift reactor: Experiments and modelling", Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 51, 2625-2630 (1996).
48. Dhaouadi, H., "Etude d'un reacteur a gazosiphon a recirculation externe", these de doctorat, Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine, Nancy, France (1997).
49. Dhaouadi, H., Poncin, S., Hornut, J.M., Wild, G., Oinas, P., Korpijarvi, P., "Mass transfer in an external loop airlift reactor", Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 52, 3909-3917 (1997).
50. Dhaouadi, H., Poncin, S., Midoux, N., Wild, G., "Gas-liquid mass transfer in an airlift reactor -Analytical solution and experimental confirmation", Chem. Eng. & Proc. Vol.40 (2), 129-133 (2001).
51. Drahos, J., Cermak, J., "Diagnostics of Gas-Liquid Patterns in Chemical Engineering Systems", Chem. Eng. Process., Vol. 26, 147-164 (1989).
52. Drahos, J., Zahradnik, J., Puncochar, M., Fialova, M., Bradka, F., "Effect of Operating Conditions on the Charateristics of Pressure Fluctuations in a Bubble Column", Chem. Eng. Process., Vol. 29, 107-115 (1991).
53. Drahos, J., "Quo Vadis, the Analysis of Time Series in Reactor Engineering?", Chem. Eng. Res. & Des. (Trans. IchemE.), Vol. 81, 411-412 (2003).
54. Dudukovic, M.P., "Opaque multiphase flows: Experiments and modeling" Exper. Thermal and Fluid Science Vol. 26(6-7), 747-761 (2002).
55. Ellenberger, J., Krishna, R., "Improving mass transfer in gas-liquid dispersions by vibration excitement", Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 57, 4809-4815 (2002).
56. Ellenberger, J., Krishna, R., "Shaken, not stirred, bubble column reactors: Enhancement of mass transfer by vibration excitement", Chem.Eng. Sci., Vol. 58, 705-710 (2003).
57. Ferziger, J.H., Peric, M. "Computational methods for fluid dynamics", 2nd edition, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New-York (1999).
58. Forret, A., Schweitzer, J- M., Gauthier, T, Krishna, R., Schweich, D. "Influence of scale on the hydrodynamics of bubble column reactors: An experimental study in columns of 0.1, 0.4 and 1 m diameters", Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 58, 719-724 (2003).
59. Funfschilling, D., Li, H.Z., "Flow of non-Newtonian fluids around bubbles: PIV measurements and birefringence visualisation", Chem. Eng. Sci. Vol. 56, 1137-1141, (2001).
60. Garcia-Calvo, E., Leton, P., "A fluid dynamic model for bubble columns and airlift reactors", Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 46, 2947-2951 (1991).
61. Garcia-Calvo, E., Leton, P., Arranz, M. A., "Prediction of gas hold up and liquid velocity in airlift loop reactors containing highly viscous Newtonian liquids, Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 46, 2951-2954 (1991b).
62. Garcia-Calvo, E., Leton, P., "Prediction of fluid dynamics and liquid mixing in bubble columns", Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 49, 3643-3649 (1994).
63. Garcia-Ochoa, J., Khalfet, R., Poncin, S., Wild, G., "Hydrodynamics and Mass Transfer in a suspended solid bubble column with polydispersed high density particles" Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 52, 3827-3834 (1997).
64. Gavrilescu, M., Tudose, R.Z., "Study of the liquid velocity in external-loop airlift reactor", Bioproc. Eng., Vol. 14, 183-193 (1995).
65. Ghosh, A.K., Ulbrecht, J.J., "Bubble formation from a sparger in polymer solutions", Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 44, 957- 977, (1989).
66. Ginzburg, I., Wittum, G. "Two-phase flows on interface refined grids modeled with VOF, staggered finite volumes and spline interpolants", J. Comp. Phys., Vol. 166, 302-335 (2001).
67. Glennon, B., Al-Masry, W., MacLoughlin, P.F., Malone, D.M.., "Hydrodynamic modelling in an air-lift reactor", Chem. Eng. Comm., Vol. 121, 181-192, (1993).
68. Godbole, S. P., Honath, M. F., Shah, Y.T., "Holdup structure in highly viscous newtonian and non-newtonian liquids in bubble columns", Chem. Eng. Commun., Vol. 16, 119-134 (1982).
69. Haque, M. W., Nigam, K. D. P.., Joshi, J. B., "Hydrodynamics and mixing in highly viscous pseudo-plastic non newtonian solutions in bubble columns", Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol.41, 2321-2331 (1986).
70. Havelka, P., Linek, V., Sinkule, J., Zahradnik, J., Fialova, M., "Effect of the ejector configuration on the gas suction rate and gas hold-up in ejector loop reactors" Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 52 (11), 1701-1713 (1997).
71. Hassager, O., "Negative wake behind bubbles in non-Newtonian liquids", Nature, Vol. 279, 402-403, (1979).
72. Herbrechtsmeier, P., Schafer, H., Steiner, R., "Gas absorption in downflow bubble columns for the ozone-water system" Ger. Chem. Eng. Vol. 4, 258-264 (1981).
73. Herbrechtsmeier, P., Schafer, H., "Development of a cascade downflow reactor as a high performance equipment for physical absorption and desorption processes" Ger. Chem. Eng. Vol. 5, 369-374 (1982).
74. Hikita, H., Asai, S., Tanigawa, K., Segawa, K., Kitao, M., "Gas hold-up in bubble columns", Chem. Eng J., Vol. 20, 59-67 (1980).
75. Hills, J.H. "Radial non-uniformity of velocity and voidage in a bubble column", Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng., Vol. 52, 1- 7 (1974).
76. Hou, S., Shan, X., Doolen, G., Soll, W.E. "Evaluation of two lattice Boltzmann models for multiphase flows", J. Comp. Phys., Vol. 138, 695-713 (1997).
77. Hughmark, A., " Holdup and mass transfer in bubble columns" Ind Eng. Chem. Proc. Des. & Dev. Vol.6, 218-227, (1967).
78. Idogawa, K., Ikeda, K., Fukuda, F., Morooka, S., "Behavior of bubbles of the air-water system in a bubble column under high pressure", Int. Chem. Eng., Vol. 26, 468-474 (1986).
79. Idogawa, K., Ikeda, K., Fukuda, F., Morooka, S., "Effect of gas and liquid properties on the behavior of bubbles in a bubble column under high pressure", Int. Chem. Eng., Vol. 27, 93-99 (1987).
80. Ishii, M. "Thermo-fluid dynamic of two-phase flow", Paris, Eyrolles, (1975).
81. Ityokumbul, M.T., "Effect of vertical misalignment of liquid dispersion in bubble columns" Chem. Eng. J., Vol. 53, 151-153 (1993).
82. Jamialahmadi, M., Muller-Steinhagen, H. "Gas holdup in bubble column reactors" Encyclopedia of Fluid Mechanics. Chap. 11. Suppl.2, Advances in Multiphase Flow, N. P. Cheremisinoff, Ed. Gulf Publishing, Houston, 387 (1993).
83. Jakobsen, H.A., Svendsen, H.F., Hjarbo, K.W., "On the prediction of local flow structures in internal loop and bubble column reactors using a two-fluid model", Comp. Chem. Eng., . Vol. 17s, 531-536 (1993).
84. Jamshidi, A.M., Sohrabi, M., Vahabzadeh, F., Bonakdarpour, B., "Studies on the hydrodynamic behavior and mass transfer in a down-flow jet loop reactor with a coaxial draft tube" J. Chem. Technol. & Biotechnol. Vol. 76 (1) 39-46 (2001).
85. Jordan, U., Schumpe, A., "The gas density effect on mass transfer in bubble columns with organic liquids", Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 56 (21-22) 6267-6272 (2001).
86. Joshi, J.B., Sharma, M.M."A circulation Cell Model for Bubbles Columns", Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng., Vol. 57, 244- 251 (1979).
87. Joshi, J.B., "Axial mixing in multiphase contactors-A unified correlation", Trans. Inst. Chem. Engs. Sci., Vol. 58, 228-236 (1980).
88. Joshi, J.B., Ranade, V.V., Gharat, S.D., Lele, S.S. "Sparged loop reactors", Can. J. Chem. Eng., Vol. 68, 705-741 (1990).
89. Joshi, J.B., Parasu Veera, U, Prasad, C. V., Phanikumar, D V, Deshphande, N. S., Thakre, S. S., Thorat, B. N. "Gas hold-up structure in bubble column reactors", PINSA, Vol. 64, pp. 441-567 (1998).
90. Joshi, J.B., "Computational flow modelling and design of bubble column reactors", Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 56, 5893- 5933 (2001).
91. Kamp, A.M., Chester, A.K., Colin, C., Fabre, J. "Bubble coalescence in turbulent flows : A mechanistic model for turbulence induced coalescence applied to microgravity bubbly pipe flow", Int. J. Multiphase Flow, Vol. 27, 1363- 1396, (2001).
92. Kawamura, T., Kodama, Y. "Numerical simulation method to resolve interactions between bubbles and turbulence", Int. J. Heat and Fluid Flow, Vol. 23, 627-638 (2002).
93. Kawase, Y., Moo-Young, M., "Approximate solutions for drag coefficient of bubbles moving in shear-Thinning fluids." Rheol. Acta Vol. 24, 202-206, (1985).
94. Kawase, Y., Moo-Young, M., "Theoretical prediction of gas hold-up in bubble columns with newtonian and nonnewtonian fluids", Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 26, 933-937 (1987).
95. Kawase, Y., Umeno, S., Kumagai, T., "The prediction of gas hold-up in bubble column reactors : newtonian and non-newtonian fluids" Chem. Eng. J., Vol. 50, 1-7 (1992).
96. Kemoun, A., Ong, B. C., Gupta, P., Al-Dahhan, M. H, Dudukovic, M. P., "Gas holdup in bubble columns at elevated pressure via computed tomography", Int. J. Multiphase Flow, Vol. 27, 929-946 (2001).
97. Kikuchi, R., Yano, T., Tsutsumi, A., Yoshida, K., Punchocar, M., Drahos, J., "Diagnosis of Chaotic Dynamics of Bubble Motion in a Bubble Column", Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 52, 3741-3745, (1997).
98. Kliakhandler, I. L., "Continuous chain of bubbles in concentrated polymeric solutions", Phys. of Fluids, Vol. 14, 3375-79, (2002).
99. Kojima, H., Sawai, J., Suzuki, H., "Effect of pressure on volumetric mass transfer coefficient and gas holdup in bubble column", Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 52, 4111-4116 (1997).
100. Krishna, R. P., Wilkinson, P. M., van Dierendonck, L. L., "A model for gas holdup in bubble columns incorporating the influence of gas density on flow regime transitions" Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 46, 2491-2496 (1991).
101. Krishna, R., Ellenberger, J., "Gas holdup in bubble column reactors operating in the churn-Turbulent flow regime" AIChE J., Vol. 42, No 9, 2627-2634 (1996).
102. Krishna, R., van Baten, J.M. "Rise Characteristics of Gas Bubbles in a 2D Rectangular Column: VOF Simulations vs Experiments", Int. Com. Heat Mass Transfer., Vol. 26, 965-974 (1999).
103. Krishna, R., Ellenberger, J., Maretto, C. "Flow regime transitions in bubble columns", Int. Comm. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 26 (4), 467-475 (1999a).
104. Krishna, R., Urseanu, M. I., van Baten, J.M., Ellenberger, J., "Influence of scale on the hydrodynamics of bubble columns operating in the churn-Turbulent regime: Experiments vs. Eulerian simulations", Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 54, 4903-4911 (1999b).
105. Krishna, R., Urseanu, M. I., van Baten, J.M., Ellenberger, J., "Liquid phase dispersion in bubble columns operating in the churn-Turbulent flow regime", Chem. Eng. J., Vol. 78, 43-51 (2000).
106. Krishna, R., van Baten, J.M., Urseanu, M. I., "Scale effects on the hydrodynamics of bubble columns operating in the homogeneous flow regime", Chem. Eng. Technol., Vol. 24, 451-458 (2001).
107. Kulkarni, A., Shah, Y.T., "Gas phase dispersion in a downflow bubble column" Chem. Eng. Commun., Vol. 28, 311- 326 (1984).
108. Lain, S., Broder, D., Sommerfeld, M., Goz, M.F. "Modelling hydrodynamics and turbulence in a bubble column using the Euler-Lagrange procedure", Int. J. Multiphase Flow, Vol. 28, 1381-1407 (2002).
109. Lapin, A., Lubbert, A. "Numerical simulation of gas-liquid two-phase flows in bubble columns", Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 49, 3361-3674 (1994).
110. Lapin, A., Paaschen, T., Junghans, K, Lubbert, A., "Bubble column fluid dynamics, flow structures in slender columns with large-diameter ring-spargers", Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 57, 1419-1424 (2002).
111. Leal, L. G., Skoog, J., Acrivos, A., . "On the motion of gas bubbles in a viscoelastic liquid", Can J. Chem. Eng., Vol. 49, 569-575, (1971).
112. Lehr, F., Mewes, D. "A transport equation for the interfacial area density applied to bubble columns", Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 56, 1159-1166 (2001).
113. Lehr, F., Millies, M., Mewes, D. "Bubble-size distributions and flow fields in bubble columns", AIChE J., Vol. 48, 2426-2443 (2002).
114. Lenglace, C., "Transferts de matiere dans un bioreacteur" These de doctorat, Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine, Nancy, France (1986).
115. Letzel, H.M., Schouten, J.C., van den Bleek., C.M., Krishna, R., "Influence of elevated pressure on the stability of bubbly flows", Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 52, 3733-3739 (1997a).
116. Letzel, H.M., Schouten, J.C., Krishna, R., van den Bleek., C.M., "Characterization of regime transitions in bubble columns by chaos analysis of pressure signals." Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 52, 4447-4459 (1997b).
117. Letzel, H. M., Schouten, J. C., Krishna, R., van den Bleek, C. M., "Gas holdup and mass transfer in bubble column reactors operated at elevated pressure", Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 54, 2237-2246 (1999).
118. Letzel, M., Stankiewicz, A. "Gas hold-up and mass transfer in gas-lift reactors operated at elevated pressures", Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 54 5153-5157 (1999).
119. Li, H.Z., Mouline, Y., Choplin, L., Midoux, N., "Chaotic bubble coalescence in non-Newtonian fluids", Int. J. Multiphase Flow, Vol. 23, 713-723, (1997a).
120. Li, H.Z., Mouline, Y., Choplin, L., Midoux, N., "Rheological simulation of in-line bubble interactions", AIChE J., Vol. 43, 265-267, (1997b).
121. Li, H.Z., Mouline, Y., Choplin, L., Midoux, N. (1997c). "Interactions et coalescence des bulles dans les fluides rheologiquement complexes." C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris Vol. 324, 491-500.
122. Li, H.Z., "Chaotic behaviour of bubble coalescence in non-Newtonian fluids, " Chem. Eng. Tech., Vol. 21, 983-985, (1998a).
123. Li, H.Z., Mouline, Y., Funfschilling, D., Marchal, P., Choplin, L., Midoux, N., "Evidence for in-line bubble interactions in non-Newtonian fluids" Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 53, 2219-2230 (1998b).
124. Li H.Z., (1999). Bubbles in non-Newtonian fluids: Formation, interactions and coalescence. Chem. Eng. Sci. 54, 2247-2254.
125. Li, H.Z., Frank, X, Funfschilling, D., Mouline, Y. "Towards the understanding of bubble interactions and coalescence in non-Newtonian fluids: A cognitive approach", Chem. Eng. Sci. Vol. 56, 6419-6425, (2001).
126. Li, H.Z., Mouline, Y., Midoux, N., "Modelling the bubble formation dynamics in non-Newtonian fluids", Chem. Eng. Sci. Vol. 57, 339-346, (2002).
127. Lin, T.-J., Juang, R.-C., Chen, Y.-C., Chen, C.-C., Predictions of flow transitions in a bubble column by chaotic time series analysis of pressure fluctuation signals. Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 56, 1057-1065 (2001).
128. Loubiere, K., Castaignede, V., Hebrard, G., Roustan, M., "Bubble formation at a flexible orifice with liquid crossflow", Chem. Eng. & Proc., under press, (2004).
129. Luo, H., Svendsen, H. "Theoretical model for drop and bubble break in turbulent dispersions", AIChE J., Vol. 42, 1225-1233 (1996).
130. Luo, X., Lee, D. J., Lau, R., Yang, G., Fan, L. S., "Maximum Stable Bubble Size and Gas Holdup in High-Pressure Slurry Bubble Columns", AIChE J., Vol. 45, 665-680 (1999).
131. Macedo, I. C., Yang, W., "The drag of air bubbles rising in non-Newtonian liquids", Jap. J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 13, 529-533, (1974).
132. Molerus, O, Kurtin, M. "Hydrodynamics of bubble columns in the uniform bubbling regime" Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 40, 647-652 (1985).
133. Molerus, O., Kurtin, M. "Hydrodynamics of bubble columns in the liquid circulation regime" Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 41, 2685-2692 (1986).
134. Moustiri, S., "Hydrodynamique des colonnes a bulles fonctionnant a co-courant de gaz et de liquide: Effet hydrodynamique produit par la presence d'un garnissage specifique." These de l'Institut National des Sciences Appliquees de Toulouse no 601, Toulouse, France, (2000).
135. Moustiri, S, Hebrard, G., Roustan, M., "Effect of a new high porosity packing on hydrodynamics of bubble columns" Chem. Eng. & Proc. Vol.41 (5), 419-426 (2002).
136. Mudde, R.F., Simonin, O. "Two and three-dimensional simulations of a bubble plume using the two-fluid model", Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 54, 5061-5069 (1999).
137. Naundorf, E.A., Subramanian, D., Rabiger, N., Vogelpohl, A., "Biological treatment of waste water in the compact reactor" Chem. Eng. & Proc., Vol. 19, 229-233 (1985).
138. Oguz, H.N., Prosperetti, A., "Dynamics of bubble growth and detachment from a needle", J. Fluid Mech., Vol. 257, 111-145, (1993).
139. Ohkawa, A., Shiokawa, Y., Sakai, N., Imai, H., "Flow characteristics of downflow bubble columns with gas entrainment by a liquid jet" J. Chem. Eng. Japan, Vol; 18, 466-469 (1985).
140. Olmos, E., Gentric, C., Vial, C., Wild, G., Midoux, N., "Numerical simulation of multiphase flow in bubble column reactors : Influence of bubble coalescence and break-up", Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 56, 6359-6365 (2001).
141. Olmos, E. "Etude experimentale et numerique des ecoulements gaz-liquide en colonnes a bulles" These de doctorat, Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine, Nancy, France (2002).
142. Olmos, E., Gentric, C., Poncin, S., Midoux, N., "Description of flow regime transitions in bubble columns via laser Doppler anemometry signals processing", Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 58, 1731-1742, (2003a).
143. Olmos, E., Gentric, C., Midoux, N., "Numerical description of flow regime transitions by a multiple gas phase model", Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 58, 2123-2121 (2003b).
144. Pillapakkam, S.B., Singh, P., "A level-set method for computing solutions to viscoelastic two-phase flow", J. Comp, Phys., Vol. 174, 552-578 (2001).
145. Ponter, A.B., Surati, A.I., "Bubble emissions from submerged orifices - A critical review." Chem. Eng. Tech., Vol. 20, 85-89, (1997).
146. Popovic, C.W., Robinson, C.W., "External-loop airlift bioreactors: study of the liquid circulating velocity in highly viscous non-newtonian liquids", Biotech. Bioeng., Vol. 32, 301-312 (1988).
147. Prakash, A., Briens, C.L. "Porous gas distributors in bubble columns. Effect of liquid presence on distributor pressure drop. Effect of start-up procedure on distributor performance." Can. J. Chem. Eng., Vol. 68, 204-210, (1990).
148. Prakash, A., Briens, C.L., Wild, G., "Verhalten des porosen Gasverteilers einer Blasensaule bei verschiedenen Anfahrbedingungen." Chem.-Ing.-Tech., Vol. 63, 842-844, (1991).
149. Prince, M.J., Blanch, H.W. "Bubble coalescence and break-up in air sparged loop reactors", AIChE J., Vol. 36, 1485-1499 (1990).
150. Reilly, I. G., Scott, D. S., De Bruijn, T. J. W., MacIntyre, D., " The role of gas phase momentum in determining the gas holdup and hydrodynamic flow regimes in bubble column operations, Can. J. Chem. Eng., Vol. 72, 3-12 (1994).
151. Rice, R.G., Tupperainen, J.M.I., Hedge, R.M., "Dispersion and hold-up in bubble columns - Comparison of rigid and flexible spargerse" Can. J. Chem. Eng.Vol. 59, 677-687, (1981).
152. Rietema, K., Ottengraph, S.P.P, ."Laminar liquid Circulation and Bubble Street Formation in a gas-liquid System", Trans. Ins. Chem.Eng., Vol. 48, p.T54 (1970).
153. Riquarts, H. P., "A physical model for axial mixing of liquids of the liquid phase for heterogeneous flow regime in bubble columns", German Chem. Eng. Vol. 4, 18-23 (1981).
154. Rodrigue, D., De Kee, D., Chan Man Fong, C. F., (1996). "An experimental study of the effect of surfactants on the free rise velocity of gas bubbles, " J. Non-Newt. Fluid Mech., Vol. 66, 213-232 (1996).
155. Rodrigue, D., De Kee, D., Chan Man Fong, C. F., "Bubble velocities: further developments on the jump discontinuity", J. Non-Newt. Fluid Mech., Vol. 79, 45-55 (1998).
156. Rodrigue, D., De Kee, D., Chan Man Fong, C. F., "The slow motion of a single gas bubble in a non-Newtonian fluid containing surfactants", J. Non-Newt. Fluid Mech., 86, 211-227 (1999).
157. Rodrigue, D., Blanchet, J.F., "Surface remobilization of gas bubbles in polymer solutions containing surfactants", J. Colloid & Interface Sci., Vol. 256, 249-255, (2002).
158. Sadhal, S.S., Ayyaswamy, P.S., Chung, J.N., . "Transport Phenomena with Drops and Bubbles", Springer-Verlag, Berlin, (1997).
159. Saez, A. E., Marquez, M. A., Roberts, G. W., Carbonell, R. G., "Hydrodynamic Model for Gas-Lift Reactors", AIChE J., Vol. 44, 1413-1423, (1998).
160. Sankaranarayanan, K., Kevrekidis, I.G., Sundaresan, S., Lu, J., Tryggvason, G. "A comparative study of lattice Boltzmann and front-Tracking finite-difference methods for bubble simulations", Int. J. Multiphase Flow, Vol. 29, 109-116 (2003).
161. Sarrafi, A., Jamialahmadi, M., Muller-Steinhagen, H., Smith, J., "Gas holdup in homogeneous and heterogeneous gas-liquid bubble column reactors", Can J. Chem. Eng. Vol. 77, 11-21 (1999).
162. Schumpe, A., Deckwer, W. D., "Gas hold-ups, specific interfacial areas and mass transfer coefficient at aerated carboxymethyl cellulose solutions in a bubble column", Ind. Eng. Chem. Proc. Des. & Dev., Vol. 21, 706-711 (1982).
163. Schumpe, A., Deckwer, W.D., "Viscous media in tower bioreactors : hydrodynamic characteristics and mass transfer properties" Bioprocess Eng. Vol. 2, 79-94 (1987).
164. Schwarz, M. and Turner, W. "Applicability of the standard k-epsilon model to gas-stirred baths", Applied Math. Modelling, Vol. 12, 273-279 (1984).
165. Serieys, M., Goma, G., Durand, G., "Design and oxygen-Transfer potential of a pulsed continuous tubular fermentor", Biotech. & Bioeng., Vol. 20, 1393-1406 (1978).
166. Shah, Y.T., Kelkar, B.G., Godbole, S.P., Deckwer, W.-D., "Design parameters estimations for bubble column reactors" AIChE J, Vol. 28, 353-379 (1982).
167. Shah, Y. T., Deckwer, W. D., "Hydrodynamics of bubble columns." In "Handbook of Fluids in Motion" (eds N. P. Cheremisinoff and R. Gupta), Chap. 22, 583-620. Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor. (1983).
168. Shimizu, K., Takada, S., Minekawa, K., Kawase, Y., "Phenomenological model for bubble column reactors: prediction of gas hold-ups and volumetric mass transfer coefficients", Chem. Eng. J., Vol. 78, 21-28 (2000).
169. Shimizu, K., Takada Takahashi, T. K., Kawase, Y., "Phenomenological simulation model for gas hold-ups and volumetric mass transfer coefficients in external-loop airlift reactors", Chem. Eng. J., Vol. 84, 599-603 (2001).
170. Shin, S., Juric, D. "Modeling three-dimensional multiphase flow using a level contour reconstruction method for front tracking without connectivity", J. Comp. Phys., Vol. 180, 427-470 (2002).
171. Siegel, M.H., Merchuk, J.C., Schugerl, K., "Airlift reactor analysis: Interrelationships between riser, downcomer and gas-liquid behavior, including gas recirculation effects", AIChE J., Vol. 32, 1585-1595 (1986).
172. Siegel, M.H., Robinson, C.W. "Applications of airlift gas-liquid-solid reactors in biotechnology", Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 47, 3215-3229 (1992).
173. Simonin, O. "Eulerian formulation for particle dispersion in turbulent two-phase flows", 5th Workshop on two-phase flow predictions, Erlangen, Germany, 156-166 (1990).
174. Snape, J.B., Zahradnik, J., Fiavola, M., Thomas, N.H., "Liquid phase properties and sparger design effect in an external loop airlift reactor", Chem. Eng. Sci, Vol. 50, 3175-3186 (1995).
175. Sokolichin, A., Eigenberger, G. "Gas-liquid flows in bubble column reactors and loop reactors : Part I : detailed modeling and numerical simulation", Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 49, 5747-5762 (1994).
176. Sokolichin, A., Eigenberger, G., Lapin, A., Lubbert, A. "Dynamic numerical simulation of gas-liquid two-phase flows : Euler-Euler vs Euler-Lagrange", Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 52, 611-626 (1997).
177. Spelt, P.D.M., Biesheuvel, A. "On the motion of gas bubbles in homogeneous isotropic turbulence", J. Fluid. Mech., Vol. 336, 221-244 (1997).
178. Tan, R.B.H, Harris, I.J., "A model for non-spherical bubble growth at a single orifice", Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 41, 3175-3182, (1986).
179. Terasaka, K., Tsuge, H., "Bubble formation at a single orifice in non-Newtonian liquids", Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 46, 85-93, (1991).
180. Terasaka, K., Tsuge, H., "Bubble formation at a nozzle submerged in viscous liquids having yield stress", Chem. Eng. Sci., 56, 3237-3245, (2001).
181. Tharke, K., Joshi, J.B. "CFD simulation of bubble column reactors : Importance of drag formulation", Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 54, 5055-5060 (1999).
182. Ueyama, K., Miyauchi, T., "Properties of Recirculating Turbulent Two-phase Flow in gas Bubble Columns", AIChE J., Vol. 25, 258-266 (1979).
183. van den Bleek, C.M., Coppens, M.O., Schouten, J.C., "Application of chaos analysis to multiphase reactors", Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 57, 4763-4778 (2002).
184. van Wachem, B.G.M., Schouten, J.C. "Experimental validation of 3-D Lagrangian VOF model : Bubble shape and rise velocity", AIChE J., Vol. 48, 2744-2753 (2002).
185. Verlaan, P., Tramper, J., van't Riet, K., "A hydrodynamic model for an airlift-loop bioreactor with external loop." Chem. Eng. J., Vol. 33, B43-B53, (1986).
186. Vial, C.: "Apport de la mecanique des fluides a l'etude des contacteurs gaz/liquide : Experience et simulation numerique.", These de doctorat de l'Institut National Polytechnique de Lorrain, Nancy, France (2000).
187. Vial, C., Camarasa, E., Poncin, S., Wild, G., Midoux, N., Bouillard, J., "Study of hydrodynamic behaviour in bubble columns and external loop airlift reactors through analysis of pressure fluctuations." Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 55, 2957- 2973 (2000).
188. Vial, C., S. Poncin, G. Wild, N. Midoux, "A simple method for regime identification and flow characterisation in bubble columns and airlift reactors", Chem. Eng. & Proc. Vol. 40, 135-151(2001).
189. Vial, Ch., Poncin, S., Wild, G., Midoux, N. "Experimental and theoretical analysis of the hydrodynamics in the riser of an external loop airlift reactor", Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 57, 4745-4762, (2002).
190. Wallis, G.B., "One-dimensional two-phase flow", McGraw-Hill, New York (1969).
191. Wilkinson, P. M., Spek, A. P, Van Dierendonck, L. L., "Design parameters estimation for scale-up of high-pressure bubble columns" AIChE J. Vol. 38, No 4, 544-553 (1992).
192. Yang, Z.L., Palm, B., Sehgal, B.R. "Numerical simulation of bubbly two-phase flow in a narrow channel", Int. J. Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 45, 631-639 (2002).
193. Yoo, D.-H., Tsuge, H., Terasaka, K., Mizutani, K. "Behaviour of bubble formation in suspended solution for an elevated pressure system", Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 52, 3701-3707, (1997).
194. Young, M. A., Carbonell, R. G., Ollis, D. F., "Airlift bioreactor: Analysis of local two-phase hydrodynamics", AIChE J. Vol. 37, 403-428 (1991).
195. Zahradnik, J., Fialova, M., Kastanek, F., Green, K. D., Thomas, N.H., "The effect of electrolytes on bubble coalescence and gas holdup in Bubble Column Reactors", Chem. Eng. Res. & Des. Vol. 73, 341-346 (1995).
196. Zahradnik, J., Fialova, M., "The effect of bubbling regime on gas and liquid phase mixing in bubble column reactors", Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 51, 2491-2500 (1996).
197. Zahradnik, J., Fialova, M., Ruzicka, M., Drahos, J., Kastanek, F., Thomas, N.H., "Duality of the Gas-Liquid Flow Regimes in Bubble Column Reactors", Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 52, 3811-3826, (1997).
198. Zana, E., Leal, L.G., "The dynamics and dissolution of gas bubbles in a viscoelastic fluid." Int. J. Multiphase Flow Vol. 4, 237-262, (1978).
199. Zehner, P. "Impuls-, Stoff- und Warmetransport in Blasensaulen Teil 1: Stromungsmodell der Blasensaule und Flussigkeitsgeschwindigkeiten" Verfahrenstechnik Vol. 16, 347-351 (1982a).
200. Zehner, P. "Impuls-, Stoff- und Warmetransport in Blasensaulen Teil 2: Axiale Durchmischung und Warmeubergang" Verfahrenstechnik, Vol. 16, 514-525 (1982b).
201. Zehner, P., Benfer, R., "Modelling fluid dynamics in multiphase reactors" Chem. Eng. Sci. Vol. 51(10) 1735-1744 (1996).
202. Zhou, L.X., Yang, M., Lian, C.Y., Fan, L-S., Lee, D.J., "On the second order moment turbulence model for simulating a bubble column", Chem. Eng. Sci, Vol. 57, 3269-3281 (2002).
203. Zuber, N., Findlay, J.A. "Average volumetric concentration in two-phase flow systems", J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 87, 453-468 (1965).