Water in the Textile Industry

Treatise on Water Science

Volumn 4, Issue , 2011, Pages 685-706

  Volmajer Valh, J ^a   Majcen Le Marechal, A ^a   Vajnhandl, S ^a   Jeric T ^a   Simon E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARIBOR   (Slovenia)

Author keywords

Characteristics of textile water; End of pipe approach; Hazardous organics; Persistent organics; Processes in textile industry; Raw materials; Reuse of textile wastewater; Start of pipe approach; Supply water; Textile industry; Textile wastewater; Treatment of textile wastewater; Water quality; Water usage

Indexed keywords

EID: 85015776014     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-53199-5.00102-0     Document Type: Chapter

References (139)

1. 2/UV-A processes. Water Research 2002, 36(5):1143-1154.
2. Al-Duri B., McKay G., El Geundi M.S., Wahab M.Z.A. Three-resistance transport model for dye adsorption onto bagasse pith. Journal of Environmental Engineering 1990, 116:487-502.
3. Allan R., Roxon J.J. Metabolism by intestinal bacteria: The effect of bile salts on tartrazine azo reduction. Xenobiotica 1974, 4(10):637-643.
4. Anjaneyulu Y., Chary N.S., Raj D.S.S. Decolourization of industrial effluents - available methods and emerging technologies - a review. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology 2005, 4:245-273.
5. Bailey J.E., Bohnet M., Brinker C.J., et al. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2000, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 40 volume set edition. 6th edn.
6. Baird R., Camona L., Jenkins R.L. Behavior of benzidine and other aromatic amines in aerobic waste water treatment. Journal - Water Pollution Control Federation 1977, 49:1609-1615.
7. Bergna G., Bianchi R., Malpei F. GAC adsorption of ozonated secondary textile effluents for industrial water reuse. Water Science and Technology 1999, 40(4/5):518-525.
8. Bes-Pia A., Mendoza-Roca J.A., Roig-Alcover L., Iborra-Clar A., Iborra-Clar M.I., Alcaina-Miranda M.I. Comparison between nanofiltration and ozonation of biologically treated textile wastewater for its reuse in the industry. Desalination 2003, 157:81-86.
9. Beydilli M.I., Pavlostathis S.G., Tincher W.C. Decolorization and toxicity screening of selected reactive azo dyes under methanogenic conditions. Water Science and Technology 1998, 38(4-5):225-232.
10. Bianchi R., Antonelli M., Malpei F., Mattioli D., Rozzi A. Wastewater recycling in the textile industrial distric of Como (Italy). Proceedings of the 18th IFATCC Congress 1999 1999, Copenhagen, Denmark.
11. Bisschops I., Spanjers H. Literature rewiew on textile wastewater characterisation. Environmental Technology 2003, 24:1399-1411.
12. Bortone G., Gemelli S., Tilche A., Bianchi R., Bergna G. A new approach to the evaluation of the biological treatability of industrial wastewater for the implementation of the waste design concept. Water Science and Technology 1997, 36(2-3):81-90.
13. Brown D., Laboureur P. The degradation of dyestuffs: Part I. Primary biodegradation under anaerobic conditions. Chemosphere 1983, 12(3):397-404.
14. Brown J.P. Reduction of polymeric azo and nitro dyes by intestinal bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1981, 41(5):1283-1286.
15. Brown M.A., DeVito S.C. Predicting azo dye toxicity. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 1993, 23(3):249-324.
16. Carliell C.M., Barclay S.J., Buckley C.A. Treatment of exhausted reactive dyebath effluent using anaerobic digestion - laboratory and full-scale trials. Water SA 1996, 22:225-233.
17. Carliell C.M., Barclay S.J., Nadidoo N., Buckley C.A., Muholland D.A., Senior E. Anaerobic decolourisation of reactive dyes in conventional sewage treatment processes. Water SA 1994, 20(4):341-344.
18. Carliell C.M., Barclay S.J., Naidoo N., Buckley C.A., Mulholland D.A., Senior E. Microbial decolourisation of a reactive azo dye under anaerobic conditions. Water SA 1995, 21:61-69.
19. Carliell C.M., Barclay S.J., Shaw C., Wheatley A.D., Buckley C.A. The effect of salts used in textile dyeing on microbial decolourisation of a reactive azo dye. Environmental Technology 1998, 19(11):1133-1137.
20. Chen X., Shen Z., Zhu X., Fan Y., Wang W. Advanced treatment of textile wastewater for reuse using electrochemical oxidation and membrane filtration. Water SA 2005, 31(1):127-132.
21. Chinwetkitvanich S., Tuntoolvest M., Pansawd T. Anaerobic decolorization of reactive dyebath effluents by a two-stage UASB system with tapioca as a co-substrate. Water Research 2000, 34(8):2223-2232.
22. Chung K.T., Stevens S.E.J., Cerniglia C.E. The reduction of azo dyes by the intestinal microflora. Critical Reviews in Microbiology 1992, 18(3):175-190.
23. Colonna G.M., Caronna T., Marcandalli B. Oxidative degradation of dyes by ultraviolet radiation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Dyes and Pigments 1999, 41(3):211-220.
24. Correia V.M., Stephenson T., Judd S.J. Characterisation of textile wastewaters - a review. Environmental Technology 1994, 15:917-929.
25. Donlon B.A., Razo-Flores E., Luijten M., Swarts H., Lettinga G., Field J.A. Detoxification and partial mineralization of the azo dye mordant orange 1 in a continuous upflow anaerobic sludge-blanket reactor. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 1997, 47(1):83-90.
26. Easton J. The dye marker's view. Colour in Dyehouse Effluent 1995, 11. Society of Dyers and Colourist, Bradford. P. Cooper (Ed.).
27. El Geundi M. Colour removal from textile effluents by adsorption techniques. Water Research 1991, 25:271-273.
28. EPA/310-R-97-00 Profile of the Textile Industry, Sector Notebook Project 1997, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
29. EPA Victoria Environmental Guidelines for the Textile Dyeing and Finishing Industry 1998, EPA Publications, Melbourne, VIC.
30. Estlander T. Allergic dermatoses and respiratory diseases from reactive dye. Contact Dermatitis 1988, 18(5):290-297.
31. Integrated water recycling and emission abatement in the textile industry. Final Report for EC Contract ENV4-CT95-0064 (DG12-DTEE), Programme IV Environment and Climate 1999, 1994-1997. EU.
32. EURATEX (2002) Data submitted by EURATEX - Share of the EU-15 Textile and Clothing Industry Sector in the Manufacturing Industry (data 2000 source: EUROSTAT).
33. EURATEX (European Apparel and Textile Organisation) (2000) Bulletin 2000/1.
34. EURATEX E-D (2000) Textile Industry BREF Document (Chapter 2-6).
35. Field J.A., Stams A.J.M., Kato M., Schraa G. Enhanced biodegradation of aromatic pollutants in cocultures of anaerobic and aerobic bacterial consortia. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 1995, 67:47-77.
36. Forgacs E., Cserhati T., Oros G. Removal of synthetic dyes from wastewaters: A review. Environment International 2004, 30:953-971.
37. 2 oxidation of azodyes in aqueous media: Evidence of a structure-degradability relationship. Dyes and Pigments 1999, 42(3):199-207.
38. García-Montaño J., Torrades F., García-Hortal J.A., Domènech X., Peral J. Degradation of Procion Red H-E7B reactive dye by coupling a photo-Fenton system with a sequencing batch reactor. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2006, 134(1-3):220-229.
39. Georgiou D., Melidis P., Aivasidis A., Gimouhopoulos K. Degradation of azo-reactive dyes by ultraviolet radiation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Dyes and Pigments 2002, 52(2):69-78.
40. Gingell R., Walker R. Mechanisms of azo reduction by Streptococcus faecalis. II. The role of soluble flavins. Xenobiotica 1971, 1(3):231-239.
41. Gnann A., Gregor C.H., Schelle S. Chemical Oxidative Process for Purifying Highly Contaminated Wastewater 1993, WO Pat to Peroxide-Chemie GmbH, Germany, 29 August 1993.
42. Govindaswami M., Schmidt T.M., White D.C., Loper J.C. Phylogenetic analysis of a bacterial aerobic degrader of azo dyes. Journal of Bacteriology 1993, 175(18):6062-6066.
43. Gruttner H., Winther-Nielsen M., Jorgensen L., Bogebbjerg P., Sinkjear O. Inhibition of the nitrification process in municipal wastewater treatment plants by industrial discharges. Water Science and Technology 1994, 29:69-77.
44. Guwy A.J., Buckland H., Hawkes F.R., Hawkes D.L. Active biomass in activated sludge: Comparison of respirometry with catalase activity measured using an on-line monitor. Water Research 1998, 32(12):3705-3709.
45. Hao O.J., Kim H., Chiang P. Decolorization of wastewater. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 2000, 30:449-502.
46. Haug W., Schmidt A., Nortemann B., Hempel D.C., Stolz A., Knackmuss H.J. Naphthalene 1,2-dioxygenase reactions. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1991, 57(11):3144-3149.
47. Heiss G.S., Gowan B., Dabbs E.R. Cloning of DNA from a Rhodococcus strain conferring the sulfonated azo dyes. FEMS Microbiology Letters 1992, 99:221-226.
48. Hoigne J., Bader H. Rate constants of reactions of ozone with organic and inorganic compounds in water-II: Dissociating organic compounds. Water Research 1983, 17(2):185-194.
49. Horitsu H., Takada M., Idaka E., Tomoyeda M., Ogawa T. Degradation of p-aminoazobenzene. European Journal of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 1977, 4:217-224.
50. Horning R.H. Characterization and treatment of textile dyeing wastewaters. Textile Chemist and Colourist 1977, 9:24-27.
51. Hu T.L. Decolourization of reactive azo dyes by transformation with Pseudomonas luteola. Bioresource Technology 1994, 49(1):47-51.
52. 2. Environmental Technology 1997, 18:179-185.
53. Jäger I., Hafner C., Schneider K. Mutagenicity of different textile dye products in Salmonella typhimurium and mouse lymphoma cells. Mutation Research 2004, 561:35-44.
54. Kalyuzhnyi S., Sklyar V., Mosoloava T., Kucherenko I., Russkova J.A., Degtyaryova N. Methanogenic biodegradation of aromatic amines. Water Science and Technology 2000, 42:363-370.
55. Križanec B., Majcen Le Marechal A. Dioxins and dioxin-like persistent organic pollutants in textiles and chemicals in the textile sector. Croatica Chemica Acta 2006, 79:177-186.
56. Kudlich M., Keck A., Klein J., Stolz A. Localization of the enzyme system involves in anaerobic reduction of azo dyes by Sphingomonas sp. strain BN6 and effect of artificial redox mediators on the rate of azo dye reduction. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1997, 63(9):3691-3694.
57. Kuhn E.P., Suflita J.M. Anaerobic biodegradation of nitrogen substituted and sulfonated benzene aquifer contaminants. Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Materials 1989, 6(2):121-134.
58. Lee R. Coagulation and flocculation in wastewater treatment. Water Wastewater 2000, 141:29-32.
59. Liakou S., Pavlou S., Lyberatos G. Ozonation of AZO dyes. Water Science and Technology 1997, 35(4):279-286.
60. Lockerbieand M., Skelly J.K. Water quality requirements for treated effluent produced by recycling. Water Recycling in Textile Wet Processing, SDC 2003, 212-223.
61. Loidl M., Hinteregger C., Ditzelmuller G., Ferschl A., Streichsbier F. Degradation of aniline and monochlorinated anilines by soil-borne Pseudomonas acidovorans strains. Archives of Microbiology 1990, 155(1):56-61.
62. Lyons C.D., Katz S., Bartha R. Mechanisms and pathway of aniline elimination from aquatic environments. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1984, 8(3):491-496.
63. Majcen Le Marechal A., Slokar Y.M., Lobnik A. Some aspects on dyes harmfulness and testing methods parameters. Tekstilec 1996, 39:4-10.
64. Majozi T., Brouckaert C.J., Buckley C.A. Effluent reclamation and reuse in a group of agrochemical manufacturing plants using process integration. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Waste Management Problems in Agro-Industries 1998, 433-438. Istambul, Turkey, 23-25 September 1998.
65. Mallevialle J. Ozonation Manual for Water and Wastewater Treatment 1982, 53. Wiley, New York.
66. Malmary G., Perineau F., Molinier J., Gaset A. Continuous process of dye removal from liquid effluents using carbonized wool waste. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology A 1985, 35:431-437.
67. Marmagne O., Coste C. Color removal from textile plant effluents. American Dyestuff Reporter 1996, 85(4):15-21.
68. Massone A., Gernaey K., Rozzi A., Verstraete W. Measurement of ammonium concentration and nitrification rate by a new biosensor. WEF Research Journal 1998, 70(3):343-350.
69. Mathur N., Bhatnagar P., Bakre P. Assessing mutagenicity of textile dyes from Pali (Rajasthan) using Ames Bioassay. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 2005, 4(1):111-118.
70. Matioli D., Malpei F., Bortone G., Rozzi A. Water minimisation and reuse in the textile industry. Water Recycling and Resource Recovery in Industry, Analysis, Technologies and Implementation 2002, 545-584. IWA Publishing, London. P. Lens, L.H. Pol, P. Wilderer, T. Asano (Eds.).
71. McKay G., Blair H.S., Gardner J.R. Adsorption of dye on chitin. I. Equilibrium studies. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 1982, 27:3043-3057.
72. McKay G., Ramprasad G., Mowli P. Desorption and regeneration of dye colours from low-cost materials. Water Research 1987, 21:375-377.
73. Mechsner K., Wuhrmann K. Cell permeability as a rate limiting factor in the microbial reduction of sulfonated azo dyes. European Journal of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 1982, 15:123-126.
74. Mishra G., Tripathy M. A critical review of the treatments for decolourization of textile effluent. Colourage 1993, 40:35-38.
75. Namasivayam C., Kanachana N., Yamuna R.T. Waste banana pith as adsorbent for the removal of rhodamine-B from aqueous solutions. Waste Manage 1993, 13(1):89-95.
76. Namboodri C.G., Perkins W.S., Walsh W.K. Decolorizing dyes with chlorine and ozone. Part II. American Dyestuff Reporter 1994, 83(4):17-26.
77. Namboodri C.G., Walsh W.K. Ultraviolet light/hydrogen peroxide for decolorizing spent reactive dyebath waste water. American Dyestuff Reporter 1996, 85(3):15-25.
78. Nassar N.M., El-Geundi M.S. Comparative cost of colour removal from textile effluents using natural adsorbents. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 1991, 50:257-264.
79. 2 oxidation. Dyes and Pigments 2002, 53(2):93-99.
80. Nigam P., Armou G., Banat I.M., Singh D., Marchant R. Physical removal of textile dyes from effluents and solid-state fermentation of dye-adsorbed agricultural residues. Bioresource Technology 2000, 72(3):219-226.
81. Oguz E., Keskinler B., Celik Z. Ozonation of aqueous Bomaplex Red CR-L dye in a semi-batch reactor. Dyes and Pigments 2005, 64(2):101-108.
82. O'Neill C., Hawkes F.R., Esteves S.R., Hawkes D.L., Wilcox S.J. Anaerobic and aerobic treatment of a simulated textile effluent. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 1999, 74(10):993-999.
83. Pagga U., Taeger K. Development of a method for adsorption of dyestuffs on activated sludge. Water Research 1994, 28(5):1051-1057.
84. Pearce C.I., Lloyd L.R., Guthrie J.T. The removal of colour from textile wastewater using whole bacterial cells: A review. Dyes and Pigments 2003, 58(3):179-196.
85. Perivoliotis M.C. Textile production within a co-operative applied to rural European women. Fibres and Textiles of Eastern Europe 2002, 10(3, 38):8-13.
86. Perkins W.S., Judkins J.F., Perry W.D. Renovation of dye bath water by chlorination or ozonation. Textile Chemist and Cholorist 1980, 12(8):27.
87. Perkowski J., Kos L. Decolouration of model dye house wastewater with advanced oxidation processes. Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 2003, 11:67-71.
88. Pittroff M., Greorg K.H. Decolorization of textile wastewater by UV-radiation with hydrogen peroxide. Melliand International 6 (in English), translation of Melliand Textilberichte 1992, 73:526.
89. Platzek T., Lang C., Grohmann G., Gi U.-S., Baltes W. Formation of a carcinogenic aromatic amine from an azo dye by human skin bacteria in vitro. Human and Experimental Toxicology 1999, 18:552-559.
90. Poots V.J.P., McKay G., Healy J.J. The removal of acid dye from effluent using natural adsorbents - I. Peat. Water Research 1976, 10(12):1061-1066.
91. Poots V.J.P., McKay G., Healy J.J. The removal of acid dye from effluent using natural adsorbents - II. Wood. Water Research 1976, 10:1067-1070.
92. Pratt M., Taraska V. Disperse blue dyes 106 and 124 are common causes of textile dermatitis and should serve as screening allergens for this condition. American Journal of Contact Dermatitis 2000, 11(1):30-41.
93. Rafii F., Franklin W., Cerniglia C.E. Azoreductase activity of anaerobic bacteria isolated from human intestinal microflora. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1990, 56(7):2146-2151.
94. Raghavacharya C. Colour removal from industrial effluents. Chemical Engineering World 1997, 32(7):53-54.
95. Razo-Flores E., Lettinga G., Field J.A. Biotransformation and biodegradation of selected nitroaromatics under anaerobic conditions. Biotechnology Progress 1999, 15(3):358-365.
96. Razo-Flores E., Luijten M., Donlon B.A., Lettinga G., Field J.A. Complete biodegradation of the azo dye azodisalicylate under anaerobic conditions. Environmental Science and Technology 1997, 31(7):2098-2103.
97. Rice R.G., Bollyky L.J., Lacy W.J. Analytical Aspects of Ozone Treatment of Water and Wastewater 1986, 7. Lewis, Chelsea, MI.
98. Robinson T., McMullan G., Marchant R., Nigman P. Remediation of dyes in textile effluent: A critical review on current treatment technologies with a proposed alternative. Bioresource Technology 2001, 77:247-255.
99. Rozzi A., Bianchi R., Liessens J., Lopez A., Verstraete W. Ozone, GAC and membrane treatment of secondary textile effluents for direct use. Colloquium: Treatment of Wastewaters from Textile Processing 2004, 25-47. Berlin, 17-18 November 1997.
100. Rozzi A., Ficare E., Cellamare C.M., Bortone G. Characterization of textile wastewater and other industrial wastewaters by respirometric and titration biosensors. Water Science and Technology 1999, 40(1):161-168.
101. Rozzi A., Malpei F., Bianchi R., Mattioli D. Pilot-scale membrane bioreactor and reverse osmosis studies for direct reuse of secondary textile effluents. Water Science and Technology 2000, 41(10-11):189-195.
102. Santl H., Gruber L., Stoehrer E. Some new sources of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in waste papers and recycled pulps. Chemosphere 1994, 29:1995-2003.
103. Santos A.B., Cervantes J.F., Lier J.B. Review paper on current technologies for decolourisation of textile wastewaters: Perspectives for anaerobic biotechnology. Biresource Technnology 2007, 98(12):2369-2385.
104. Schneider K., Hafner C., Jäger I. Mutagenicity of textile dye products. Journal of Applied Toxicology 2004, 24(2):83-91.
105. Schoeberl P., Brik M., Braun R., Fuchs W. Treatment and recycling of textile wastewater - case study and development of a recycling concept. Desalination 2004, 171:173-183.
106. Science Applications International Crop Electrotechnologies for Waste and Water Treatment 1987, 4. Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA.
107. Shaul G.M., Holdsworth T.J., Demmpsey C.R., Dostal K.A. Fate of water soluble azo dyes in the activated sludge process. Chemosphere 1991, 22:107-119.
108. Shu H.Y., Huang C.R. Degradation of commercial azo dyes in water using ozonation and UV enhanced ozonation process. Chemosphere 1995, 39:3813-3825.
109. Shu H.Y., Huang C.R. Ultraviolet enhanced oxidation for colour removal of azo dye wastewater. American Dyestuff Reporter 1995, 84(8):30-34.
110. Slokar Y.M., Majcen Le Marechal A. Methods of decoloration of textile wastewaters. Dyes and Pigments 1997, 37(4):335-356.
111. Stengg W. The Textile and Clothing Industry in the EU a Survey 2001, Enterprise Paper No 2 Brussels: European Commission.
112. Stenken-Richter I., Kermer W.D. Decolorising textile effluents. Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 1992, 108:182-186.
113. Stolz A., Nortemann B., Knackmuss H.J. Bacterial metabolism of 5-aminosalicylic acid. Initial ring cleavage. Biochemical Journal 1992, 282(3):675-680.
114. Terras C., Vandevivere P.C., Verstraete W. Optimal treatment and rational reuse of water in textile industry. Water Science and Technology 1999, 39(5):81-88.
115. Tomasino C. Chemistry & Technology of Fabric Preparation & Finishing 1992, Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science College of Textiles North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.
116. Torrades F., García-Montaño J., García-Hortal J.A., Núñez L., Domènech X., Peral J. Decolorisation and mineralisation of homo- and hetero-bireactive dyes under Fenton and photo-Fenton conditions. Coloration Technology 2004, 120(4):188-194.
117. 2 processes. Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water and Wastewater Treatment 2004, 86-92. IWA Publishing, London. S. Parson (Ed.).
118. Reduction of Waste Water in the Textile Industry 1994, UBA, Texte 3/94.
119. The textile industry and the environment. Technical Report No. 16 1994, UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme, UNEP/IE, Paris.
120. Exposure and Human Health Reassessment of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin (TCDD) and Related Compounds, vol. 2 2000, US Environmental Protection Agency, (accessed April 2010). http://www.epa.gov/ncea/pdfs/dioxin/part1/volume2/chap8.pdf.
121. Best Management Practices for Pollution Prevention in the Textile Industry, Manual Cincinnati 1994, US EPA/625/R-96/004, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH.
122. Vajnhandl S., Majcen Le Marechal A.M. Ultrasound in textile dyeing and the decolouration/mineralization of textile dyes. Dyes and Pigments 2005, 65:89-101.
123. Van der Zee F.P., Lettinga G., Field J.A. Azo dye decolourisation by anaerobic granular sludge. Chemossphere 2001, 44(5):1169-1176.
124. Waddell D.S., Boneck-Ociesa H., Gobran T., Ho T.F., Botton J.R. PCDD/PCDF formation by UV photolysis of pentachlorophenol with and without the addition of hydrogen peroxide. Organohalogen Compounds 1995, 23:407-412.
125. Wadel D.S., Bonek-Ociesa, Gobrab T. PCDD/PCDF formation by UV photolysis of pentachlorophenol with and without the addition of hydrogen peroxide. Organohalogen Compounds 1995, 23:407-412.
126. Water recycling in the textile industry 2010, Water Treatment Solutions, (accessed April 2010). http://www.lenntech.com/water_reuse_textile_industry.htm.
127. Wenzel H., Knudsen H.H. Water savings and reuse in the textile industry. Modern Tools and Methods of Water Treatment for Improving Living Standards 2005, vol. 48:169-189. Springer, Dordrecht.
128. Wilkinson S.M., McGechaen K. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from reactive dyes. Contact Dermatitis 1996, 35(6):376-378.
129. Willetts J.R., Ashbolt N.J., Moosbrugger R.E., Aslam M.R. The use of a thermophilic anaerobic system for pretreatment of textile dye wastewater. Water Science and Technology 2000, 42(5-6):309-316.
130. Williams D.T., LeBel G.L., Benoit F.M. Polychlorodibenzodioxins and polychlorodibenzofurans in dioxazine dyes and pigments. Chemosphere 1992, 24:169-180.
131. Wong P.K., Yuen P.Y. Decolourization and biodegradation of methyl red by Klebsiella pneumoniae RS-13. Water Research 1996, 30(7):1736-1744.
132. Wuhrmann K., Menscher K., Kappeler T. Investigation on rate-determining factors in the microbial reduction of azo dyes. European Journal of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 1980, 9:325-338.
133. Xu Y., Lebrun R.E. Treatment of textile dye plant effluent by nanofiltration membrane. Separation Science and Technology 1999, 34:2501-2519.
134. 2 photochemical oxidation. Textile Chemist and Colorist 1998, 30:27-35.
135. Zhao W., Shi H., Wang D. Ozonation of cationic red X-GRL in aqueous solution: Degradation and mechanism. Chemosphere 2004, 57:1189-1199.
136. Zissi U., Lyberatos G., Pavlou S. Biodegradation of p-aminoazobenzene by Bacillus subtilis under aerobic conditions. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology 1997, 19(1):49-55.
137. Zitomer D.H., Speece R.E. Sequential environments for enhanced biotransformation of aqueous contaminants. Environmental Science and Technology 1993, 27(2):227-244.
138. Zollinger H. Colour Chemistry-Synthesis, Properties of Organic Dyes and Pigments 1987, 92-100. VCH Publishers, New York.
139. Zuskin E., Mustajbegovic J., Schachter E.N., Doko-Jelinic J. Respiratory function of textile workers employed in dyeing cotton and wool fibers. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1998, 31(3):344-352.