An analysis of iraqi WMD strategy

Nonproliferation Review

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 25-39

  Baram, Amatzia ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HAIFA   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85015122310     PISSN: 10736700     EISSN: 17461766     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10736700108436848     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Sakhr Jasim, al-Jumhuriyya, April 4,1990;.
2. Karim Sayyid, al-Jumhuriyya, November 25,1989;.
3. Amatzia Baram, “Israeli Deterrence, Iraqi Responses,” Orbis 36 (Summer 1992), pp. 397-410.
4. Khidir Hamza, lecture to the Middle East Forum, April 2,2001, as summarized in Middle East Forum Wire, April 24,2001.
5. Khidir Hamza, “Inside Saddam’s SecretNuclear Program," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 54:5 (September-October 1998), pp. 26-28;.
6. Khidir Hamza, interview by author, Washington, D.C., February 26,1999.
7. Khidir Hamza, Jeff Stein, Saddam ’sBombmaker: The Terrifying Story of the Iraqi Nuclear and Biological Weapons Agenda (New York: Scribner, 2000).
8. S. Ibrahim and H. Mahdi, from the al-Qaqa State Establishment, participated in a conference in Oregon, United States. Army Ballistic Research Laboratory, and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, The Ninth Symposium (International) on Detonation, Portland, Oregon, August 28-September 1,1989, pp. 393,395.
9. Richard F. Nyrop, ed., Iraq: A Country Study (Washington, D.C., The American University and Department of the Army: 1979), p. 265.
10. al-Thawra, December 1-7,1971.
11. Khidir Hamza, interview by author, February 26,1999.
12. “Interview with Husayn Shahrastani,” al-Majalla (London), January 28 - February 3,1996.
13. Amatzia Baram, Culture, History and Ideology in Baathist Iraq, 1968-1989 (Oxford and London: St Anthony’s College and Macmillan, 1991), pp. 15,17-19, and 29.
14. Khidir Hamza, “Inside Iraq’s SecretNuclear Program,” p. 28.
15. Khidir Hamza, “Inside Iraq’s SecretNuclear Program,”.
16. Khidir Hamza, interview by author, February 26,1999.
17. Saddam Hussein, “Speech to the Iraqi Cabinet,” Baghdad Radio, June 23 1981, inFBIS-NES-DR, June24,1981, pp. El-7.
18. Saddam Hussein, “Speech to the Iraqi Cabinet,”.
19. Saddam Hussein, “Speech to the Iraqi Cabinet,”.
20. Anthony H. Cordesman and Abraham R. Wagner, The Lessons of Modern War Volume II: Thelraq-Iran War (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991), pp. 177,185.
21. Patrick Cockbum, “Interview with Major-General Wafiq al-Samarra’i,” Independent (London). March 13,1998.
22. Al-Thawra (International Edition), March 5,1988, p. 1.
23. Anthony H. Cordesman and Abraham R. Wagner, The Iran-Iraq War, pp. 358,512-518.
24. “Some of the findings in this section appeared in Baram, “Israeli Deterrence, Iraqi Responses,” pp. 397-410.
25. This speech was broadcast on Iraqi Radio and TV, April 2, 1990. For an English version see FBIS-NES-DR, April 3,1990, pp. 32-38.
26. “Interview with Tariq Aziz,” New Yorker, June 24,1991, p. 65;.
27. Khidir Hamza, interview by author, February 26, 1999.
28. Hazim Abd-al-Razzaq al-Ayyubi, commander of the Iraqi surface-to-surface missiles corps during the Gulf War, “Forty-Three Missiles on the Zionist Entity,” al-Arab al- Yawm (Amman), October 27,1998, p. 12.
29. U.N. Security Council, Note by the Secretary, New York, July 25,1991, pp. 7-8;.
30. Khidir Hamza, February 26,1999.
31. Retired Israeli military officer (name withheld by request), interview byauthor, Herzlia, Israel, August 29,1997.
32. Hurras al-Watan (the magazine of the Iraqi Ministry of Defense), April 8,1990;.
33. Al-Thawra, April 4,1990.
34. Middle East Economic Digest, April pp. 2,8.
35. Iraqi News Agency (INA), April 17,1990. For a slightly different English translation, see FBIS-NES-DR, April 18,1990, pp. 1-15.
36. Saddam Hussein speech at an Islamic conference in Baghdad, Baghdad Radio, June 18,1990, in FBIS-NES-DR, June 19,1990, p.21;.
37. Major-General Muzahim, Sab Hasan in Radio Monte Carlo, April 22,1990, in FBIS-NES-DR, June 19,1990, p. 21;.
38. Saddam Hussein speech at the Baghdad Summit on May 28,1990, in FBIS-NES-DR, May 29,1990, p. 5;.
39. Saddam Hussein in the Wall Street Journal, June 28,1990.
40. Al-Thawra, April 17, 1990.
41. Al-Muharrir (Paris), May 8,1990. At the time, Al-Muharrir was an Iraqi- supported Arabic language newspaper.
42. al-Hayat (London), September 20,1992, p. 3.
43. Amatzia Baram, “Calculation and Miscalculation in Baghdad,” in Alex Danchev and Dan Keohane, eds., International Perspectives on the Gulf War, 1990-1991 (Oxford and London: St Antony’s College and Macmillan, 1994), pp. 34-35.
44. Ankara TRT TV Network, December 20, 1990, in FBIS-WEU-DR TA2012191490, December 21, 1990;.
45. Anatolia News Agency (Ankara), January 19,1991, in FBIS-WEU-DR TA1901164991, January 22,1991;Reuters, January 19,1991.
46. Haaretz, February 3, 1991, quoting various news agencies that cited al-Qadisiyya, the daily paper of the Iraqi Ministry of Defense.
47. Haaretz, February 22,1991;.
48. Communiqué No. 25 of the Iraqi General Command as quoted in Haaretz, January 28,1991.
49. Haaretz, February 3 and 6,1991.
50. Retired Israeli military officer (name withheld by request), interview by author, August 29,1997.
51. U.S. Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney, Interview with CAW correspondent Rowland Evans, broadcast on CNN, February 2,1991. See also Haaretz, February 3, 1991.
52. U.S. Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney and U.S. Vice President Dan Quayle, cited in Haaretz, February 4-5 and 12, 1991.
53. Retired Israeli military officer (name withheld by request), August 29,1997.
54. Saddam Hussein on the occasion of the Gulf War anniversary, Baghdad Republic oflraq Radio Network, January 17,1994, in FBIS-NES-DR, January 19,1994, p. 37.
55. Three UNSCOM officials (names withheld by request), interviews by author: (1) a senior field operator, New York, January 27,1998, and Washington, D.C., September 4,1998;.
56. Scott Ritter, Endgame: Solving the Iraq Problem - Once and For All (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1999), p. 102.
57. Scott Ritter, Endgame: Solving the Iraq Problem - Once and For All. General Kamil corroborated this account while he was a political refugee in Jordan.
58. Scott Ritter, Endgame: Solving the Iraq Problem - Once and For All.
59. UNSCOM official (name withheld by request), interview by author, New York, January 27,1998, and Washington, D.C., September 4,1998.
60. Scott Ritter, Endgame.
61. UNSCOM officials (names withheld by request), January 27 and September 4,1998;April28, May4, and July 16,1999.
62. “Meeting Between President Saddam Hussein and the American Charge d’Affaires Wilson on 6 August 1990,” Iraqi Embassy, Washington, D.C., September 1990.