History and memory of the Italian concentration camps

Historical Journal

Volumn 40, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 169-183

  Walston, James ^a  

^a Rome University   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85015093638     PISSN: 0018246X     EISSN: 14695103     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0018246X96007042     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Angelo Del Boca, L'Africa nella coscienza degli italiani: miti, memorie, errori (Bari, 1992), p. XI.
2. See C. S. Capogreco, Ferramonti (Florence, 1987). Accounts given by survivors at the fiftieth anniversary of the camp's liberation in September 1993 were further confirmation of Capogreco's account (BBC World Service Outlook, 16 September 1993, contained statements by Ferramonti ex-internees Menachem Shelah and Aleksandr De Mayo).
3. Ivo Herzer (ed.), The Italian refuge. Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust (Washington DC, 1989): p. 2. The various articles in the book provide detailed examples of Herzer's personal experience.
4. See also Jonathan Steinberg, All or nothing (London, 1990)
5. which describes and explains the different behaviour of the German and Italian diplomats and soldiers when dealing with Jews, and Menachem Shelah's Un debito digratitudine (Rome, 1991)
6. original edition in Hebrew, Heshbon damin (Blood account. The rescue of the Croatian Jews by the Italians 1941–1943) (Tel Aviv, 1986) which deals with the relationship between Jews and the Italian army in Dalmatia between 1941 and 1943.
7. Joseph Rochlitz, ‘The righteous enemy’ (Parstel, 1987).
8. The Rochlitz film has been broadcast on PBS in the US, in Israel and shown frequently at special gatherings but though bought by the Italian RAI2 was not shown. Ivo Herzer gave a similar account of Kraljevica in an op-ed article in the International Herald Tribune, 25 March 1994, p. 4.
9. Angelo Del Boca, Gli Italiani in Libia. Dal Fascismo a Gheddafi (Bari, 1988), p. 179.
10. E. Salerno, Genocidio in Libia (Milan, 1979), p. 90.
11. Genocidio in Libia p. 95.
12. Del Boca, Gli Italiani, pp. 182–183.
13. G. Rochat, ‘La repressione della resistenza in Cirenaica (1927–1931)’, in Enzo Santarelli et al., Omar al-Mukhtar e la riconquista fascista della Libia (Milan, 1981), pp. 155–159
14. for the figures and G. Rochat, ‘Il genocidio cirenaico e la storiografia coloniale’, Belfagor, 1980 (4), pp. 449–55 for the use of the word ‘genocide’.
15. Del Boca, L'Africa, p. 42.
16. L'Africa, p. 43.
17. L'Africa, p. 45.
18. Gen. Mario Roatta, 31 July 1942 quoted by Franc Potocnik in Il campo di sterminio fascista: l'isola di Rab (Turin, 1979), p. 48.
19. Prefect Paolo Zerbino to the Dalmatian government, 12 May 1943, in Commission for the Ascertainment of the crimes of Occupying Forces and Collaborators, Crimes of Italian occupied forces in Dalmatia (Belgrade 1946), p. 48.
20. Quoted in Potocnik, Il campo, p. 41
21. Giacomo Scotti, Bono Taliano. Gli italiani in Jugoslavia 1941–43 (Milan, 1977), p. 83.
22. P. Malvezzi & G. Pirelli (eds.) Lettere di condannati a morte della Resistenza europea (Turin, 1954), p. 515
23. quoting Rapporto sui crimini italiani contro la Jugoslavia e i suoi popoli (Belgrade, 1946).
24. Other camps were better supplied but still far from perfect; the Prefect of Zadar reported to the Dalmatian Government on 9 January 1943 that the camp at Molat had 552 women and children and 795 men in huts with 280 men in tents. Commission for the Ascertainment of the crimes of Occupying Forces and Collaborators, Crimes of Italian occupied forces in Dalmatia (Belgrade, 1946), p. 108.
25. As a comparison, Robert Conquest calculates that the death rate in the gulag camps was about 10% per annum in 1933 and 20% by 1938. Robert Conquest, The great terror (Oxford, 1990), p. 338.
26. Ken Kirby, ‘Fascist legacy. 1. A promise fulfilled’, BBC Timewatch 1989.
27. Potocnik, Il campo, p. 23
28. Il Gazzettino, 19 February 1995.
29. A account of the camp is given in Nadja Pahor Verri, Oltre il filo (Udine, 1995).
30. Michael Palumbo, unpublished MS used in Kirby, ‘Timewatch’. Ch. 5,‘La tragedia greca’.
31. Jean Rousso, Le Syndrome de Vichy (Paris, 1990), examines this phenomenon in detail.
32. The Gonars doctor, Mario Cordaro, who died in 1994, spent considerable energy trying to make his experiences known: ‘My father was very concerned that young people should know about that period of our history because, as he continued to repeat to my children, he thought it was paramount that the younger generation knew that the internment camps had been used not for criminals but for ordinary people’. Personal letter from Maria Cordaro, 25 April 1995. But he was exceptional.
33. Indipendente, 12 March 1992.
34. Quoted in Del Boca, Gli Italani, p. 178.
35. Quoted in Rochat, ‘La repressione’, p. 126.
36. Editorial in the Trieste newspaper, Il piccolo, 28 May 1942
37. quoted in G. Fogar, ‘Dalle aggressioni fasciste alla occupazione nazista’ in Dallo squadrismo fascista alle stragi della Risiera (Trieste, 1978), p. 71.
38. Pierre Vidal-Naquet, Gli assassini della memoria (Rome, 1993)
39. Les assassins de lamémoire (Paris, 1987), pp. 116–117.
40. Vidal-Nacquet, Gli assassini, p. 121.