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Volumn 46, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 89-114

Violence, authority, and the state in the nuba mountains of condominium sudan

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EID: 85014668127     PISSN: 0018246X     EISSN: 14695103     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0018246X02002856     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (22)

References (337)
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    • governor-general of the Sudan, 1 Jan Minute by 723/5/36–9
    • Minute by J. Maffey, governor-general of the Sudan, 1 Jan. 1927, Sudan Archive, Durham (SAD) 723/5/36–9.
    • (1927) Sudan Archive, Durham (SAD)
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    • The invention of tradition in colonial Africa
    • Cambridge in E. Hobsbawm and T. Ranger The classic statement on invention is which draws heavily on J. Iliffe, A modern history of Tanganyika (Cambridge, 1979
    • The classic statement on invention is T. Ranger, ‘The invention of tradition in colonial Africa’, in E. Hobsbawm and T. Ranger, eds., The invention of tradition (Cambridge, 1983), pp. 211–62, which draws heavily on J. Iliffe, A modern history of Tanganyika (Cambridge, 1979).
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    • Colonial rule
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    • Bureaucracy and incumbent violence: colonial administration and the origins of the “Mau Mau” emergency
    • London, Nairobi, and Athens, OH in B. Berman and J. Lonsdale at p. 234
    • B. Berman, ‘Bureaucracy and incumbent violence: colonial administration and the origins of the “Mau Mau” emergency’, in B. Berman and J. Lonsdale, Unhappy valley: conflict in Kenya and Africa (London, Nairobi, and Athens, OH, 1992), pp. 227–264, at p. 234
    • (1992) Unhappy valley: conflict in Kenya and Africa , pp. 227-264
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    • Structure and process in the bureaucratic states of colonial Africa
    • in Berman and Lonsdale at p. 152
    • B. Berman, ‘Structure and process in the bureaucratic states of colonial Africa’, in Berman and Lonsdale, Unhappy valley, pp. 140–76, at p. 152
    • Unhappy valley , pp. 140-176
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    • The genesis and terms of the Condominium are best explained in 1898–1934 (Cambridge
    • The genesis and terms of the Condominium are best explained in M. Daly, Empire on the Nile: the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 1898–1934 (Cambridge, 1986), pp. 11–18.
    • (1986) Empire on the Nile: the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan , pp. 11-18
    • Daly, M.1
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    • Pax Britannica and the Southern Sudan: the view from the theatre
    • D. Wai, ‘Pax Britannica and the Southern Sudan: the view from the theatre’, African Affairs, 79 (1980), pp. 375–396.
    • (1980) African Affairs , vol.79 , pp. 375-396
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  • 18
    • 0009771238 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge suggests that the Sudan was structurally excluded from participating in many ‘colonial’ debates in the 1930s, even though its administrators faced many of the same policy issues as their fellows in the colonial service.
    • M. Daly, Imperial Sudan:the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium, 1934–1956 (Cambridge, 1991),p. 26, suggests that the Sudan was structurally excluded from participating in many ‘colonial’ debates in the 1930s, even though its administrators faced many of the same policy issues as their fellows in the colonial service.
    • (1991) Imperial Sudan:the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium, 1934–1956 , pp. 26
    • Daly, M.1
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    • Daier, 1904
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    • Kitra, 1904
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    • and 1917
    • Nyima, 1908 and 1917
    • (1908)
    • Nyima1
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    • Burham, 1908
    • (1908)
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  • 25
    • 85022678013 scopus 로고
    • 1910, and 1925
    • Katla, 1909, 1910, and 1925
    • (1909)
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    • Tagoi, 1910
    • (1910)
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  • 28
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    • Kimla, 1911
    • (1911)
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    • 85022652137 scopus 로고
    • Heiban, 1911
    • (1911)
    • Heiban1
  • 31
    • 85022644459 scopus 로고
    • 1913, 1915, and 1922
    • Tira el Akhdar, 1912, 1913, 1915, and 1922
    • (1912)
    • el Akhdar, T.1
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    • 85022705781 scopus 로고
    • Mandal, 1914
    • (1914)
    • Mandal1
  • 34
    • 85022666133 scopus 로고
    • Miri, 1915
    • (1915)
    • Miri1
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    • 85022675942 scopus 로고
    • 1945
    • Tuleishi, 1926, 1945
    • (1926)
    • Tuleishi1
  • 37
    • 85022691325 scopus 로고
    • Julud, 1926
    • (1926)
    • Julud1
  • 38
    • 85022671174 scopus 로고
    • Lafofa, 1929.
    • (1929)
    • Lafofa1
  • 45
    • 34248277560 scopus 로고
    • British policy and the accentuation of inter-ethnic divisions: the case of the Nuba Mountains region of Sudan, 1920–1940
    • Kamal Osman Salih, ‘British policy and the accentuation of inter-ethnic divisions: the case of the Nuba Mountains region of Sudan, 1920–1940’, African Affairs, 89 (1990), pp. 417–436
    • (1990) African Affairs , vol.89 , pp. 417-436
    • Osman Salih, K.1
  • 46
    • 70450119087 scopus 로고
    • British policy towards Islam in the Nuba Mountains, 1920–1940
    • Ahmed Abdel Rahim Nasr, ‘British policy towards Islam in the Nuba Mountains, 1920–1940’, Sudan Notes and Records (SNR),52 (1971), pp. 23–33
    • (1971) Sudan Notes and Records (SNR) , vol.52 , pp. 23-33
    • Abdel Rahim Nasr, A.1
  • 47
    • 77952410275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethnicity, resources and the colonial state:politics in the Nuba Mountains, 1950s to 1990s
    • in E. Stiansen and M. Kevane Leiden
    • M.Saavedra, ‘Ethnicity, resources and the colonial state:politics in the Nuba Mountains, 1950s to 1990s’, in E. Stiansen and M. Kevane, Kordofan invaded: peripheral incorporation and social transformation in Islamic Africa (Leiden, 1998), pp. 223–253.
    • (1998) Kordofan invaded: peripheral incorporation and social transformation in Islamic Africa , pp. 223-253
    • Saavedra, M.1
  • 50
    • 85022670880 scopus 로고
    • Khartoum in fact the people of the hills refer to Nyima as ‘seven hills’, but there is an eighth, a ‘half-hill’ called Shirowa or Sultan
    • R. Stevenson, The Nuba people of Kordofan province (Khartoum, 1984), pp. 82–4: in fact the people of the hills refer to Nyima as ‘seven hills’, but there is an eighth, a ‘half-hill’ called Shirowa or Sultan.
    • (1984) The Nuba people of Kordofan province , pp. 82-84
    • Stevenson, R.1
  • 53
    • 85022707135 scopus 로고
    • 23 Nov SAD 701/25/284–91
    • Lloyd, governor to civil sec., 23 Nov. 1908, SAD 701/25/284–91.
    • (1908) governor to civil sec
    • Lloyd1
  • 55
    • 85022623779 scopus 로고
    • SIR No. 283, Feb
    • SIR No. 283, Feb. 1918, PRO FO 371/3199.
    • (1918) PRO FO , vol.371-3199
  • 57
    • 85022693264 scopus 로고
    • GGR, 1908, p. 182
    • (1908) , pp. 182
  • 58
    • 85022707135 scopus 로고
    • 23 Nov SAD 701/25/284–91
    • Lloyd, governor to civil sec., 23 Nov. 1908, SAD 701/25/284–91
    • (1908) governor to civil sec
    • Lloyd1
  • 59
    • 85022601851 scopus 로고
    • SIR No. 270, Jan 106/6225
    • SIR No. 270, Jan. 1917, PRO WO 106/6225
    • (1917) PRO WO
  • 60
    • 85022695668 scopus 로고
    • SIR No. 294, Jan
    • SIR No. 294, Jan. 1919, PRO WO 33/997
    • (1919) PRO WO , vol.33-997
  • 62
    • 85022723672 scopus 로고
    • GGR, 1905, p. 15
    • (1905) , pp. 15
  • 64
    • 85022725411 scopus 로고
    • By comparison, the King's African Rifles (stationed in Uganda, British East Africa, and Nyasaland) had 104 British officers and 4,579 African other ranks at its creation in 1902; reductions, particularly in 1911, saw its strength fall to 73 British officers and 2,325 other ranks by 1914 Aldershot
    • By comparison, the King's African Rifles (stationed in Uganda, British East Africa, and Nyasaland) had 104 British officers and 4,579 African other ranks at its creation in 1902; reductions, particularly in 1911, saw its strength fall to 73 British officers and 2,325 other ranks by 1914: H. Moyse-Bartlett, The King's African Rifles: a study in the military history of East and Central Africa (Aldershot, 1956), pp. 129, 262.
    • (1956) The King's African Rifles: a study in the military history of East and Central Africa
    • Moyse-Bartlett, H.1
  • 66
    • 85022651563 scopus 로고
    • SIR No. 212, Mar
    • SIR No. 212, Mar. 1912, PRO WO 106/6224.
    • (1912) PRO WO , vol.106-6224
  • 68
    • 85022634492 scopus 로고
    • 27 Sept SAD 701/25/330
    • London Gazette, 27 Sept. 1910, SAD 701/25/330.
    • (1910) London Gazette
  • 70
    • 85022653226 scopus 로고
    • 27 Oct SAD 298/1/63
    • Wingate to Asser, 27 Oct. 1910, SAD 298/1/63.
    • (1910)
    • Wingate1    Asser2
  • 71
    • 85022616731 scopus 로고
    • GGR, 1904, p. 12
    • (1904) , pp. 12
  • 72
    • 85022601506 scopus 로고
    • GGR, 1908, p. 43
    • (1908) , pp. 43
  • 73
    • 85022673961 scopus 로고
    • 19 Feb SAD 157/2/35–8
    • Wingate to Kitchener, 19 Feb. 1914, SAD 157/2/35–8.
    • (1914)
    • Wingate1    Kitchener2
  • 74
    • 85022629859 scopus 로고
    • 21 Feb SAD 276/2/31–4
    • Cromer to Wingate, 21 Feb. 1905, SAD 276/2/31–4
    • (1905)
    • Cromer1    Wingate2
  • 75
    • 85022720364 scopus 로고
    • 12 Sept SAD 297/ 3/34–9
    • Wingate to Asser, 12 Sept. 1910, SAD 297/ 3/34–9.
    • (1910)
    • Wingate1    Asser2
  • 76
    • 85022721387 scopus 로고
    • 2 Aug SAD 283/3/12–22
    • Wingate to Asser, 2 Aug. 1908, SAD 283/3/12–22
    • (1908)
    • Wingate1    Asser2
  • 77
    • 85022728397 scopus 로고
    • 24 Oct SAD 284/1/49
    • Wingate to Rees, 24 Oct. 1908, SAD 284/1/49
    • (1908)
    • Wingate1    Rees2
  • 79
    • 0342672319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colonialism and the culture of nationalism in the northern Sudan, 1898–1956
    • For a useful summary of this categorization, see Princeton
    • For a useful summary of this categorization, see H. Sharkey, ‘Colonialism and the culture of nationalism in the northern Sudan, 1898–1956’ (PhD thesis, Princeton, 1998), p. 39.
    • (1998) PhD thesis , pp. 39
    • Sharkey, H.1
  • 82
    • 85022660369 scopus 로고
    • 20 Nov SAD 414/15/74–5
    • Owen to Father, 20 Nov. 1944, SAD 414/15/74–5.
    • (1944) Owen to Father
  • 84
    • 85022607683 scopus 로고
    • 10 June SAD 304/8/12–14
    • Butler to Father, 10 June 1910, SAD 304/8/12–14.
    • (1910) Butler to Father
  • 85
    • 85022598491 scopus 로고
    • 23 Aug SAD 283/5/67–8
    • Lewin to Wingate,23 Aug.1908, SAD 283/5/67–8
    • (1908)
    • Lewin1    Wingate2
  • 86
    • 85022600118 scopus 로고
    • 7 July SAD 283/1/15
    • Wingate to Murray,7 July 1908,SAD 283/1/15.
    • (1908)
    • Wingate1    Murray2
  • 87
    • 85022728483 scopus 로고
    • 10 July SAD 283/1/53–5
    • Lewin to Wingate, 10 July 1908, SAD 283/1/53–5
    • (1908)
    • Lewin1    Wingate2
  • 88
    • 85022640021 scopus 로고
    • 27 Oct SAD 284/1/53
    • Asser to Wingate, 27 Oct. 1908, SAD 284/1/53
    • (1908)
    • Asser1    Wingate2
  • 89
    • 85022736946 scopus 로고
    • 10 July SAD 283/1/53–5
    • Lewin to Wingate, 10 July 1908, SAD 283/1/53–5
    • (1908)
    • Lewin1    Wingate2
  • 90
    • 85022671416 scopus 로고
    • 15 Oct SAD 304/8/30–3
    • Butler to Father, 15 Oct. 1910, SAD 304/8/30–3
    • (1910)
    • Butler1    Father2
  • 91
    • 85022620459 scopus 로고
    • 12 Oct SAD 298/1/35–9
    • Asser to Wingate, 12 Oct. 1910, SAD 298/1/35–9.
    • (1910)
    • Asser1    Wingate2
  • 92
    • 85022660882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • War Office to under secretary of state
    • 3 Mar
    • Ward, War Office to under secretary of state, Foreign Office, 3 Mar.
    • Foreign Office
    • Ward1
  • 93
    • 85022635933 scopus 로고
    • 1902, PRO FO 78/5239
    • (1902) PRO FO , vol.78-5239
  • 94
    • 85022658104 scopus 로고
    • 12 Oct SAD 298/1/35–9
    • Asser to Wingate, 12 Oct. 1910, SAD 298/1/35–9
    • (1910)
    • Asser1    Wingate2
  • 95
    • 85022685415 scopus 로고
    • 10 Dec SAD 301/6/59–61
    • Slatin to Wingate, 10 Dec. 1911, SAD 301/6/59–61.
    • (1911)
    • Slatin1    Wingate2
  • 96
    • 85022598723 scopus 로고
    • of 20 Mar For medal-seeking, see for example SAD 701/25/317
    • For medal-seeking, see for example ‘Special Army Order’ of 20 Mar. 1909, SAD 701/25/317
    • (1909) Special Army Order
  • 97
    • 85022700912 scopus 로고
    • 28 Sept 283/9/35–6
    • Wingate to General Wynne, 28 Sept. 1908, 283/9/35–6
    • (1908)
    • Wingate1    Wynne, G.2
  • 98
    • 85022737198 scopus 로고
    • 23 Aug SAD 283/5/50–5
    • Wingate to Asser, 23 Aug. 1908, SAD 283/5/50–5.
    • (1908)
    • Wingate1    Asser2
  • 99
    • 85022721185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Also SAD 303/8/6–39
    • Also Balfour, ‘Fiki Ali’, SAD 303/8/6–39.
    • Fiki Ali
    • Balfour1
  • 101
    • 85022628049 scopus 로고
    • 30 Nov SAD 701/25/333
    • Wingate to Lloyd, 30 Nov. 1910, SAD 701/25/333.
    • (1910)
    • Wingate1    Lloyd2
  • 102
    • 85022699476 scopus 로고
    • 11 Aug See for example SAD 196/2/93
    • See for example Wingate to Drake,11 Aug. 1915, SAD 196/2/93
    • (1915)
    • Wingate1    Drake2
  • 103
    • 85022622002 scopus 로고
    • 21 June SAD 195/4/197–8
    • Wingate to Cromer,21 June 1915, SAD 195/4/197–8
    • (1915)
    • Wingate1    Cromer2
  • 104
    • 85022643845 scopus 로고
    • SIR No. 281, Dec
    • SIR No. 281, Dec. 1917, PRO FO 371/3199
    • (1917) PRO FO , vol.371-3199
  • 106
    • 85022639940 scopus 로고
    • SIR No. 282, Jan
    • SIR No. 282, Jan. 1918, PRO FO 371/3199.
    • (1918) PRO FO , vol.371-3199
  • 110
    • 85022666826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extract from Lamb SAD 795/8/183–7. The display of the heads was not mentioned in any official report at the time
    • Extract from Lamb, ‘Operations against the Nuba Gebels’, SAD 795/8/183–7. The display of the heads was not mentioned in any official report at the time.
    • Operations against the Nuba Gebels
  • 112
    • 85022685101 scopus 로고
    • GGR, 1908, p. 7.
    • (1908) , pp. 7
  • 114
    • 26044449024 scopus 로고
    • SNR, 5 (1922), pp. 137–156
    • (1922) SNR , vol.5 , pp. 137-156
  • 119
    • 85022607405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • the section on the Nuba Mountains was based on work in 1910–11
    • Seligman, Pagan tribes, p. 366: the section on the Nuba Mountains was based on work in 1910–11
    • Pagan tribes , pp. 366
    • Seligman1
  • 120
    • 85022680455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SAD 283/9/40–68. For those who wish to pursue the reference, it is to I Samuel 15
    • Lloyd, ‘Report on Kordofan province, 1908’, p. 57, SAD 283/9/40–68. For those who wish to pursue the reference, it is to I Samuel 15.
    • Report on Kordofan province, 1908 , pp. 57
    • Lloyd1
  • 123
    • 85022603363 scopus 로고
    • denounces the inappropriateness of the term kujur for the Nuba Mountains
    • SNR, 24 (1941), pp. 85–112, denounces the inappropriateness of the term kujur for the Nuba Mountains.
    • (1941) SNR , vol.24 , pp. 85-112
  • 131
    • 85036749510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • There are obvious comparisons to be drawn with British policy among the Nuer of Sudan, where a similar rehabilitation of kujurs was interrupted by the antipathetic attitude of one particular provincial governor
    • There are obvious comparisons to be drawn with British policy among the Nuer of Sudan, where a similar rehabilitation of kujurs was interrupted by the antipathetic attitude of one particular provincial governor: D. H. Johnson, ‘Editor's introduction’, p. 17
    • Editor's introduction , pp. 17
    • Johnson, D.H.1
  • 135
    • 85022612038 scopus 로고
    • GGR, 1921, pp. 4–6
    • (1921) , pp. 4-6
  • 137
    • 85022612388 scopus 로고
    • memorandum with civil sec. to governor, 25 Jan SAD 723/5/34–9
    • ‘Devolution in native administration’, memorandum with civil sec. to governor, 25 Jan. 1927, SAD 723/5/34–9.
    • (1927) Devolution in native administration
  • 143
    • 85022726826 scopus 로고
    • 24 Feb SAD 697/11/48–50
    • Bell to Mother and Father, 24 Feb. 1934, SAD 697/11/48–50.
    • (1934) Bell to Mother and Father
  • 149
    • 85022718803 scopus 로고
    • Oct.-Nov SAD SudA+PK1543
    • Sudan Monthly Report, No. 58, Oct.-Nov. 1933, SAD SudA+PK1543.
    • (1933) Sudan Monthly Report , Issue.58
  • 150
    • 85022712482 scopus 로고
    • 9 Mar For the presence and licensing of traders in various parts of the Nuba Mountains, see 22 Aug. 1934, 25 Sept. 1934, SAD 698/7/23
    • For the presence and licensing of traders in various parts of the Nuba Mountains, see Bell, diary, 9 Mar. 1934, 22 Aug. 1934, 25 Sept. 1934, SAD 698/7/23, 78 and 90
    • (1934) diary
    • Bell1
  • 151
    • 84974309893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • also who recorded a number of government-approved ‘markets’ with Arab shops
    • also Nadel, The Nuba, p. 74, who recorded a number of government-approved ‘markets’ with Arab shops.
    • The Nuba , pp. 74
    • Nadel1
  • 152
    • 85022704194 scopus 로고
    • 3 Aug CMS Nuba Mountains, sub-files
    • Newbold, governor to Bertram, CMS, 3 Aug. 1935, CMS Nuba Mountains, sub-files 3–6.
    • (1935) governor to Bertram, CMS , pp. 3-6
    • Newbold1
  • 153
    • 85022622282 scopus 로고
    • 22 Feb to SAD 784/8/14–16
    • Foley to ‘Darling Mummy’, 22 Feb. 1934, SAD 784/8/14–16
    • (1934) Darling Mummy
    • Foley1
  • 154
    • 85022727601 scopus 로고
    • 26 Feb SAD 414/11/25–8
    • Owen to Mother, 26 Feb. 1940, SAD 414/11/25–8.
    • (1940)
    • Owen1    Mother2
  • 155
    • 84947952473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • sees the language decision as the definitive abandonment of the ‘Nuba renaissance’
    • Ibrahim, Dilemma of British rule, pp. 75, 77–8, sees the language decision as the definitive abandonment of the ‘Nuba renaissance’
    • Dilemma of British rule
    • Ibrahim1
  • 157
    • 85022726826 scopus 로고
    • 20 Oct SAD 697/12/56–7
    • Bell to Mother and Father, 20 Oct. 1934, SAD 697/12/56–7.
    • (1934) Bell to Mother and Father
  • 159
    • 84974132834 scopus 로고
    • Judicial regulation and administrative control: customary law and the Nuer, 1898–1954
    • See for example
    • See for example D. Johnson, ‘Judicial regulation and administrative control: customary law and the Nuer, 1898–1954’, Journal of African History, 27 (1986), pp. 59–78.
    • (1986) Journal of African History , vol.27 , pp. 59-78
    • Johnson, D.1
  • 165
    • 84974309893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nadel, The Nuba, pp. 46–53, 65–8, 379–93.
    • The Nuba
    • Nadel1
  • 167
    • 85022725303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • there are a number of major differences with Stevenson's account, for example as to whether the kwei kanyar (kokanyar, in Nadel's version) are initiates or initiands, and more importantly on the timing and role of the ‘beating of the bulls’ and the ‘beer-drinking’ events SAD 795/8/161–82
    • there are a number of major differences with Stevenson's account, for example as to whether the kwei kanyar (kokanyar, in Nadel's version) are initiates or initiands, and more importantly on the timing and role of the ‘beating of the bulls’ and the ‘beer-drinking’ events: Stevenson, ‘The Nyamang’, pp. 13–17, SAD 795/8/161–82.
    • The Nyamang , pp. 13-17
    • Stevenson1
  • 168
    • 84974309893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nadel, The Nuba, pp. 443–445
    • The Nuba , pp. 443-445
    • Nadel1
  • 169
    • 85022725303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SAD 795/8/161–82
    • Stevenson, ‘The Nyamang’, p. 3, SAD 795/8/161–82
    • The Nyamang , pp. 3
    • Stevenson1
  • 172
    • 84974309893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nadel, The Nuba, pp. 406–412
    • The Nuba , pp. 406-412
    • Nadel1
  • 174
    • 84974309893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nadel, The Nuba, pp. 65–7, 163, 346, 393, 408, 412–13, 452
    • The Nuba
    • Nadel1
  • 179
    • 85022599284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • offers a survey of sources on the Nuba Mountains before the Mahdiyya
    • Stevenson, The Nuba people, pp. 31–56, offers a survey of sources on the Nuba Mountains before the Mahdiyya
    • The Nuba people , pp. 31-56
    • Stevenson1
  • 180
    • 85022600050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • see also
    • see also The Nuba people., pp. 57–60
    • The Nuba people , pp. 57-60
  • 183
    • 84974309893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nadel, The Nuba, pp. 310–311.
    • The Nuba , pp. 310-311
    • Nadel1
  • 185
    • 5844335182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The conquest state of Kenya, 1895–1905
    • ‘Gatekeepers’ is a term borrowed from in Berman and Lonsdale
    • ‘Gatekeepers’ is a term borrowed from J. Lonsdale, ‘The conquest state of Kenya, 1895–1905’, in Berman and Lonsdale, Unhappy valley, pp. 13–44
    • Unhappy valley , pp. 13-44
    • Lonsdale, J.1
  • 188
    • 85022608676 scopus 로고
    • App. A2, SIR No. 83, June PRO FO
    • Report by Kaimakam Butler, App. A2, SIR No. 83, June 1901, PRO FO 78/5167
    • (1901) Report by Kaimakam Butler , vol.78-5167
  • 191
    • 85022660892 scopus 로고
    • Appendix, SIR No. 83, June
    • Appendix, SIR No. 83, June 1901, PRO FO 78/5167
    • (1901) PRO FO , vol.78-5167
  • 192
    • 85022731860 scopus 로고
    • 14 Feb SAD 703/3/1–65
    • Wheatley, diary, 14 Feb. 1912, SAD 703/3/1–65
    • (1912) diary
    • Wheatley1
  • 195
    • 85022731860 scopus 로고
    • 10 Feb SAD 703/ 3/1–65
    • Wheatley, diary, 10 Feb. 1912, SAD 703/ 3/1–65
    • (1912) diary
    • Wheatley1
  • 196
    • 85022694911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Operational order No. 2
    • with Smith see also SAD 643/13/1–47
    • see also ‘Operational order No. 2’ with Smith, ‘Report on Patrol No. 32’, SAD 643/13/1–47.
    • Report on Patrol No. 32
  • 197
    • 85022599284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For the shirra, rain-maker, see
    • For the shirra, rain-maker, see Stevenson, The Nuba people, p. 117
    • The Nuba people , pp. 117
    • Stevenson1
  • 198
    • 84974309893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • extract from a report by Major O'Connell, quoted in GGR, 1902 p. 50
    • Nadel, The Nuba, pp. 452–3; extract from a report by Major O'Connell, quoted in GGR, 1902, p. 50
    • The Nuba , pp. 452-453
    • Nadel1
  • 199
  • 201
    • 85022698478 scopus 로고
    • 10 Nov SAD 701/25/251–2
    • Lloyd to civil sec., 10 Nov. 1908, SAD 701/25/251–2
    • (1908) Lloyd to civil sec
  • 202
    • 85022711987 scopus 로고
    • 18 Nov SAD 701/25/303–4
    • ‘Statement of kujur Kilkun’, 18 Nov. 1908, SAD 701/25/303–4.
    • (1908) Statement of kujur Kilkun
  • 203
    • 85022734642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Feroun was photographedin 1900 (SAD A35/42), and he appearedon a list of kujurs in 1908 SAD 701/25/235–9
    • Feroun was photographedin 1900 (SAD A35/42), and he appearedon a list of kujurs in 1908: Lloyd, ‘Notes on jebel Nyima’, SAD 701/25/235–9.
    • Notes on jebel Nyima
    • Lloyd1
  • 204
    • 85022734642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For Agabna's claim to the mekship, see SAD 701/25/235–9
    • For Agabna's claim to the mekship, see Lloyd, ‘Notes on jebel Nyima’, SAD 701/25/235–9
    • Notes on jebel Nyima
    • Lloyd1
  • 205
    • 85022704393 scopus 로고
    • for the spoils of the raid, see the extract from the report of the inspector in
    • for the spoils of the raid, see the extract from the report of the inspector, Kordofan, in GGR, 1907, p. 6
    • (1907) GGR , pp. 6
    • Kordofan1
  • 206
    • 85022711987 scopus 로고
    • 18 Nov SAD 701/25/303–4. Kilkun was the kujur who was hanged with Agabna in 1918
    • ‘Statement of kujur Kilkun’, 18 Nov. 1908, SAD 701/25/303–4. Kilkun was the kujur who was hanged with Agabna in 1918.
    • (1908) Statement of kujur Kilkun
  • 208
    • 85022698478 scopus 로고
    • 14 Nov SAD 701/25/267–8
    • Lloyd to civil sec., 14 Nov. 1908, SAD 701/25/267–8
    • (1908) Lloyd to civil sec
  • 209
    • 85022600387 scopus 로고
    • SIR No. 307, Feb
    • SIR No. 307, Feb. 1920, PRO WO 33/997
    • (1920) PRO WO , vol.33-997
  • 210
    • 85022698478 scopus 로고
    • 23 Nov SAD 701/25/284–91
    • Lloyd to civil sec., 23 Nov. 1908, SAD 701/25/284–91.
    • (1908) Lloyd to civil sec
  • 211
    • 85022702662 scopus 로고
    • SIR No. 215, June
    • SIR No. 215, June 1912, PRO WO 106/6225.
    • (1912) PRO WO , vol.106-6225
  • 212
    • 85022603930 scopus 로고
    • SIR No. 236, Mar
    • SIR No. 236, Mar. 1914, PRO WO 106/6225
    • (1914) PRO WO , vol.106-6225
  • 213
    • 85022731860 scopus 로고
    • 10 Feb SAD 703/3/1–65
    • Wheatley, diary, 10 Feb. 1912, SAD 703/3/1–65.
    • (1912) diary
    • Wheatley1
  • 214
    • 85022639885 scopus 로고
    • SIR No. 236, Mar
    • SIR No. 236, Mar. 1914, PRO WO 106/6225.
    • (1914) PRO WO , vol.106-6225
  • 215
    • 85022698478 scopus 로고
    • 10 Nov SAD 701/25/251–2
    • Lloyd to civil sec., 10 Nov. 1908, SAD 701/25/251–2
    • (1908) Lloyd to civil sec
  • 216
    • 85022677510 scopus 로고
    • 5 Nov SAD 701/25/ 247–8; report by Mr Sagar, 20 Nov. 1908, SAD 701/25/295–301
    • Lloyd to Wingate, 5 Nov. 1908, SAD 701/25/ 247–8; report by Mr Sagar, 20 Nov. 1908, SAD 701/25/295–301
    • (1908)
    • Lloyd1    Wingate2
  • 217
    • 85022602759 scopus 로고
    • SIR No. 270, Jan
    • SIR No. 270, Jan. 1917, PRO WO 106/ 6225
    • (1917) PRO WO , vol.106-6225
  • 219
    • 85022599284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • describes possessory spirits in Nyima
    • Stevenson, The Nuba people, pp. 115–16, describes possessory spirits in Nyima
    • The Nuba people , pp. 115-116
    • Stevenson1
  • 222
    • 85022730670 scopus 로고
    • SIR, No. 303, Apr
    • SIR, No. 303, Apr. 1917, PRO WO 106/6225.
    • (1917) PRO WO , vol.106-6225
  • 223
    • 84947952473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • attributes Agabna's imprisonment to the kidnapping of a woman
    • Ibrahim, The dilemma of British rule, p. 20, attributes Agabna's imprisonment to the kidnapping of a woman.
    • The dilemma of British rule , pp. 20
    • Ibrahim1
  • 227
    • 85022611250 scopus 로고
    • SIR No. 296, Mar
    • SIR No. 296, Mar. 1919, PRO WO 33/997
    • (1919) PRO WO , vol.33-997
  • 228
    • 85022728651 scopus 로고
    • SIR No. 309, Apr
    • SIR No. 309, Apr. 1920, PRO WO 33/997
    • (1920) PRO WO , vol.33-997
  • 229
    • 85022670622 scopus 로고
    • 24 May SAD 723/5/10
    • Gillan to civil sec., 24 May 1925, SAD 723/5/10.
    • (1925) Gillan to civil sec
  • 235
  • 239
    • 85022712482 scopus 로고
    • 13 July SAD 698/7/61
    • Bell, diary,13 July 1934, SAD 698/7/61
    • (1934) diary
    • Bell1
  • 240
    • 85022712803 scopus 로고
    • 14 Dec and 15 Mar. 1935, SAD 697/13/8–10 and
    • Bell to'Mother and Dad’,14 Dec. 1934 and 15 Mar. 1935, SAD 697/13/8–10 and 45–46.
    • (1934) Bell to'Mother and Dad’ , pp. 45-46
  • 242
    • 84974309893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nadel, The Nuba, pp. 113, 127–8, 255, 315, 402, 453, 472
    • The Nuba
    • Nadel1
  • 243
    • 85022648979 scopus 로고
    • 19 Nov SAD G//S 1121
    • Rachel Hassan, Journal, Tour B, 19 Nov. 1947, SAD G//S 1121
    • (1947) Journal, Tour , vol.B
    • Hassan, R.1
  • 245
    • 85022712482 scopus 로고
    • 18 Dec SAD 698/7/131
    • Bell, diary, 18 Dec. 1934, SAD 698/7/131
    • (1934) diary
    • Bell1
  • 247
    • 85022704316 scopus 로고
    • 3 Sept SAD 414/11/82–4
    • Owen to Father, 3 Sept. 1940, SAD 414/11/82–4
    • (1940) Owen to Father
  • 248
    • 85022606267 scopus 로고
    • 7 Dec SAD 414/12/64–5; by 1933, the (incomplete) official statistics suggested that Nuba courts handled 1,200 criminal and 500 civil cases in a year: GGR, 1933
    • Owen to Mother, 7 Dec. 1941, SAD 414/12/64–5; by 1933, the (incomplete) official statistics suggested that Nuba courts handled 1,200 criminal and 500 civil cases in a year: GGR, 1933, p. 128.
    • (1941) Owen to Mother , pp. 128
  • 250
    • 85022717597 scopus 로고
    • 31 Jan SAD 795/8/122–4
    • ‘Salara local administration’, 31 Jan. 1939, SAD 795/8/122–4
    • (1939) Salara local administration
  • 253
    • 84974309893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amina was in the 1930s seeking the support of the government anthropologist to further expand the jurisdiction of his court
    • Amina was in the 1930s seeking the support of the government anthropologist to further expand the jurisdiction of his court: Nadel, The Nuba, p. 491.
    • The Nuba , pp. 491
    • Nadel1
  • 254
  • 256
    • 85022699271 scopus 로고
    • 26–7 Sept SAD 414/13/45–6
    • Owen to Mother, 26–7 Sept. 1942, SAD 414/13/45–6.
    • (1942) Owen to Mother
  • 258
    • 84876127971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mek of Otoro, in the eastern part of the mountains, had four police in 1933, at 50 PT
    • The mek of Otoro, in the eastern part of the mountains, had four police in 1933, at 50 PT: Henderson, Making of the modern Sudan, p. 47.
    • Making of the modern Sudan , pp. 47
    • Henderson1
  • 262
    • 85022608626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Nuba., p. 472.
    • The Nuba , pp. 472
  • 263
    • 85022612054 scopus 로고
    • Apr SAD 204/10/2–5
    • Beasley, Journal, Apr. 1945, SAD 204/10/2–5
    • (1945) Journal
    • Beasley1
  • 264
    • 85022697604 scopus 로고
    • 24 June SAD 657/6/20–36
    • Beasley to ‘Sheila’, 24 June 1945, SAD 657/6/20–36
    • (1945) Beasley to ‘Sheila’
  • 266
    • 84974309893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • for Amina and Islam, see
    • for Amina and Islam, see Nadel, The Nuba, p. 485.
    • The Nuba , pp. 485
    • Nadel1
  • 268
    • 84974309893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • cf
    • cf. Nadel, The Nuba, pp. 406–412
    • The Nuba , pp. 406-412
    • Nadel1
  • 270
    • 85022615298 scopus 로고
    • South-eastern Nuba age organization
    • in I. Cunnison and W. James A rather similar disruption of age rituals elsewhere in the Nuba Mountains - though as a result of Mahdist raids, not Condominium patrols - is described in London
    • A rather similar disruption of age rituals elsewhere in the Nuba Mountains - though as a result of Mahdist raids, not Condominium patrols - is described in J. Faris, ‘South-eastern Nuba age organization’, in I. Cunnison and W. James, eds., Essays in Sudan ethnography (London, 1972), pp. 1–30, at pp. 2–6, 24.
    • (1972) Essays in Sudan ethnography
    • Faris, J.1
  • 272
    • 85022710178 scopus 로고
    • 9 July SAD 273/7/12–13
    • ? to Wingate, 9 July 1903, SAD 273/7/12–13
    • (1903) ? to Wingate
  • 274
    • 0011659461 scopus 로고
    • The structure of a legacy: military slavery in northeast Africa
    • D. Johnson, ‘The structure of a legacy: military slavery in northeast Africa’, Ethnohistory, 36 (1989), pp. 72–88
    • (1989) Ethnohistory , vol.36 , pp. 72-88
    • Johnson, D.1
  • 275
    • 85022681577 scopus 로고
    • GGR, 1907, pp. 142, 149
    • (1907)
  • 276
    • 85022619877 scopus 로고
    • 2 Aug SAD 283/3/12–22
    • Wingate to Asser, 2 Aug. 1908, SAD 283/3/12–22.
    • (1908)
    • Wingate1    Asser2
  • 279
    • 84974309893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • At the end of the 1930s the population was estimated at 37,000 by
    • At the end of the 1930s the population was estimated at 37,000 by Nadel, The Nuba, p. 362
    • The Nuba , pp. 362
    • Nadel1
  • 280
    • 85022733095 scopus 로고
    • 11 Nov Newbold had put it, more modestly, at 26,000 SAD 795/8/117–20
    • Newbold had put it, more modestly, at 26,000: ‘Native administrationin Kordofan’, 11 Nov. 1938, SAD 795/8/117–20.
    • (1938) Native administrationin Kordofan
  • 281
    • 85022599284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The 1955–6 census showed a population of 38,819
    • The 1955–6 census showed a population of 38,819: Stevenson, The Nuba people, p. 84.
    • The Nuba people , pp. 84
    • Stevenson1
  • 282
    • 85022600303 scopus 로고
    • GGR, 1925, p. 68.
    • (1925) , pp. 68
  • 283
    • 85022607683 scopus 로고
    • 17 Dec SAD 304/8/1–56
    • Butler to Father, 17 Dec. 1910, SAD 304/8/1–56.
    • (1910) Butler to Father
  • 284
    • 85022651119 scopus 로고
    • 20 Aug See also SAD 196/2/199–200
    • See also Balfour to Wingate, 20 Aug. 1915, SAD 196/2/199–200.
    • (1915)
    • Balfour1    Wingate2
  • 287
    • 85022642135 scopus 로고
    • June SAD 813/8/21–6
    • Nuba Mission Pamphlet No. 3, June 1935, SAD 813/8/21–6.
    • (1935) Nuba Mission Pamphlet , Issue.3
  • 288
    • 85022694393 scopus 로고
    • 14 Jan SAD 414/13/23–4
    • Owen to Father,14 Jan. 1942,SAD 414/13/23–4.
    • (1942)
    • Owen1    Father2
  • 289
    • 85022638007 scopus 로고
    • 26 Nov SAD 414/14/58–9
    • Owen to Father,26 Nov.1943,SAD 414/14/58–9.
    • (1943)
    • Owen1    Father2
  • 291
    • 85022649575 scopus 로고
    • 20–1 Sept For ex-soldier meks elsewhere, see SAD 414/11/88–91
    • For ex-soldier meks elsewhere, see Owen to Father, 20–1 Sept. 1940, SAD 414/11/88–91
    • (1940)
    • Owen1    Father2
  • 293
    • 85022712319 scopus 로고
    • 19 Aug SAD 414/12/43–5
    • Owen to Father, 19 Aug. 1941, SAD 414/12/43–5
    • (1941)
    • Owen1    Father2
  • 296
    • 85022707667 scopus 로고
    • Feb Letter from SAD 813/8/17
    • Letter from Elfrida Whidborne, Feb. 1935, SAD 813/8/17.
    • (1935)
    • Whidborne, E.1
  • 300
    • 85022655710 scopus 로고
    • GGR, 1933, p. 123.
    • (1933) , pp. 123
  • 301
    • 85022712482 scopus 로고
    • 1 Dec For official encouragement of cotton, see SAD 698/7/122
    • For official encouragement of cotton, see Bell, diary, 1 Dec. 1934, SAD 698/7/122
    • (1934) diary
    • Bell1
  • 302
    • 85022666524 scopus 로고
    • June SAD 813/8/21–6
    • Nuba Mission Pamphlet No. 3, June 1935, SAD 813/8/21–6.
    • (1935) Nuba Mission Pamphlet , Issue.3
  • 303
    • 85022608931 scopus 로고
    • GGR, 1913, p. 211
    • (1913) , pp. 211
  • 304
    • 85022634673 scopus 로고
    • GGR, 1927, pp. 45, 113
    • (1927)
  • 305
    • 85022656743 scopus 로고
    • GGR, 1942–1944, pp. 164, 167.
    • (1942)
  • 307
    • 85022640695 scopus 로고
    • records the remarkable increase in cotton growing in the area during the 1930s: much of this crop was produced by Arabs employing Nuba casual labour, but an increasing proportion - 7 per cent in 1936, but 19 per cent in 1938 - was by people officially identified as ‘Nuba’
    • records the remarkable increase in cotton growing in the area during the 1930s: much of this crop was produced by Arabs employing Nuba casual labour, but an increasing proportion - 7 per cent in 1936, but 19 per cent in 1938 - was by people officially identified as ‘Nuba’ (GGR, 1936, p. 113
    • (1936) , pp. 113
  • 308
    • 85022606186 scopus 로고
    • GGR, 1938, p. 113).
    • (1938) , pp. 113
  • 310
    • 84974309893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Noted in Governor-General Huddlestone's forward to
    • Noted in Governor-General Huddlestone's forward to Nadel, The Nuba, p. xiv.
    • The Nuba , pp. xiv
    • Nadel1
  • 312
    • 85022700164 scopus 로고
    • Apr SAD 813/ 8/29–34
    • Nuba Mission Pamphlet No. 5, Apr. 1936, SAD 813/ 8/29–34.
    • (1936) Nuba Mission Pamphlet , Issue.5
  • 313
    • 85022627127 scopus 로고
    • 2 Dec 14 Jan., 12 Mar. 1934 and 22 Aug. 1934, SAD 697/11/15–16, SAD 697/11/32–34 and 55–59; SAD 697/12/27–28
    • Bell to ‘Mother and Dad’, 2 Dec. 1933,14 Jan., 12 Mar. 1934 and 22 Aug. 1934, SAD 697/11/15–16, SAD 697/11/32–34 and 55–59; SAD 697/12/27–28.
    • (1933) Bell to ‘Mother and Dad’
  • 314
    • 85022638510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1 Nov and 27 Nov.1934, SAD 697/12/62–65 and SAD 697/12/75–6
    • Bell to'Mother and Dad’,1 Nov. 193 and 27 Nov.1934, SAD 697/12/62–65 and SAD 697/12/75–6.
    • Bell to'Mother and Dad’ , pp. 193
  • 315
    • 85022712803 scopus 로고
    • 2 Dec 17 Jan., 8 Feb. and 20 Feb. 1936, SAD 697/15/8–9, SAD 697/15/20 and /27–8
    • Bell to ‘Mother and Dad’, 2 Dec. 1934, 17 Jan., 8 Feb. and 20 Feb. 1936, SAD 697/15/8–9, SAD 697/15/20 and /27–8.
    • (1934) Bell to ‘Mother and Dad’
  • 316
    • 84974309893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nadel, The Nuba, pp. 470–471
    • The Nuba , pp. 470-471
    • Nadel1
  • 318
    • 85022727162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • for gowns, see the photograph SAD 837/7/6
    • Nadel, ‘A shaman cult’; for gowns, see the photograph SAD 837/7/6.
    • A shaman cult
    • Nadel1
  • 319
    • 85022646013 scopus 로고
    • 28 Oct SAD 414/12/56–7
    • Owen to Father, 28 Oct. 1941, SAD 414/12/56–7.
    • (1941)
    • Owen1    Father2
  • 322
    • 85022614612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • for prophets, unrecognized as meks, donning rags of army uniform to meet British officials, see
    • for prophets, unrecognized as meks, donning rags of army uniform to meet British officials, see Hawkesworth, ‘The Nuba proper’, p. 172.
    • The Nuba proper , pp. 172
    • Hawkesworth1
  • 325
    • 85022672198 scopus 로고
    • 19 Nov Also see and 21 Jan. 1948, SAD G//S 1121
    • Also see Rachel Hassan Journal, Tour B, 19 Nov. 1947 and 21 Jan. 1948, SAD G//S 1121
    • (1947) Journal, Tour B
    • Hassan, R.1
  • 327
    • 85022723627 scopus 로고
    • 11 Mar or 1936), SAD 796/3/13–15
    • Whidborne to Mother, 11 Mar. (1935 or 1936), SAD 796/3/13–15
    • (1935)
    • Whidborne1    Mother2
  • 329
    • 85022710531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Feb. 1938, SAD 813/8/41–6
    • Nuba Mission Pamphlet No. 9, Feb. 1938, SAD 813/8/41–6.
    • Nuba Mission Pamphlet , Issue.9
  • 330
    • 84974309893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For Agabna's reappearance, see
    • For Agabna's reappearance, see Nadel, The Nuba, p. 444.
    • The Nuba , pp. 444
    • Nadel1
  • 332
  • 335
    • 85022681479 scopus 로고
    • 20 Mar SAD 180/3/79–80
    • Wingate to General Hamilton, 20 Mar. 1912, SAD 180/3/79–80
    • (1912)
    • Wingate1    Hamilton, G.2
  • 336
    • 85022706059 scopus 로고
    • 20 Mar SAD 180/3/69–72
    • Wingate to Kitchener, 20 Mar. 1912, SAD 180/3/69–72.
    • (1912)
    • Wingate1    Kitchener2


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