Caste or colony? indianizing race in the united states*

Modern Intellectual History

Volumn 4, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 275-301

  Immerwahr, Daniel ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85014350841     PISSN: 14792443     EISSN: 14792451     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1479244307001205     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Mary King, Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr.: The Power of Nonviolent Action (Paris: UNESCO, 1999); and Mohan Dass Namishray, Caste and Race: Comparative Study of Ambedkar and Martin Luther King (Jaipur: Rawat Publications, 2003).
2. See Nicholas B. Dirks, Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), chaps. 2 – 3.
3. Rosalind O'Hanlon Caste, Conflict, and Ideology: Mahatma Jotirao Phule and Low Caste Protest in Nineteenth-Century Western India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 110 – 11.
4. Haridas T. Muzumdar, America's Contributions to India's Freedom (New York: World in Brief, 1960) 5 – 6.
5. From B. R. Ambedkar, c. July 1946, in The Papers of W E. B. Du Bois (Sanford, NC: Microfilming Corporation of America, 1980).
6. Katherine Mayo, “Mahatma Gandhi and India's `Untouchables” (1930 ), in Charles Chatfield, ed., The Americanization of Gandhi: Images of the Mahatma (New York: Garland Publishing, 1976), 250.
7. Mrinalini Sinha, Specters of Mother India: The Global Restructuring of an Empire (Durham: Duke University Press, 2006), 105.
8. Ibin., 1 – 2.
9. “ Robert L. Sutherland, Color, Class, and Personality (Washington, DC: American Council on Education, 1942), 6 – 39.
10. “ E.Franklin Frazier, “Sociological Theory and Race Relations American Sociological Review 12 ( 1947 ), 270. Both Frazier and Johnson were authors of AYC studies and had made limited endorsements of the Warner thesis in their earlier writings.
11. Gerald D. Berreman, “Caste in India and the United States American Journal of Sociology 66 (1960 120 – 27.
12. Oliver C. Cox, “Berreman's ‘Caste in India and the United States American Journal of Sociology 66 ( 1960 ) 511.
13. See Robin D. G. Kelley, “'But a Local Phase of a World Problem’: Black History's Global Vision, 1883 - 1950 Journal of American History 86 ( 1999 ), 1045 – 77. La Lajpat Rai, Unhappy India, 2nd edn (Calcutta: Banna Publishing Co., 1928), 105
14. Dark Princess: A Romance (reprint, Jackson: W. E. B. Du Bois, University Press of Mississippi, 1995 ; first published 1928), 16.
15. “One Hope Time, 12 Dec. 1938, 47. “ E. Stanley Jones,The Christ of the Indian Road (New York: Abingdon Press, 1925), 12.
16. Jones, quoted in Louis Fischer, The Life of Mahatma Gandhi (New York: Harper and Row, 1950 334.
17. Mohandas K. Gandhi, An Autobiography, or, The Story of My Experiments with Truth, 2nd edn, trans. Mahadev Desai and V. S. Srinivasa Sastri ( 1940 ), in The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi, 2nd rev. edn, ioo vols. (Delhi: Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, 2001), 44:
18. Mahatma Gandhi's Ideas C. F. Andrews, (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1930), 81; and Frederick B. Fisher,That Strange Little Brown Man Gandhi (New York: Ray Long and Richard R. Smith, 1932), chap. 6.
19. John Haynes Holmes, “ Who is the Greatest Man in the World Today? ” in Chatfield, Americanization of Gandhi, 620. Jones, Christ of the Indian Road, 23.
20. Fisher, Strange Little Brown Man, 78, 84-
21. Benjamin E.Mays, “The Color Line Around the World Journal of Negro Education 6 ( 1937 ) > 140 – 41.
22. What Congress and Gandhi B. R. Ambedkar, Have Done to the Untouchables, 2nd edn (Bombay: Thacker, 1946), 189.
23. Ambedkar, Congress and Gandhi, 275.
24. “Statement on Untouchability—V” (1932 ), in Gandhi, Collected Works, 57: 414.
25. Ibin., 57: 411.
26. “Interview with Harijan Workers” (1934 ), in Gandhi, Collected Works, 64: 88.
27. “ Interviews to Foreign Visitors” (1929 ), in Gandhi, Collected Works, 45: “Discussion with C. F. Andrews ” in Gandhi, Collected Works, 70: 59.
28. Gandhi, quoted in Pyarelal, The Epic Fast (Ahmedabad: Mohanlal Maganlal Bhatt, 1932), 60.
29. Ibin., 7. Tagore, quoted in Fischer, Life of Mahatma Gandhi, 312.
30. Mayo, 1931, quoted in Manoranjan Jha, Civil Disobedience and After: The American Reaction to Political Developments in India during 193o-1935 (Meerut: Meenakshi Prakashan, 1973), 184.
31. Fischer, Life of Mahatma Gandhi, 320.
32. ' Khan, “ India Mission Field. ” 6i Wendell L. Willkie, One World (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1943), 190.
33. Howard Thurman, With Head and Heart: The Autobiography of Howard Thurman (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1979) 131.
34. “Speech at A.I.C.C. Meeting” (1942 ), in Gandhi, Collected Works, 81: 428.
35. Martin Luther King, Jr., Stride toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1958), 145, 96, and 85. King, Papers, 3: 182 - 183, 3:211 – 212, 3: 225–226, and 3: 316.
36. Wofford, Kennedys and Kings, 115.
37. Ibin., 115 – 16. Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954 – 1963 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988), 208, 237, and 250; From G. Ramachandran, 17 Dec. 1958, in King, Papers, 4: 553; and King, Papers: 4: 549n.
38. King, “Palm Sunday Sermon 148.
39. Coretta Scott King, My Life with Martin Luther King, Jr., rev. edn (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1993), 159.
40. Martin Luther King, Jr., quoted in ibin., 162.
41. 8° Ibin., 161. Martin Luther King, Jr., Why We Can't Wait (New York: Harper and Row, 1963), 148 – 9.
42. Virginia Durr, quoted in David J. Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (New York: Quill, 1999), 114.
43. To William Stuart Nelson, 7 April 1959, in King, Papers, 5:
44. Martin Luther King, Jr., “The Rising Tide of Racial Consciousness” (1960 ) in Papers, 5: 507.
45. Sidney Verba, Bashiruddin Ahmed, and Anil Bhatt, Caste, Race, and Politics: A Comparative Study of India and the United States (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1971), 70. See Robin D. G. Kelley,Freedom Dreams: The Black Radical Imagination (Boston: Beacon Press, 2002), chap. 3.
46. Stokely Carmichael and Charles V. Hamilton, Black Power: The Politics of Liberation in America (New York: Random House, 1967), xi.
47. John Oliver Killens, Black Man's Burden (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1965), 120
48. LeRoi Jones, Home: Social Essays (New York: William Morrow and Company, 1966), 85. Kelley, Freedom Dreams, 75 – 7.
49. See Arjun Dangle, ed., Poisoned Bread: Translations from Modern Marathi Dalit Literature (Bombay: Orient Longman, 1992) and N. M. Aston, ed.,Dalit Literature and African- Literature (Delhi: Prestige Books, 2001).