Africa Unchained: The Blueprint for Africa's Future

Africa Unchained: The Blueprint for Africa's Future

Volumn , Issue , 2016, Pages 1-483

  Ayittey, George B N ^a  

^a GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85014298670     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-137-12278-0     Document Type: Book

References (455)

1. U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Report (1996). Economic Development and u.s. Development Aid Programs. Washington, D.C: U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, September 19.
2. USAID-Agency for International Development, Center for Development Information and Evaluation. Agency Performance Review (1998). Washington, D.C PN-ACB-775.
3. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000). "Senegal," in The World Fact Book. Washington, D. C: CIA publication. Also available at http://www.odci.gov/cialpublications/factbooklsg.html.
4. Afican Socialism and its Application to Planning in Kenya. " Sessional Paper No. 10. Nairobi: Republic of Kenya, 1965.
5. Agricultural Development Corporation Report, 1957. Accra: Government of Ghana.
6. Budgetary Statement. Annually. Accra: Government of Ghana.
7. Economic Survey of Ghana. Annually. Accra: Government of Ghana.
8. External Trade Statistics. Periodically. Kampala: Bank of Uganda.
9. Five-Year Development Plan, 1990-1995. Harare, Zimbabwe. Government Printer.
10. Government Policies Toward the State Gold Mining Corporation. Inter-departmental Committee, Accra, Ghana: Government Printer, 1971 (Amamoo Report).
11. Report of the Commission of Enquiry into the Affairs of the Cocoa Purchasing Company Limited. Accra, Ghana: Government Printer, 1956 Oibowu Report).
12. Report of the Commission of Enquiry into Alleged Irregularities and Malpractices in Connection with the Issue of Import Licenses. Accra, Ghana: Government Printer, 1964 (Akainyah Report).
13. Report of the Commission of Enquiry into Irregularities and Malpractices in The Grant of Import Licenses. Ministry ofInformation, Accra, Ghana: Government Printer, 1967 (Ollennu Report).
14. Report of the Commission of Enquiry Into the Structure and Procedures of the Ghana Civil Service. Ministry of Information, Accra, Ghana: Government Printer, 1978 (The Okoh Commission Report).
15. Report of the Commission of Enquiry into Trade Malpractices in Ghana. Accra, Ghana: Government Printer, 1965 (Abrahams Report).
16. Report of the Committee of Enquiry into Trade Malpractices (By the Ashkar Group of Companies). Accra, Ghana: Government Printer, 1973 (Gaisie Report).
17. Report of the Committee to Enquire into the Kwame Nkrumah Properties. Ministry of Information, Accra, Ghana: Government Printer, 1966 (Apaloo Report).
18. Report of the Committee of Inquiry into the Civil Service Strike of November 1978. Accra: Government Printer, April, 1979.
19. Revised Budget Statement, 1981-1988. The Provisional National Development Council. Accra: Government of Ghana.
20. Second National Development Plan 1970-74. Lagos: Government of Nigeria.
21. Serious Fraud Office Report, 1999. Accra: Government of Ghana.
22. Seven- Year Development Plan 1963-1970. Accra: Government of Ghana.
23. Tanzanias Second Five- Year Plan for Economic and Social Development. Dar-es-Salaam: Republic of Tanzania, 1967.
24. Abdel-Fatau Musah et al. (2000). Mercenaries: An Aftican Security Dilemma. London: Pluto Press.
25. Abraham, Kinfe (2002). Somalia Calling: The Crisis of Statehood and Quest for Peace. Addis Ababa: Ethiopian International Institute for Peace and Development.
26. Achebe, Chinua (1985). The Trouble with Nigeria. Enugu, Nigeria: Fourth Dimension Publishing.
27. Adams, Patricia (1991). Odious Debts. Toronto, Canada: Earthscan.
28. Adda, J., and M. C Smouts (1989). La France foce au Sud: Ie miroir brise. Paris: Editions Karthala with the collaboration of the CNRS.
29. Adedeji, Adebayo, and Timothy Shaw (1985). Economic Crisis in Africa. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
30. Ades, Alberto, and Rafael di Tella (1994). "Competition and Corruption." Working paper, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Institute of Economics and Statistics.
31. Adjaye, Joseph K. (1984). Diplomacy and Diplomats in Nineteenth Century Asante. Lanham: University Press of America.
32. Adkins, Lee, Ronald Moomaw, and Andreas Savvides (2002). "Institutions, Freedom, and Technical Efficiency." Southern Economic Journal 69: 92-108.
33. Aftica Review 1988. Annual Series. Ed. Suzanne Ctonje. Lincolnwood: National Textbook Company.
34. Aghevli, Bijan B., and Mohisin S. Khan (1978). "Government Deficits and the Inflationary Process of Developing Countries." IMF Staff Papers: September: 383.
35. Ahmad, Naseem (1970). Deficit Financing, Inflation and Capital Formation: The Ghanaian Experience, 1960-65. Munchen: Weltforum-Verlag GmbH.
36. Ainsworth, Leonard, and Mary D. Ainsworth (1962). "Acculturation in East Africa: Political Awareness and Attitude Towards Authority." Journal of Social Psychology 57.
37. Ake, Claude (1991a). "As Africa Democratises." Aftica Forum 1, no. 2: 13-18.
38. Ake, Claude (1991)b. "How Politics Underdevelops Africa." In The Challenge of Aftican Economic Recovery and Development, ed. Adebayo Adedeji, Owodumi Teriba, and Patrick Bugembe. Portland, OR: Casso
39. Allen, C, and G. Williams (1982). Sociologies of "Developing Societies": Sub-Saharan Africa.London: Macmillan Press.
40. Amin, S. (1971). "The Class Struggle in Africa." Revolution 1, no.9: 23-47.
41. Amin, S. (1972). "Underdevelopment and Dependence in Black Africa-Origins and Contemporary Forms." Journal of Modern Aftican Studies 10, no 4: 503-24.
42. Amin, S. (1973). Neocolonialism in West Aftica. London: Penguin.
43. Andreski, Stanislav (1969). The Aftican Predicament: A Study in the Pathology of Modernization. New York: Atherton Press.
44. Ankomah, K. (1970). "Strengthening the public service for privatisation in Africa." Institute of Development Administration, Journal of Sri Lanka 7, no. 2, July-Dec., 132.
45. Apter, David (1965). The Politics of Modernization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
46. Apter, David (1972). Ghana in Transition. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
47. Arhin, Kwame (1985). Traditional Rule in Ghana. Accra, Ghana: Challenge Enterprises.
48. Aronson, Elliott, and David Mettee (1968). "Dishonest Behavior as a Function of Differential Levels of Induced Self-Esteem." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 6, no. 4.
49. Austen, Ralph (1987). Aftican Economic History. Portsmouth: Heinemann.
50. Ayittey, George B. N. (1981). "Effective Capacity to Save: An Alternative Approach to Development." Ph.D. diss. University of Manitoba, Canada.
51. Ayittey, George B. N. (1986)a. "The Real Foreign Debt Problem." The Wall Street Journal, Apr 18.
52. Ayittey, George B. N. (1986)b. "K1eptocrats Loot The Third World." The Wall Street Journal, Aug 15.
53. Ayittey, George B. N. (1986)c. "Africa's Agricultural Disaster: Governments and Elites are to Blame." Journal of Economic Growth, l, no. 3, third quarter.
54. Ayittey, George B. N. (1986)d. "Famine in Africa: The Real Cause." Journal of Economic Affairs, 6, no. 2: 17.
55. Ayittey, George B. N. (1988). "African Peasants and the Market Economy." Humane Studies Review 5, no. 3 (Spring).
56. Ayittey, George B. N. (1991). Indigenous African Institutions. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Transnational Publishers.
57. Ayittey, George B. N. (1992). Africa Betrayed. New York: St. Martin's Press.
58. Ayittey, George B. N.(1998) Africa in Chaos. New York: St. Martin's Press.
59. Balassa, B (1963). "The Problem of Growth in Less Developed Countries and Its Significance for OECD Policy." In Special Report III: Trade Prospects for Developing Countries. Paris: OECD.
60. Bandow, Doug (1986). "The First World's Misbegotten Economic Legacy to the Third World." Journal of Economic Growth I, no. 4: 17.
61. Bandow, Doug and Ian Vasquez, eds. (1994). Perpetuating Poverty: The World Bank, the IMF and the Developing World. Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute.
62. Bankole, Timothy (1981). Kwame Nkrumah: From Cradle to Grave. London: Garvin Press.
63. Baran, P. A. (1952). "The Political Economy of Backwardness." Manchester School of Economics (January).
64. Barker, Jonathan S. (1971). 'The Paradox of Development: Reflections on a Study of LocalCentral Political Relations in Senegal." In The State of the Nations; Constraints on Development in Independent Africa, ed. M. F. Lofchie. Berkeley: Universiry of California Press.
65. Barnes, Leonard (1971). Africa in Eclipse. New York: St. Martin's Press.
66. Bascom, William (1984). The Yoruba Of Southwestern Nigeria. Prospect Heights: Waveland Press, Inc.
67. Bates, Robert H. (1981). Markets and States in Tropical Africa. Berkeley: Universiry of California Press.
68. Bates, Robert H. (1983). Essays on the Political Economy of Rural Africa. Berkeley: Universiry of California Press.
69. Bator, F. M. (1958). "Anatomy of Market Failure." Quarterly Journal of Economics 4, no. 3: 159.
70. Bauer, Ludwig (1934). Leopold the Unloved. London: European Books, Ltd.
71. Bauer, Peter T. (1967). West African Trade. New York: Kelley.
72. Bauer, Peter T. (1972). Dissent on Development. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univetsity Press.
73. Bauer, Peter T. (1984). Reality and Rhetoric. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
74. Bauer, Peter T. (2000). From Subsistence to Exchange. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
75. Bayar, J-F. (1993). The State in Africa: the Politics of the Belly. London: Longman.
76. Bell, Morag (1987). Contemporary Africa. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
77. Bennell, Paul (1997 a). "Foreign direct investment in Africa: Rhetoric and reality." SAIS Review (summer/fall): 127-139.
78. Berdal, Mats, and David M. Malone, eds. (2000). Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil wars. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner.
79. Berg, E. J. (1964). "Socialism and Economic Development in Africa." Quarterly Journal of Economics 4, no. 3: 549.
80. Bergner, Daniel (2003). In the Land of Magic Soldiers: A Story of White and Black in WestAfrica. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
81. Berman, B. (1984). "Structure and Process in the Bureaucratic States of Colonial Africa." Development and Change 15: 161-202.
82. Berthlemy, J. c., and F. Bourguignon (1996). Growth and Crisis in Cote d1voire. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
83. Bhagwati, Jagdish ed. (1974). Illegal Transactions in International Trade. New York: North-Holland.
84. Bhatia, R. J. (1973). "Import Programming in Ghana, 1966-69." Finance and Development (March).
85. Biddlecome, Peter (1994). French Lessons In Africa: Travels With My Brieftase Through French Africa. London: Abacus.
86. Biersteker, Thomas J. (1987). Multinationals, the State, and Control of the Nigerian Economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
87. Bing, Geoffrey (1968). Reap the Whirlwind London: MacGibbon and Kee.
88. Birmingham, David (1981). Central African to 1810. London: Cambridge University Press.
89. Birmingham, Walter, I. Neustadt, and E. N. Omaboe (1966). A Study of Contemporary Ghana.Vol. 1. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
90. Boahen, A. A. (1986). Topics in west African History. New York: Longman.
91. Boahen, A. A. and J. B. Webster (1970). History of west Aftica. New York: Praeger.
92. Boamah-Wiafe, Daniel (1993). Africa: The Land, People, and Cultural Imtitutiom. Omaha: Wisdom Publications.
93. Bohannan, Paul (1964). Africa and Africans. New York: The Natural History Press.
94. Bohannan, Paul and George Dalton, eds. (1962). Markets in Aftica. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
95. Bohannan, Paul and Laura Bohannan (1968). Tiv Economy. London: Longman.
96. Boone, Peter (1995). "Politics and the Effectiveness of Foreign Aid." NBER Working paper 5308. October.
97. Bouman, F. J. A. (1983). "Indigenous Savings and Credit Societies in Developing World." In Von Pische, J. D., Dale W. Adams, and Donald Gordon (1983). Rural Financial Markets in Developing Countries. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
98. Bovard, James (1986). "The Continuing Failure of Foreign Aid." Cato Institute Policy Analysis, no. 65, January 31.
99. Brehm, J. and A. R. Cohen (1962). Exploratiom in Cognitive Dissonance. New York: Wiley.
100. Brown, W A., and R. Opie (1953). American Foreign Assistance. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.
101. Brunner, K., ed. (1969). Targets and Indicators of Monetary Policy. San Francisco: Chandler.
102. Brunner, K., and Alan Meltzer (1967). "The Meaning of Monetary Indicators." In Monetary Process and Policy: A Symposium, ed. George Horwich. Homewood, Ill.: Richard Irwin Inc.
103. Bruno, M. (1967). "The Optimal Selection of Export-Promoting and Import-Substitution Projects." In Planning the External Sector: Techniques Problems and Policies. New York: United Nations.
104. Bruton, Henry J. (1969). "The Two-Gap Approach to Aid and Development: A Comment." American Economic Review Gune).
105. Bundy, Colin (1988). The Rise and Fall of the South African Peasant. Cape Town: David Philip.
106. Burawoy, M. (1976). "Consciousness and Contradictions: A Study of Student Protests in Zambia." British Journal of Sociology 78.Burnside, Craig, and David Dollar (1997). "Aid, Policies and Growth." World Bank Working Papers, No. 1777.
107. Busia, Kofi Abrefa (1967). Africa in Search of Democracy. New York: Praeger.
108. Cadenat, P. (1983). La France et Ie Tiers Monde: vingts am de cooperation bilaterale. Paris: La Documentation Frans:aise.
109. Caincross, A. K. (1955). "The Place of Capital in Economic Progress." In Economic Progress, Papers and Proceedings in a Round Table Conference, ed. L. H. Dupriez. Louvain: International Economic Association.
110. Caldwell, Don (1989). South Africa: The New Revolution. Saxonwold: Free Market Foundation of Southern Africa.
111. Cardoso, F. H., and E. Faletto (1979). "Dependency and Development in Latin America." Available at www.rrojasdatabank.org.
112. Carew, G. M. (1993). "Development Theory and the Promise of Democracy: the Future of Postcolonial African States." In "Notes on the Centrality of the African State," by R. Rojas. Available at http://www.rrojasdatabank.org.
113. Carlston, Kenneth S. (1968). Social Theory and African Tribal Organization. Urbana: University of Illinois.
114. Casely Hayford, J. E. (1897). "Gold Coast Native Institutions." In Ideologies of Liberation in Black Africa, 1856-1910, edited by J. Ayo Langley (1979). London: Rex Collins.
115. Chabal, K. (1984). "People's War, State Formation and Revolution in Africa: A Comparative Analysis of Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau and Angola." In State and Class in Africa, ed. N. Kasfir. London: Frank Cass, pp.104-125.
116. Chaliand, G. (1969). Armed Struggle in Aftica. New York: Monthly Review Press.
117. Chazan, Naomi, Robert Mortimer, John Ravenhill, and Donald Rothchild (1992). Politics and Society in Contemporary Africa. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Riener Publishers.
118. Chenery, H. B. (1960). "Patterns ofIndustrial Growth." American Economic Review (September).
119. Chenery, H. B., and M. Bruno (1962). "Development Alternatives in an Open Economy." Economic Journal 4. no. 2.
120. Chenery, H. B., and A. M. Strout (1966). "Foreign Assistance and Economic Development." American Economic 'Review (September): 679-733.
121. Christensen, James Boyd (1958). "The Role of Proverbs in Fante Culture." Aftica 28, no. 3 Guly): 232-43.
122. Clapham, Christopher (1996). Aftica and the International System: The Politics of State Survival Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge University Press.
123. Clapham, Christopher, ed. (1998). Aftican Guerrilla. Oxford: James Currey.
124. Cleary, Sean (1999). "Angola-A Case Study of Private Military Involvement." In Peace, Profit or Plunder? The Privatisation of Security in mzr-Torn African Societies, ed. Jakkie Cilliers and Peggy Mason (1999). New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 141-74.
125. Cilliers, Jakkie, and Peggy Mason (1999). Peace, Profit or Plunder? The Privatisation of Security in mzr-Torn African Societies. New York: Oxford University Press.
126. Cilliers, Jakkie and Ian Douglas (1999). "The Military as Business-Military Ptofessional Resources, Incorporated." In Peace, Profit or Plunder? The Privatisation of Security in mzr- Torn Aftican Societies, ed. Jakkie Cillers and Peggy Mason. New York: Oxford University Press; pp.1ll-122.
127. Cohen, Ronald (1970). "The Kingship in Bornu." In Crowder and Ikime (1970). West African Chief. New York: Africana.
128. Collier, Paul (1999). "On the Economic Consequences of Civil War." In Oxford Economic Papers 51: 168-83.
129. Collier, Paul. (2000). "Doing Well Out of War: An Economic Perspective." In Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil wars, ed. Mats Berdal and David M. Malone (2000). Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, pp. 91-112.
130. Collier, Paul' and Anke Hoeffler (2000). "Greed and Grievance in Civil War." presented at conference on the economics of political violence, Princeton University, March 18-19,2000, which was the updated version of their article "On the Economic Causes of Civil War" in Oxford Economic Papers 50 (1998): 563-73.
131. Colson, Elizabeth (1953). "Social Control and Vengeance in Plateau Tonga Society." Aftica 23, no. 3: 199-211.
132. Colson, Elizabeth, and M. Gluckman, eds. (1951). Seven Tribes of British CentralAftica. London: Oxford University Press.
133. Compagnon, Daniel (1998). "Somali Armed Movements." In Aftican Guerrillas, ed. Christopher Clapham. Oxford: James Currey, pp. 73-90.
134. Coquery-Vidrovitch, C. (1977). "The Political Economy of the African Peasantry and Modes of Production." In Aftican Social Studies: A Radical Reader, ed. Peter Gutkind and Peter Waterman (1977). New York: Monthly Review Press.
135. Crowder, Michael, and Ikime Obaro, eds. (1970). West African Chief. New York: Africana.
136. Cruise O'Brien, Connor (1981). "Factors of Dependence: Senegal and Kenya." In W. H. Morris-Jones and G. Fischer (1981). Decolonisation and After: the British and French Experience.London: Frank
137. Casso Cumper, G. E. (1963). "Lewis' Two-Sector Model of Development and the Theory of Wages." Social and Economic Studies (March).
138. Curtin, Philip, Steven Feierman, Leonard Thompson, and Jan Vansina (1988). African History. New York: Longman.
139. Daaku, Kwame Y. (1971). "Trade and Trading Patterns of the Akan in 17th and 18th Centuries." In Meillassoux (1971). The Development of Indigenous Trade and Markets in West Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
140. Damachi, V. G. (1976). Leadership Ideology in Aftica: Attitudes Towards Socio-Economic Development.New York: Praeger.
141. Davidson, Basil (1969). The African Genius: An Introduction to African Cultural and Social History.Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press.
142. Davidson, Basil. (1987). The Lost Cities of Africa. Boston: Little, Btown and Company.
143. Davidson, Basil. (1981). The People's Cause: A History of Guerrillas in Africa. Harlow: Longman.
144. Decalo, Samuel (1976). Coups and Anny Rule in Africa. Studies in Military Style. New Haven: Yale University Press.
145. DeGratt-Johnson, J. C. (1986). African Glory. Baltimore: Black Classic Press.
146. DeGraft-Johnson, K. E. (1964). "The Evolution of Elites in Ghana." In The New Elites ofTropical Africa, ed. P. C. Lloyd. London: Oxford University Press.
147. Destanne de Bemis, G. (1981). "Some Aspects of the Economic Relationship berween France and Its Ex-colonies." In W H. Morris and G. Fischer (1981). Decolonization and After: the British and French Experience. London: Frank Casso
148. DeYoung, Karen (1999). "World Donors Ignore Signs of Promise in Sliver of Mrica." The Washington Post, 26 November, 1999; p.Al.
149. Dickson, Kwamina B. (1969). A Historical Geography of Ghana. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
150. Diop, Cheikh Anta (1987). Pre-colonial Black Africa. Westport: Lawrence Hill and Company.
151. Djoleto, Amu (1988). Hurricane of Dust. London: Longman.
152. Dollar, David, and Lant Pritchett (1998). Assessing Aid. New York: Oxford University Press.
153. Doob, L. W (1960). On Becoming More Civilized. New Haven: Yale University Press.
154. Dostert, Pierre (1987). Africa, 1986. Washington, D.C.: Sttyker-Post Publications.
155. Douglas, Ian (1999). "Fighting for Diamonds-Private Militaty Companies in Sierra Leone." In Peace, Profit or Plunder? The Privatisation of Security in Wetr- Torn African Societies
156. Jakkie Cilliers and Peggy Mason (1999). New York: Oxford University Press; pp. 175-200.
157. Douglas, Mary (1962). "Lele Economy Compared with the Bushong: A Study in Economic Backwardness." In Bohannan and Dalton, eds. (1962). Markets in Africa. Evanston: Northwestern U niversi ty Press.
158. Duffiled, Mark (2000). "Globalisation, Transborder Trade, and War Economies." In Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil Wetrs, ed. Mats Berdal and David M. Malone (2000). Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, pp. 69-90.
159. Dumont, Rene (1966). False Start in Africa. London: Deutsch Limited.
160. Dupire, Marguerite (1962). "Trade and Markets in the Economy of the Nomadic Fulani of Niger (Bororo)." In Bohannan and Dalton, eds. (1962). Markets in Africa. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
161. Dutton, Dean S. (1971). "A Model of Self-Generating Inflation: The Argentine Case." Journal of Money Credit and Banking 3 (May): 245-62.
162. Easton, Steven, and Michael Walker (1997). "Income, Growth and Economic Freedom." In American Economic Review 87, no. 2: 328-32.
163. Eberstadt, Nicholas (1988). Foreign Aid and American Purpose. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute.
164. Eberstadt, Nicholas. (2000). "Pursuit of Prosperity South of the Sahara." Washington Times, August 27, 2000; p.B4.
165. Eckert, G. (1987). Privatization of public enterprises: The case of Kenya. Washington, D.C.: AAPAM publication.
166. Ellis, George W (1914). Negro Culture in West Africa. New York: The Neale Publishing Company.
167. Ellis, Stephan (1998). "Liberiis Warlord Insurgency." In African Guerrillas, ed. Christopher Clapham. Oxford: James Currey, pp.155-171.
168. Etukudo, A. (2000). "Issues in Privatization and Restructuring in Sub-Saharan Africa." ILO Interdepartmental Action Program on Privatization, Restructuring and Economic Democracy Working Paper IPPRED-5. Available at http://www.ilo.orglpubliclenglish/employment/entlpaperslippred5.htm.
169. Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (1963). "The Zande State." The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 93, part 1: 134-54.
170. Fallers, L. (1963). Equality, Modernity and Democracy in New States: The Quest for Modernity in Asia and Africa. New York: Free Press of Glencoe.
171. Fallers, L. (1967). Bantu Bureaucracy: A Century of Political Evolution Among the Basoga of Uganda. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
172. Falola, Toyin (1985). "Nigeria's Indigenous Economy." In Nigerian History and Culture, ed. Olaniyan. England: Longman Group Limited.
173. Fama, E., and J. MacBeth (1973). "Risk, Return and Equilibrium." Journal of Political Economy 81: 607-36.
174. Feierman, Steven (1974). The Shaamba Kingdom. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
175. Ferkiss, Victor C. (1966). Africa's Search for Identity. New York: George Braziller.
176. Fick, David S. (2002). Entrepreneurship in Africa: A Study of Successes. Westport, Conn.: Quorum Books.
177. Field, M. J. (1940). Social Organization of the Ga People. Accra, Ghana: Government of the Gold Coast Printing Press.
178. Field, Shannon (2000). "The Civil War in Sudan: The Role of the Oil Industry." Institute for Global Dialogue (IGD) Occasional Paper No.23. Braamfontein: IGD.
179. Fieldhouse, D. K. (1986). Black Africa 1945-80. London: Allen and Unwin.
180. Findlay, R. (1971). "The Foreign Exchange Gap and Growth in Developing Countries." In Trade, Balance of Payments and Growth, ed. J. Bhagwati et al. New York: North-Holland.
181. Fitch, Bob, and Mary Oppenheimer (1966). Ghana: End of an Illusion. New York: Monthly Review Press.
182. Forde, Daryll, and G. I. Jones (1950). The Igbo and Ibibio-Speaking Peoples of South-Eastern Nigeria. London: International African Institute.
183. Frank, A. G. (1969). Capitalism and Under-Development in Latin America. New York: Monthly Review Press.
184. Frenkel, Jacob A. (1977). "The Forward Exchange Rate, Expectations and the Demand for Money: The German Hyperinflation." American Economic Review 67: 653-70.
185. Friedman, Milton (1957). A Theory of the Consumption Function. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
186. Galli, Rosemary E., and Jocelyn Jones (1987). Guinea-Bissau: Politics, Economics and Society.London: Frances Pinter (Publishers) Limited.
187. Garey, John G. (1969). "The Radcliffe Report and Evidence." In Monetary Theory and Policy, ed. Richard Thorn. New York: Random House.
188. Garlick, Peter (1971). African Traders and Economic Development. Oxford: Clarendon.
189. Gibbs, James L., Jr., ed. (1965). Peoples of Africa. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.
190. Gifford, P., and W. M. Roger Louis (1982). The Transfer of Power in Africa: Decolonization 1940-1960. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
191. Gifford, P., and W. M. Roger Louis. (1988). Decolonization and African Independence. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
192. Glazier, Jack (1985). Land and the Uses of Tradition among the Mbeere of Kenya. Lanham: University Press of America.
193. Gluckman, Max (1959). Custom and Conflict in Africa. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
194. Gluckman, Max. (1965). Politics, Law and Ritual in Tribal Society, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
195. Goldman, Maurice (1992). "End of Socialism?" The Backgrounder, a Heritage Foundation publication, no. 230.
196. Gourevitch, Philip (1998). Stories from Rwanda. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
197. Gray, Robert F. (1962). "Economic Exchange in a Sonjo Village." In Bohannan and Dalton, eds. (1962). Markets in Africa. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
198. Grayson, Leslie E. (1973). "The Role of Suppliers' Credit in the Industrialization of Ghana." Economic Development and Cultural Change (April).
199. Grundy, K. (1971). Guerrilla Struggle in Africa: An Analysis and Preview. New York: Grossman.
200. Guest, Robert (2004). The Shackled Continent. London: MacMillan.
201. Gulliver, P. H. (1962). "The Evolution of Arusha Trade." In Bohannan and Dalton, eds.(1962). Markets in Africa. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
202. Gutkind, Peter, and Peter Waterman (1977). Aftican Social Studies: A Radical Reader. New York: Monthly Review Press.
203. Gutteridge, W F. (1975). Military Regimes in Aftica. London: Methuen and Co. Ltd.
204. Guy, Jeff. (1979). The Destruction of the Zulu Kingdom. London: Longman Group Limited.
205. Gwartney, James, Robert Lawson, and Randall Holcombe (1999). "Economic Freedom and the Environment for Economic Growth." Journal of Imtitutional and Theoretical Economics 155, no. 4: 1-21.
206. Haber, Stephen, Douglass North, and C. Weingast (2003). "If Economists Are So Smart, Why Is Africa Poor?" In The Wall Street Journal July 30, 2003: p.AI2.
207. Haessel, Walter, and A. G. Bloomqvist (1972). "The Price Elasticity of Demand for Ghana's Cocoa." Economic Bulletin of Ghana 2, no. 2.
208. Hagen, E. E. (1962). On the Theory of Social Change. Homewood, Ill.: Dorsey Press.
209. Hamer, John H. (1970). "Sidamo Generational Class Cycles: A Political Gerontocracy." Aftica 40, no. 1 (Januaty): 50-70.
210. Harbeson, John, Donald W Rothchild, and Naomi Chazan (1994). Civil Society and the State in Aftica. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
211. Harbison, F. H. (1962). "Human Resource Development, Planning in Modernizing Economies." International Labor Review (May).
212. Harden, Blaine (2000). "The U.S. Keeps Looking For a Few Good Men in Africa." The New York Times, August 27, 2000, section 4: p.l.
213. Harris, Joseph. E. (1987). Afticam and Their History. New York: Penguin.
214. Hawkins, E. K. (1958). "The Growth of a Money Economy in Nigeria and Ghana." Oxford Economic Papers 10, no. 3: 354.
215. Heidenheimer, Arnold J., ed. (1970). Political Corruption. New York: Rinehart and Winston.
216. Helleiner, G. K. (1992). "The IMF, the World Bank and Africa's adjustment and external debt problems: An unofficial view." In World Development 20, no. 6 (1992): 787.
217. Herbst, Jeffrey (1993). The Politics of Reform in Ghana. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
218. Herskovits, M. J., and M. Harwitz, eds. (1964). Economic Tramition in Aftica. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
219. Higgins, Benjamin. (1959). Economic Development. London: Constable.
220. Hill, Polly (1958). "The Pledging of Cocoa Farms." Unpublished research paper, Achimota, Ghana.
221. Hill, Polly. (1970). Rural Capitalism in West Aftica. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
222. Hill, Polly. (1972). Rural Hausa: A Village and a Setting. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
223. Hill, Polly. (1977). Population Prosperity and Poverty: Rural Kano 1900-1910. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
224. Hill, Polly. (1986). Development Economics on Trial. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
225. Hirschman, Albert O. (1958). The Strategy of Development. New Haven: Yale University Press.
226. Hirschman, Albert O. (1965). "Obstacles to Development. A Classification and a Quasi-Vanishing Act." Economic Development and Cultural Change (July): 385.
227. Hitchens, Christopher (1994). "Africa Without Pity." vanity Fair (November): 43-52.
228. Hodder, B. W (1962). "The Yoruba Rural Market." In Bohannan and Dalton, eds. (1962). Markets in Aftica. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
229. Hoffman, P. G. (1960). One Hundred Countries, One and One Quarter Billion People. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.
230. Holmes, Kim R., Btyan T. Johnson, and Melanie Kirkpatrick (1997). Index of Economic Freedom.Washington, D.C.: The Heritage Foundation and Dow Jones and Company.
231. Hopkins, A. G. (1988) An Economic History of West Aftica. London: Longman.
232. Howe, Herbert M. (1998). "Private Security Forces and African Stability: The Case of Executive Outcomes." Journal of Modern Aftican Studies 36, no. 2: 307-31.
233. Howell, T.A. (1972). Ghana and Nkrumah. New York: Facts on File, Inc.
234. Hull, Richard. W (1976). African Cities and Towns Before The European Conquest. New York: WW Norton and Company.
235. Ibrahim, Abdullah, and Patrick Muana (1998). "The Revolutionary United Front of Sierra Leone: A Revolt of the Lumpenproletariat." In Africa and the International System: The Politics of State Survival, ed. Christopher Clapham. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; pp. 172-194.
236. I1iffe, John (1987). The African Poor. New York: Cambridge University Press.
237. Indra de Soysa (2000). "The Resource Curse: Are Civil Wars Driven by Rapacity or Paucity?" In Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil WtIrS, ed. Mats Berdal and David M. MaIone (2000). Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner; pp. 113-136.
238. Isichei, Elizabeth (1977). History of West Africa Since 1800. New York: Africana Publishing Company.
239. ltaliaander, Rolf (1961). The New Leaders of Africa. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
240. International Monetary Fund (IMF) (1986). World Debt Tables. Washington, D.C: IMF.
241. Johnson, Paul (1993). "Colonialism's Back-and Not a Moment Too Soon." New York Times Magazine, April 18.
242. Keen, David (2000). "Incentives and Disincentives for Violence." In Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil Wors, ed. Mats Berdal and David M. Malone (2000). Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner.
243. Kelly, G. M. (1959). "The Ghanaian Intelligentsia." Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago.
244. Kendall, Frances and Leon Louw (1986). After Apartheid: The Solution. San Francisco: Institute of Contemporary Studies.
245. Kendall, Frances, Leon Low, and John Gurley (1985). "Radical Analyses ofImperialism, The Third World, and the Transition to Socialism." Journal of Economic Literature 23, no. 3: 87.
246. Kenyatta, Jomo (1938). Facing Mount Kenya. London: Secker and Warburg.
247. Khareen, Pech (1999). "Executive Outcomes-A Corporate Conquest." In Peace, Profit or Plunder? The Privatisation of Security in Wor- Torn African Societies, ed. Jakkie Cilliers and Peggy Mason (1999). New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 81-110.
248. Killick, Tony (1976). "Development Planning, Free Markets and the Role of the State." Oxford Economic Papers 41, no. 4 (October): 161-84.
249. Killick, Tony. (1978). Development Economics in Action: A Study of Economic Policies in Ghana. London: Heinemann.
250. King, Coretta S. (1984). The Word< of Martin Luther King, Jr. New York: Newmarket Press.
251. Klein, Martin A. (1968). Islam and Imperialism: Sine-Saloum, 1847-1914. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
252. Kluckhorn, Richard (1962). "The Konso Economy of Southern Ethiopia." In Bohannan and Dalton, eds. Markets in Africa. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
253. K1itgaard, Roben (1998). Controlling Corruption. Berkeley: Univetsity of California Press.
254. Knack, Stephen, and Philip Keefer (1995). "Institutions and Economic Performance: Cross-Countty Tests Using Alternative Institutional Measures." Economics and Politics 7, no. 3: 207-27.
255. Koyana, Digby Sqhelo (1980). Customary Law in a Changing Society. Cape Town: Jura and Co. Ltd.
256. Kotecha, Ken C, and Robert W Adams (1981). The Corruption of Power: African Politics.Washington, D.C: University Press of America.
257. Krauss, Melvyn B. (1983). Development without Aid. Lanham, Matyland: University Press of America.
258. Lamb, David (1985). The Africans. New York: Vintage Books.
259. Lamb, Guy (2000). "A Literature Review on the Current Relationship between War and Economic Agendas in Africa." Center for Conflict Resolution Cape Town, South Africa. Available at http://ccrweb.ccr.uct.ac.zalstaff_papers/lamb_relationships.html.
260. Lancaster, Carol, and John Williamson, ed. (1986). African Debt and Financing. Washington, D.C: Institute for International Economics.
261. Langley, J. Ayo, ed. (1979). Ideologies of Liberation in Black Africa, 1856-1970. London: Rex Collins.
262. Lappe, Frances, and Joseph Collins (1979). Food First: Beyond the Myth of Scarcity. New York: Ballantine Books.
263. Lappe, Frances, and David Kinley (1980). Aid As Obstacle: Twenty Questions about Our Foreign Aid and the Hungry. San Francisco: Institute For Food and Development Policy.
264. Laurie, Nathan (1997a). "Trust Me I'm a Mercenary: The Lethal Danger of Mercenaries in Africa." Seminar on the Privatization of Peacekeeping, Institute for Security Studies, February 20, 1997.
265. Laurie, Nathan. (1997b). "Lethal Weapons: Why Africa Needs Alternatives to Hired Guns." Track Two 6, no. 2 (August): 10.
266. Laurie, Nathan. (2000). "The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: The Structural Causes of Crisis and Violence in Africa." Peace and Change 25, no. 2: 190-192.
267. Lee, H. K. (1957). Climate and Economic Development in the Tropics. New York: Harper and Row.
268. Leibenstein, Harvey (1957). Economic Backwardness and Economic Growth. New York: Harper and Row.
269. Leith, Clark J. (1974). Foreign Trade Regimes and Economic Development: Ghana. New York: Columbia University Press.
270. Leith, Clark J. (1977). "The Role of Supplementary External Finance in Macro-Economic Stablization: Ghana." Mimeo, Department of Economics, University of Western Ontario.
271. Lessard, Donald, and John Williamson, eds. (1987). Capital Flight and Third World Debt.Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics.
272. leVine, R. A. (1962). "Wealth and Power in Gusiiland." In Markets in Africa, eds. Bohannan and Dalton. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
273. leVine, R. A. (1966). Dreams and Deeds; Achievement Motivation in Nigeria. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
274. LeVine, Victor (1975). Political Corruption: The Ghana Case. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press.
275. Lewis, I. M. (1962). "Lineage Continuity and Modern Commerce in Northern Somaliland." In Markets in Africa, ed. Bohannan and Dalton. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press.
276. Lewis, W A. (1954). "Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labor." Manchester School of Economics (May).
277. Lewis, W A. (1962) Economic Problems of Development in Restless Nations: A Study of World Tensions and Development. London: Allen and Unwin.
278. Leymarie, P. (2000). "Seisme dans Ie pre carre." In Le Monde Diplomatique (February). Also available at http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr
279. Libby, Ronald T. (1987). The Politics of Economic Power in Southern Africa. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
280. Lloyd, P. c., ed. (1964). The New Elites of Tropical Africa. London: Oxford University Press.
281. Lofchie, M. F., ed. (1971). The State of the Nations: Constraints on Development in Independent Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press.
282. Louw, Leon, and Frances Kendall (1987). After Apartheid• The Solution. Los Angeles: Institute for Contemporary Studies.
283. Luke, David Fashole (1995). "Building Indigenous Entrepreneurial Capacity: Trends and Issues." In Development Management in Africa: Toward Dynamism, Empowerment and Entrepreneurship, ed., Sadig Rasheed and David Fashole Luke. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
284. Mabogunje, A. (1988). "Africa after the False Start." Paper presented to the Twenty-Sixth Congress of the International Geographical Union, Sydney, Australia.
285. Mandela, Winnie (1985). Part of My Soul Went with Him. New York: WW Norton and Company.
286. Manning, Patrick (1988). Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa 1880-1985. New York: Cambridge University Press.
287. Maren, Michael (1997). The Road to Hell: The Ravaging Efficts of Foreign Aid and International Charity. New York: The Free Press.
288. Marris, Peter (1968). "The Social Barriers to African Enterpreneurship." Journal of Development Studies (October).
289. Martin, G. (1986). "The Franc Zone, Underdevelopment and Dependency in Francophone Africa." In Third World Quarterly (January).
290. Martin, Phyllis M., and Partrick O'Meara, eds. (1986). Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
291. Marx, Karl (1867). Das Kapital- A Critique of Political Economy. Chicago: Kerr.
292. Matthews, Ronald (1966). The African Powder-Keg. London: Bodley Head.
293. Mauro, Paolo (1995). "Corruption and Growth." Quarterly Journal of Economics 2, no. 441: 681-712.
294. Mauro, Paolo. (1997). "The Effects of Corruption on Growth, Investment, and Government Expenditure: A Cross-Country Analysis." In Corruption and the Global Economy. ed. Kimberly A. Elliott. Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics.
295. Mazrui, Ali A. (2001). "Who Killed Democracy in Africa? Clues of rhe Past, Concerns of the Future." Paper presented at the "Conference on Democracy, Sustainable Development and Poverty: Are They Compatible?" Development Policy Management Forum, United Nations Conference Center, Addis Ababa, December 4-6, 200l.
296. M'baye, S. (2000). "Senegal: Les Chantiers du Changement." Available at http://www.mondediplomatique.fr.
297. Mbembe, A. (1999). "Les Frontieres Mouvantes du Continent Africain." Available at http://www.monde-diplomatique.frlI999/11/MBEMBE/12706.
298. Mbhele, Themba (1998). "What Does A Rural Destination Area Look Like? Institutions and Livelihoods in KwaDumisa." In Development Southern Africa 15, no 4 (Summer).
299. Mbiti, John S. (1970). African Religions and Philosophies. New York: Doubleday and Co.
300. McCall, Daniel F. (1962). "The Koforidua Market." In Markets in Africa, ed. by Bohannan and Dalton. Evanston, Ill.: Norrhwestern University Press.
301. McCall, Daniel F, ed. (1969). Western African History. New York: Praeger Publishers.
302. McKinnon, Ronald (1964). "Foreign Exchange Constraint in Economic Development and Efficient Aid Allocation." Economic Journal.
303. McKinnon, Ronald. (1973). Money and Capital in Economic Development. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.
304. Meier, Gerald, ed. (1976). Leading Issues in Economic Development. New York: Oxford Universiry Press.
305. Meillassoux, Claude (1962). "Social and Economic Facrors Affecting Markets in Guro Land." In Markets in Africa, ed. Bohannan and Dalton. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
306. Meillassoux, Claude, ed. (1971). The Development of Indigenous Trade and Markets in West Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
307. Melady, Thomas Patrick (1963). Profiles of African Leaders. New York: The MacMillan Company.
308. Menkiti, Ifeanyi (1984). "Person and Community in African Traditional Thought." In African Philosophy: An Intro., ed. Richard Wright (1984). Lanham: University Press of America.
309. Mensah Sarbah, John (1897). "Fanti Customary Laws." In Ideologies of Liberation in Black Africa, 1856 - 1970, ed. J. Ayo Langley (1979). London: Rex Collins.
310. Merton, R. (1957). Social Theory and Social Structure. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press.
311. Messing, Simon D. (1962). "The Konso Economy of Sourhern Ethiopia." In Markets in Africa, ed. Bohannan and Dalton. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
312. Millikan, R., and W. W. Rostow (1956). A Proposal: Key to an Effictive Foreign Policy. New York: Harper.
313. Miracle, Marvin P. (1962). "African Markets and Trade in the Copperbelt." In Markets in Africa, ed. Bohannan and Dalton. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press.
314. Miracle, Marvin P. (1971). "Capitalism, Capital Markets, and Competition in West African Trade." In The Development of Indigenous Trade and Markets in West Africa, ed. Claude Meillassoux (1971). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
315. Monga, Celestin (1996). The Anthropology of Anger: Civil Society and Democracy in Africa. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
316. Morris-Jones, W. H., and G. Fischer (1981). Decolonization and After: the British and French Experience. London: Frank Casso
317. Mukandala, R. S. (1992). "The State and Public Enterprise." In Politics and Administration in East Africa, ed. Walter O. Oyugi. Nairobi: Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Nairobi, ch. 5.
318. Murphy, Kevin M., Andrei Shleifer, and Robert W. Vishny (1993). "Why is Rent-Seeking So Costly to Growrh?" American Economic Review 83, no. 2: 409-414.
319. Mussa-N da, Mgumbu (1988). "A Greater Role for Local Development Strategies." Regional Development Dialogue 9, no. 2: l-ll.
320. Myrdal, G. (1971). Asian Drama. New York: Pantheon Books.
321. Nafziger, E. Wayne. (1993). The Debt Crisis In Africa. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
322. Nellis, J. R. (1994). "Public Enterprises in Sub-Saharan Africa." In State-Owned Enterprises in Africa, ed. B. Grosh and R. S. Mukandala. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner.
323. Newbuty, Colin W (1971). "Prices and Profitability in Early Nineteenth-Century West African Trade." In Development of Indigenous Trade and Markets in West Africa, ed. Claude Meillassoux (1971). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
324. Newlyn, W T., and D. C. Rowan (1954). Money and Banking in British Colonial Africa. Oxford: Claredon Press.
325. Nicol, Davidson, ed. (1969). Black Nationalism in Africa, 1867 London: Africana Publishing Corporation.
326. Nkrumah, Kwame (1957). Ghana: An Autobiography. London: Nelson.
327. Nkrumah, Kwame. (1962). Towards Colonial Freedom. London: Heinemann.
328. Nkrumah, Kwame. (1963). Africa Must Unite. New York: International Publishers.
329. Nkrumah, Kwame. (1968). Handbook on Revolutionary Warfore. London: Panaf Publishers.
330. Nkrumah, Kwame. (1969). Dark Days in Ghana. London: PanafPublishers.
331. Nkrumah, Kwame. (1973). Revolutionary Path. New York: International Publishers.
332. Northrup, David (1978). Trade without Rulers: Pre-Colonial Economic Development in SouthEastern Nigeria. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
333. Nurkse, R. (1953). Problems of Capital Formation in Under-Developed Countries. New York: Oxford University Press.
334. Nyang' oro, Julius E., and Timothy Shaw, eds. (1992). Beyond Structural Adjustment in Africa: The Political Economic of Sustainable and Democratic Development. New York: Praeger.
335. Nye, Joseph S. (1967). "Corruption and Political Development: A Cost-Benefit Analysis." American Political Science Review 61, no. 2 (June): 417-27.
336. Nyerere, Julius K. (1962). Ujamaa: The Basis of African Socialism. Dar-es-Salaam: Government Printer.
337. Nyerere, Julius K. (1966). Freedom and Unity: A Selection from Writings and Speeches, 1965-67 Dar-esSalaam: Oxford University Press.
338. Obadina, Tunde (1999). "Africa's Crisis of Governance." African Business Review. Obichere, Boniface 1. (1974). "Change and Innovation in the Administration of the Kingdom of Dahomey." Journal of African Studies I, no. 3: 325.
339. O'Connel, J. (1967). "The Inevitability ofInstability." Journal of Modern African Studies 2, no.2: 32.
340. Ogot, B. A. (1967). History of the Southern Luo. Nairobi: East African Publishing House.
341. Oguah, Benjamin Ewuku (1984). "African and Western Philosophy: A Study." In African Philosophy: An Introduction, ed. Richard Wright (1984). Lanham: University Press of America.
342. Olaniyan, Richard, ed. (1985). Nigerian History and Culture. London: Longman Group Limited.
343. Olivier, N. J. J. (1969). "The Governmental Institutions of the Bantu Peoples of Southern Africa." In Recueils de la Societies Jean Bodin XII Bruxelles: Fondation Universitaire de Belgique.
344. Olson, Mancur (1996). "Big Bills Left on the Sidewalk: Why Some Nations are Rich, and Others Poor." In Journal of Economic Perspectives 10, no. 2: 3-24.
345. Onwuanibe, Richard C. (1984). "The Human Person and Immortality in Igbo Metaphysics." In African Philosophy: An Introduction, ed. Richard Wright (1984). Lanham: University Press of America.
346. Oyugi, Walter O., ed. (1988). Democratic Theory and Practice in Africa. Portsmourh, N.H.: Heinemann.
347. Person, Y. (1993). "French West Africa and Decolonization." In Decolonization and African Independence, ed. P. Gifford and WM. Roger Louis (1988). New Haven: Yale University Press.
348. Pickett, James, and Hans Singer (1990). Towards Economic Recovery in Sub-Saharan Africa. New York: Routledge, Inc.
349. Pinchus, John (1970). "How Much Aid for the Under-Developed Countries." In Economic Development, Readings in Theory and Practice, ed. Theodore Morgan and George W Betz. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth.
350. Pinkney, Robert (1972). Ghana Under Military Rule, 1966-69. London: Methuen.
351. Polanyi, K. (1945) Origim of Our Time: The Great Transformation. London: Victor Gollancz.
352. Porteous, Samuel D. (2000). "Targeted Financial Sanctions." In Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil Wtzrs, ed. Mats Berdal and David M. Malone (2000). Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, pp. 173-188.
353. Prebisch, Raul (1950). Economic Development of Latin America and Its Principal Problems. New York: United Nations.
354. Prebisch, Raul. (1959). "Commercial Policies in the Under-Developed Countries." American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings (May).
355. Rasheed, S. and E. Chole (2000). "Human Development: an Mrican Perspective." Available at R. Rojas Databank.
356. Rauch, James (1995). "Bureaucracy, Infrastructure, and Economic Growth: Evidence from US Cities During rhe Progressive Era." American Economic Review 85, no. 4: 968-979.
357. Reno, William (2000). "Shadow States and the Political Economy of Civil Wars." In Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil Wtzrs, ed. Mats Berdal and David M. Malone (2000). Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, pp. 43-63.
358. Richards, Paul (1996). Fightingfor the Rain Forest: Wtzr, Youth and Resources in Sierra Leone. Oxford: James Currey.
359. Ridker, R. (1967). "Discontent and Economic Growth." Economic Development and Cultural Change (October): 1-5.
360. Rimmer, D. (1966). "The Crisis in the Ghana Economy." Modern Afican Studies (May).
361. Roberts, Brian (1974). The Zulu Kings. New York: Charles Scribner and Sons.
362. Robinson, Ronald, ed. (1971). Developing the Third Wtzrld: The Experience of the 1960s. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
363. Rose-Ackerman, Susan (1978). Corruption: A Study in Political Economy New York: Academic Press.
364. Rose-Ackerman, Susan. (1996). When Is Corruption Harmful? Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
365. Rose-Ackerman, Susan. (1997). "The Political Economy of Corruption." In Corruption and the Global Economy, ed. Kimberly A. Elliott. Washington, D. c.: Institute for International Economics.
366. Rose-Ackerman, Susan, and Andrew Stone (1996). The Costs of Corruption for Private Business: Evidence fom Wtzrld Bank Surveys. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank
367. Rosenstein-Rodan, Paul W (1961). "International Aid for Under-Developed Countries." The Review of Economics and Statistics 5, no. 2: 131.
368. Rojas, R. (2000a). "Notes on the Notions of State and Development." R. Rojas Databank (www.rrojasdatabankorg).
369. Rojas, R. (2000b). "The State, Civil Society and Development. A comparative Analysis." R. Rojas Databank (www.rrojasdatabankorg).
370. Rostow, W W (1960). The Stages of Economic Growth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
371. Rothstein, Robert (1977). The Weak in the Wtzrld of the Strong. New York: Columbia University Press.
372. Sachs, Jeffrey, and Sara Sievers (1998). "Foreign Direct Investment in Mrica." In Wtzrld Economic Forum (WEF), The Afica Competitiveness Report 1998. Cologne/Geneva: World Economic Forum, pp. 36-44.
373. Sandbtook, Richard (1993). The Politics of Africa's Stagnation. New York: Cambridge University Press.
374. Schapera,I. (1953). The Tswana. London: International Mrican Institute.
375. Schapera,I. (1955). A Handbook of Tswana Law and Custom. London: Oxford University Press.
376. Schapera,I. (1957). "The Sources of Law In Tswana Tribal Courts: Legislation And Precedent." Journal of Afican Law 1, no. 3: 150-162.
377. Scott, James c. (1992). Comparative Political Corruption. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
378. Seers, Dudley (1983). The Political Economy of Nationalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
379. Saumon, Stephanie (2000). "External Domination via Domestic States: The Case of Francophone Mrica." Available at http://www.rrojasdatabankorg/ssstate.
380. Shearer, David (1998a). "Outsourcing War." Foreign Policy 112 (Fall): 68-81.
381. Shearer, David (1998b). Private Armies and Military Intervention. Adelphi Paper No.316. New York: Oxford University Press.
382. Simiyu, V. G. (1988). "The Democratic Myth In The African Traditional Societies." In Democratic Theory and Practice in Africa, ed. Walter O. Oyugi et al Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann.
383. Sithole, Ndabaningi (1979). "Extracts from African Nationalism." In Ideologies of Liberation in Black Africa, 1856-1970, ed. J. Ayo Langley (1979). London: Rex Collins.
384. Skinner, Elliott P. (1961). "Intergenerational Conflict among The Mossi: Father And Son." Journal of Conflict Resolution 5, no. 1: 55-60.
385. Skinner, Elliott P. (1962). "Trade and Markets among the Mossi People." In Markets in Africa, ed. Bohannan and Dalton. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press.
386. Skinner, Elliott P. (1964). "West African Economic Systems." In Economic Transition in Africa, ed. M. J. Herskovits and M. Harwitz (1964). Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press.
387. Herskovits and M. Harwitz. (1973). Peoples and Cultures Of Africa. New York: Doubleday/Natural History Press.
388. Smith, Michael G. (1962). "Exchange and Marketing among the Hausa." In Markets in Africa, ed. Bohannan and Dalron. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press.
389. Soyinka, Wole (1996). The Open Sore of a Continent. New York: Oxford University Press.
390. Stewart, Douglas B., and Yiannis P. Venieris (1985). "Socio-Political Instability and the Behavior of Savings in LDCs." Review of Economics and Statistics 17, no. 4: 67.
391. Tardits, Claudine, and Claude Tardits (1962). "Traditional Market Economy in South Dahomey." In Markets in Africa, ed. Bohannan and Dalron. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press.
392. Taylor, D. R. Fraser, and Fiona Mackenzie (1992). Development from Within: Survival in Rural Africa. New York: Routledge, Inc.
393. Taylor, Ian (2004). "Why NEPAD and African Politics Don't Mix." Foreign Policy in Focus, Feb 16,2004, available at www.£Pif.org.
394. Thomas, P. A., ed. (1969). Issues in Privatization and Restructuring in Sub-Saharan Africa: Private Enterprise and the East African Company. Dar-es-Salaam: Tanzania publishing house.
395. Thurow, Lester, C. (1999). Building Wealth: The New Rules. New York: Harper.
396. Tillett, Chris (1996). "Foreign investment: targeting and promotional strategies." Commonwealth Secretariat, London, Occasional Paper No.2, mimeo.
397. Todaro, Michael P., ed. (1983). The Struggle for Economic Development. New York: Longman.
398. Todaro, Michael P. (1987). Economic Development in the Third World. New York: Longman.
399. Tollison, Robert D. (1982). "Rent-Seeking: A Survey." Kyklos 35: 4.
400. Udoji, J.O. (1970). "Reforming the Public Enterprises in Africa." In Quarterly Journal of Administration IV, no. 3 (April): 220.
401. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (1995). Foreign Direct Investment in Africa. United Nations publication, Sales No. E.95.II.A.6. Geneva: United Nations.
402. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). (1997). "Foreign Direct Investment in LDCs: Prospects and Constraints." Report prepared by the UNCTAD secretariat for the pilot seminar on the mobilization of the private secror in order to encourage foreign investment flows rowards least developed countries (LDCs). "Investment Opportunities in Pre-emerging Markets." Geneva, June 23-25, 1997, mimeo.
403. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). (l998a). Trade and Development Report, 1998. United Nations publication, Sales No. E.98.II.D.6. Geneva: United Nations.
404. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). (l998b). World Investment Report 1998: Trends and Determinants. United Nations publication, Sales No. E.98.II.D.5. Geneva: United Nations.
405. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). (l998c). Trade and Development Report, 1998: Financial Imtability and Growth in Africa.United Nations Publication, Sales No. E.98.IL.D.I0. New York: The United Nations.
406. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). (1999a). "investment Policy Review of Egypt." Mimeo, Geneva: UN CTAD.
407. United Nations Development Program (1999). Corruption and Integrity Improvement Initiatives in Developing Countries. New York: UN Publications.
408. United Nations Development Program (UNDP) (2001). Human Development Report (Annually). New York: United Nations. 466 AFRICA UNCHAINED
409. United Nations Economic Commission on Mrica (ECA) (1999). Human Capital Development and Endagenization of Geography as Framework for Africas Competitiveness. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: United Nations.
410. United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America (1973). "Social Change in Latin America in the Early 1970s." New York: United Nations. Also available at http://www.rrojasdatabank.org
411. United Nations Economic and Social Council (2000). "Summary of the Economic and Social Situation in Mrica, 1999." (May).
412. United Nations Security Council (2000). Report of the Panel of Experts on Violations of Security Council Sanctions Against UNITA, p.26.
413. Uphoff, Norman T. (1970). Ghanas Experience in Using External Aid for Development. Berkeley: University of California Press.
414. Van De Walle, Nicolas (2001). African Economies and the Politics of Permanent Crisis, 1979-1999. New York: Cambridge University Press.
415. Van Notten, Michael (2003). The Law of the Somalis. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Transnational Publishers.
416. Vansina, Jan (1962). "Trade and Markets Among the Kuba." In Markets in Africa, ed. Bohannan and Dalton. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press.
417. Vansina, Jan. (1975). Kingdoms of the Savannah. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
418. Vansina, Jan. (1978). The Children ofWoot: A History of the Kuba. Madison: University of Wise onsin Press.
419. Vaughan, James H. (1986). "Population and Social Organization." In Africa, ed. Phyllis M.
420. Martin and Patrick O'Meara (1986). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
421. Venter A. J. (1996). "Mercenaries Fuel Next Round in Angolan Civil War." In "Current Conflicts." Janes International Definee Review Oune).
422. Von Pische,J. D., Dale W. Adams, and Donald Gordon (1983). Rural Financial Markets in Developing Countries. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
423. Wanyande, Peter (1988). "Democracy and the One-Party State: The Mrican Experience." In Democratic Theory and Practice in Africa, ed. Walter O. Oyugi et al. (1988). Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann.
424. Wedel, Janine R. (1998). Collision and Collusion. New York: St. Martin's Press.
425. Weisskopfi:, Thomas E. (1972). "The Impact of Foreign Capital Inflow on Domestic Savings in Underdeveloped Countries." Journal of International Economics (February): 25-28.
426. Werlin, Herbert (1973). "The Consequences of Corruption: The Ghanaian Experience." Political Science Quarterly, 88: 71-85.
427. Wharton, W. B. (1966). "Modernizing Subsistence Agriculture." In Modernization: The Dynamics of Growth, ed. M. Winer (1966). New York: Basic Books.
428. Whitaker, Jennifer S. (1988). How Can Africa Survive? New York: Harper and Row.
429. White, C. M. N. (1956). "The Role of Hunting and Fishing in Luvale Society." African Studies 15, no. 2: 75-86.
430. White, E. Frances (1987). Sierra Leones Settler Women Traders. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
431. Wickins, Peter (1981). An Economic History of Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
432. Wilks, Ivor (1975). Asante in the Nineteenth Century: The Structure and Evolution ofa Political Order. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
433. Williams, Chancellor (1987). The Destruction of Black Civilization. Chicago: Third World Press.
434. Wilson, E. (1993). "French Support for Structural Adjustment Programs in Mrica." World Development 21, no. 3: 331-347.
435. Wilson, Peter J. (1967). "Tsimihety Kinship and Descent." Africa 37, no. 2: 133-153.
436. World Bank (1979). Report of Mission to Zaire. Washington, D.C.: World Bank publication.
437. World Bank. (1982). Report of Mission to Uganda. Washington, D.C.: World Bank publication.
438. World Bank. (1984). Toward Sustained Development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, D.C.: World Bank publication.
439. World Bank. (1989). Sub-Saharan Africa: From Crisis to Self-Sustainable Growth. Washington, D.C.: World Bank publication.
440. World Bank. (1993). Regional Study on Public Enterprises Reform and Privatization in Aftica. Washington D.C.: World Bank publication.
441. World Bank. (1994). Adjustment in Aftica: Reforms, Results and the Road Ahead. New York: Oxford University Press.
442. World Bank. (1995). Ghana: Is Growth Sustainable? Operations Evaluations Department. Report No. 99. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Publications.
443. World Bank. (Annually). World Development Report. New York: Oxford University Press.
444. World Bank. (1997a). Aftican Economic and Financial Data. Washington, D.C.: World BankJUNDP publication.
445. World Bank. (1997b). The State in a Changing World: World Development Report 1991. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
446. World Bank. (1998). Uganda: Recommendations for Strengthening the Government of Uganda's AntiCorruption Program. Poverty Reduction and Social Development Section. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Publications.
447. World Bank. (2000a). Mrican Development Indicators 2000. Washington, D.C.: World Bank publication.
448. World Bank. (2000b). Can Africa Claim the 21st Century? Washington, D.C.: World Bank publication.
449. World Bank. (2001). Aftican Poverty at the Millennium. Washington, D.C.: World Bank publication.
450. World Economic Forum (WEF) (1998). Aftica Competitiveness Report 1998. Cologne/Geneva: World Economic Forum.
451. Wright, Richard A., ed. (1984). African Philosophy: An Introduction. Lanham: University Press of America.
452. Wrigley, Christopher (1960). "Speculations on The Economic Prehistory Of Mrica." journal of Aftican History 1, no. 2: 189-203.
453. Yelpaala, Kojo (1983). "Circular Arguments and Self-Fulfilling Definitions: 'Statelessness' and the Dagaaba Histoty." Africa 10: 349-385.
454. Young, Danielle M., and F. Michael Kunz (2000). "An Analysis of the United States Agency for International Development and Aid to India and Ghana." Available at http://www.usaid.gov/fanilSummaty-ForeignAid in the National Interest. pdf.
455. Zinsmeister, Karl (1987). "East Mrican Experiment: Kenyan Prosperity and Tanzanian Decline." journal of Economic Growth 2, no. 2: 28.