Imagining Arab womanhood: The cultural mythology of veils, harems, and belly dancers in the U.S.

Imagining Arab Womanhood: The Cultural Mythology of Veils, Harems, and Belly Dancers in the U.S.

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 1-236

  Jarmakani, Amira ^a  

^a GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85014137809     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1057/9780230612112     Document Type: Book

References (282)

1. Abdulhadi, Rabab, Nadine Naber, and Evelyn Alsultany. "Gender, Nation, and Belonging: Arab and Arab-American Feminist Perspectives." MIT Electronic Journal of Middle East Studies 5 (special issue, Spring 2005). www.web.mit.edu/cis/www/mitejmes/(accessed April 10, 2007).
2. Abraham, Stephanie. "Hollywood’s Harem Housewife: Orientalism in I Dream of Jeannie." MA thesis, California State University Los Angeles, 2006.
3. Abu-Lughod, Lila. "Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving? Anthropological Reflections on Cultural Relativism and Its Others." American Anthropologist 104, no. 3 (2002): 783-790.
4. Abu-Lughod, Lila. "Feminist Longings and Postcolonial Conditions." In Remaking Women: Feminism and Modernity in the Middle East, 3-31. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998.
5. Ackerman, Gerald M. The Life and Work of Jean-Léon Gérôme: With a Catalogue Raisonné. London: Sotheby’s, 1986.
6. Afzal-Khan, Fawzia, ed. Shattering the Stereotypes: Muslim Women Speak Out. Northampton, MA: Olive Branch Press, 2005.
7. Ahmed, Leila. "The Veil Debate-Again." In On Shifting Ground: Muslim Women in the Global Era, edited by Fereshteh Nouraie-Simone, 153-171. NY: Feminist Press at the City University of New York, 2005.
8. Ahmed, Leila. "Western Ethnocentrism and Perceptions of the Harem." Feminist Studies 8, no. 3 (1982): 521-534.
9. Ahmed, Leila. Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992.
10. Allen, Robert C. Horrible Prettiness: Burlesque and American Culture. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991.
11. Alloula, Malek. The Colonial Harem. Translated by Myrna Godzich and Wlad Godzich. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1986.
12. Alsultany, Evelyn. "The Changing Profile of Race in the United States: Racializing and Representing Arab and Muslim Americans Post-9/11." PhD dissertation, Stanford University, 2005.
13. Alsultany, Evelyn. "The Primetime Plight of Arab-Muslim-Americans After 9/11: Configurations of Race and Nation in TV Dramas." In Race and Arab Americans Before and After 9/11: From Invisible Citizens to Visible Subjects, edited by Amaney Jamal and Nadine Naber, 204-228. New York: Syracuse University Press, 2007.
14. Alsultany, Evelyn. "Selling American Diversity and Muslim American Identity through Non-profit Advertising Post-9/11." American Quarterly 59, no. 3 (September 2007).
15. "The American Tobacco Story." In Tobacco Collection. Durham, NC: Hartman Center for Sales, Advertising & Marketing History, Duke University.
16. Amin, Qasim. The Liberation of Women, The New Woman: Two Documents in the History of Egyptian Feminism. Translated by Samiha Peterson. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 1992 [1899].
17. Amireh, Amal. "Palestinian Women’s Disappearing Act: The Suicide Bomber through Western Feminist Eyes." MIT Electronic Journal of Middle East Studies 5 (Spring 2005): 228-242, www.web.mit.edu/cis/www/mitejmes/(accessed April 10, 2007).
18. Amos, Amanda and Margaretha Haglund. "From Social Taboo to ‘Torch of Freedom’: The Marketing of Cigarettes to Women." Tobacco Control 9 (Spring 2000): 3-8, www.tc.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/9/1/3 (accessed November 16, 2006).
19. Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. New York: Verso, 1991.
20. Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza. San Francisco, CA: Aunt Lute, 1987.
21. Appadurai, Arjun. Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996.
22. Appignanesi, Lisa. The Cabaret. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004.
23. Aradoon, Zarifa. Origins and Philosophy of Danse Orientale. Stanford, CA: Dream Place Publications, 1979.
24. Bahrani, Zeinab. "The Fall of Babylon." In The Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad: The Lost Legacy of Ancient Mesopotamia, edited by Milby Polk and Angela M. H. Schuster, 214-216. New York: Harry Abrams, 2005.
25. Barthes, Roland. Camera Lucida: Reflections on Photography. Translated by Richard Howard. New York: Hill and Wang, 1981.
26. Barthes, Roland. Mythologies. Translated by Richard Miller. New York: Hill and Wang, 1972.
27. Barthes, Roland. "The Photographic Message." In The Barthes Reader, edited by Susan Sontag, 194-210. New York: Hill and Wang, 1982.
28. BBC News. "Army Base ‘Has Damaged Babylon.’ " January 15, 2005. www.news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4177577.stm (accessed June 9, 2007).
29. Benjamin, Roger. Orientalism: Delacroix to Klee. New South Wales, Australia: The Art Gallery of New South Wales, 1997.
30. Benjamin, Walter. Reflections: Essays, Aphorisms, Autobiographical Writings. Translated by Edmund Jephcott. New York: Schocken Books, 1978.
31. Benjamin, Walter. "A Short History of Photography." Screen: The Journal of the Society for Education in Film and Television 13, no. 1 (1972): 5-26.
32. Benjamin, Walter. "Theses on the Philosophy of History." In Illuminations, edited by Hannah Arendt, 253-264. New York: Schocken Books, 1968.
33. Benjamin, Walter. "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction." In Illuminations, edited by Hannah Arendt, 217-252. New York: Schocken Books, 1968.
34. Bennett, Tony and Janet Woollacott. Bond and Beyond: The Political Career of a Popular Hero. New York: Methuen, 1987.
35. Berger, John. Ways of Seeing. London: BBC and Penguin Books, 1972.
36. Berman, Marshall. All That Is Solid Melts into Air: The Experience of Modernity. New York: Penguin, 1988.
37. Bhabha, Homi K. "The Other Question: Stereotype, Discrimination and the Discourse of Colonialism." In The Location of Culture, 94-120. New York: Routledge, 1994.
38. Black, Jeremy. The Politics of James Bond: From Fleming’s Novels to the Big Screen. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2001.
39. Blue Star PR: The Jewish Ink Tank, "Frequently Asked Questions." www.bluestarpr.com/faq.php (accessed November 14, 2007).
40. Bogdanos, Matthew. Thieves of Baghdad. New York: Bloomsbury, 2005.
41. Boime, Albert. The Art of Exclusion: Representing Blacks in the Nineteenth Century. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1990.
42. Boime, Albert. The Magisterial Gaze: Manifest Destiny and American Landscape Paintings, 1830-1865. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991.
43. Brewer, E. Cobham. "Feather in Your Cap." In Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. Philadelphia, PA: Henry Altemus, 1898; Bartelby.com, 2000. www.bartleby.com/81/6294.html (accessed July 4, 2007).
44. Brown, Julie K. Contesting Images: Photography and the World’s Columbian Exposition. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1994.
45. Buel, James W. The Magic City. St. Louis, MO: Historical Publishing Co., 1894.
46. Buonaventura, Wendy. Serpent of the Nile: Women and Dance in the Arab World. New York: Interlink Books, 1998.
47. Caner, Ergun Mehmet, ed. Voices behind the Veil: The World of Islam through the Eyes of Women. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2003.
48. Carlton, Donna. Looking for Little Egypt. Bloomington, IN: IDD Books, 1994.
49. Carr, Carolyn Kinder. "Prejudice and Pride: Presenting American Art at the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition." In Revisiting the White City: American Art at the 1893 Chicago World’s Fair, by National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, 63-162. Hanover: University Press of New England, 1993.
50. Carr, Gerard L. In Search of the Promised Land: Paintings by Frederic Edwin Church. New York: Berry-Hill Galleries, 2000.
51. Caton, Steven C. "The Sheik: Instabilities of Race and Gender in Transatlantic Popular Culture in the 1920s." In Noble Dreams, Wicked Pleasures: Orientalism in America, 1870-1930, edited by Holly Edwards, 99-117. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000.
52. Çelik, Zeynep. Displaying the Orient: Architecture of Islam at Nineteenth-Century World’s Fairs. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.
53. Çelik, Zeynep. "Speaking Back to Orientalist Discourse." In Orientalism’s Interlocutors: Painting, Architecture, Photography, edited by Jill Beaulieu and Mary Roberts, 19-41. Durham: Duke University Press, 2002.
54. Çelik, Zeynep. "Speaking Back to Orientalist Discourse at the World’s Columbian Exposition." In Noble Dreams, Wicked Pleasures: Orientalism in America, 1870-1930, edited by Holly Edwards, 77-97. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000.
55. Çelik, Zeynep and Leila Kinney. "Ethnography and Exhibitionism at the Expositions Universelles." Assemblage 13 (1990): 35-60.
56. Chapman, James. License to Thrill: A Cultural History of the James Bond Films. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000.
57. Charles, Jonathan. "US Marines Offer Babylon Apology." BBC News, April 14, 2006. www.news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4908940.stm (accessed June 9, 2007).
58. Chatterjee, Partha. The Nation and Its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993.
59. Chengzhi, Zhang. "The Eyes You Find Will Make You Shiver." Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 5, no. 3 (2004): 486-490.
60. Chow, Rey. "Where Have All the Natives Gone?" In Displacements: Cultural Identities in Question, edited by Angelika Bammer, 125-151. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.
61. CNN.com. "Transcript of President Bush’s Address to a Joint Session of Congress on Thursday Night, September 20, 2001." www.archives.cnn. com/2001/US/09/20/gen.bush.transcript/(accessed November 12, 2007).
62. Conklin, Alice L. A Mission to Civilize: The Republican Idea of Empire in France and West Africa, 1895-1930. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997.
63. Connor, Steve. "The Portrait of a Life Ravaged by War: For 18 Years, Her Face Was an Iconic Image of Innocence. But Who Was She? Now, At Last, Sharbat Gula Has Been Found." The Independent, March 13, 2002. www.lexis-nexis.com/(accessed July 16, 2006).
64. Croutier, Alev Lytle. Harem: The World behind the Veil. New York: Abbeville Press, 1989.
65. Danforth, Samuel. "A Brief Recognition of New-Englands [sic] Errand into the Wilderness." Election Sermon Delivered in 1670.
66. Darraj, Susan Muaddi. "Personal and Political: The Dynamics of Arab-American Feminism." MIT Electronic Journal of Middle East Studies 5 (Spring 2005): 158-168, www.web.mit.edu/cis/www/mitejmes/(accessed April 10, 2007).
67. Davis, Fanny. The Ottoman Lady: A Social History from 1718-1918. New York: Greenwood Press, 1986.
68. Davis, John. "Frederic Church’s Jerusalem from the Mount of Olives: Progressive Time in Nineteenth-Century America." In Tempus Fugit: Time Flies, edited by Jan Schall, 245-250. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2000.
69. Davis, John. The Landscape of Belief: Encountering the Holy Land in Nineteenth-Century American Art and Culture. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996.
70. Debord, Guy. Society of the Spectacle. Detroit, MI: Black and Red, 1983.
71. Deeb, Lara. An Enchanted Modern: Gender and Public Piety in Shi’i Lebanon. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006.
72. Delacroix, Eugène. The Journal of Eugène Delacroix. Translated by Walter Pach. New York: Covici, Friede, 1937.
73. Djebar, Assia. "Women of Algiers in Their Apartment." In Women and Family in the Middle East: New Voices of Change, edited by Elizabeth Warnock Fernea, 337-350. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1985.
74. Dojc, Michael. "How to Start a Harem: When It’s Time to Sheik Your Booty and Chase Some Veil." Maxim, January 2001.
75. Donham, Donald. Marxist Modern: An Ethnographic History of the Ethiopian Revolution. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.
76. Dox, Donnalee. "Spirit from the Body: Belly Dance as a Spiritual Practice." In Belly Dance: Orientalism, Transnationalism and Harem Fantasy, edited by Anthony Shay and Barbara Sellers-Young, 304-340. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2005.
77. Dox, Donnalee. "Thinking through Veils: Questions of Culture, Criticism and the Body." Theatre Research International 22, no. 2 (Summer 1997): 150-161.
78. Eco, Umberto. Travels in Hyperreality. Translated by William Weaver. San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1986.
79. Edwards, Holly, ed. Noble Dreams, Wicked Pleasures: Orientalism in America, 1870-1930. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000.
80. Eisenstein, Zillah. Against Empire: Feminisms, Racism, and the West. New York: Zed Books, 2004.
81. Enloe, Cynthia. Bananas, Beaches, and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989.
82. Fairbrother, Trevor. John Singer Sargent: The Sensualist. New Haven, CT: Yale University, 2000.
83. Fanon, Frantz. Black Skin, White Masks. Translated by Charles Lam Markmann. New York: Grove Press, 1967.
84. Fanon, Frantz. A Dying Colonialism. Translated by Haakon Chevalier. New York: Grove Weidenfield, 1965.
85. Farrell, Amy and Patrice McDermott. "Claiming Afghan Women: The Challenge of Human Rights Discourse for Transnational Feminism." In Just Advocacy? Women’s Human Rights, Transnational Feminisms, and the Politics of Representation, edited by Wendy Hesford and Wendy Kozol, 33-55. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2005.
86. Fernandes, Leela. "The Boundaries of Terror: Feminism, Human Rights, and the Politics of Global Crisis." In Just Advocacy? Women’s Human Rights, Transnational Feminisms, and the Politics of Representation, edited by Wendy Hesford and Wendy Kozol, 56-74. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2005.
87. Fisk, Robert. "Game of Putting Hatred on Middle East Map," Arab News, March 4, 2007. www.arabnews.com/(accessed March 23, 2007).
88. Fitzgerald, Edward. Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám. Edited by Louis Untermeyer. New York: Random House, 1947.
89. Forbes, Robert and Terence Mitchell. American Tobacco Cards. Richmond, IN: Tuff Stuff Publications, 1999.
90. Foucault, Michel. The Archaeology of Knowledge. Translated by A.M. Sheridan Smith. New York: Pantheon, 1982.
91. Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Translated by Alan Sheridan. New York: Pantheon, 1977.
92. Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality. Translated by Robert Hurley. New York: Pantheon Books, 1978.
93. Fox, Richard Wightman and T.J. Jackson Lears, eds. The Culture of Consumption: Critical Essays in American History 1880-1980. New York: Pantheon Books, 1983.
94. Frueh, Joanna. "Essay." In Hannah Wilke: A Retrospective, edited by Thomas H. Kochheiser, 1-166. St. Louis: University of Missouri Press, 1989.
95. Geller, Katalin. Nineteenth-Century French Painting. Budapest, Hungary: Kossuth Printing House, 1985.
96. Gettleman, Jeffrey. "Unesco Intends to Put the Magic Back in Babylon." International Herald Tribune, April 21, 2006. www.iht.com/articles/2006/04/13/news/babylon.php (accessed June 9, 2007).
97. Gilman, Sander L. "Black Bodies, White Bodies: Toward an Iconography of Female Sexuality in Late Nineteenth-Century Art, Medicine, and Literature." Critical Inquiry 12 (1985): 204-241.
98. Gilman, Sander L. Difference and Pathology: Stereotypes of Sexuality, Race, and Madness. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1985.
99. Gilman, Sander and Zhou Xun, eds. Introduction to Smoke: A Global History of Smoking, edited by Sander Gilman and Zhou Xun, 9-28. London: Reaktion Books, 2004.
100. Goffman, Daniel. The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
101. Graham-Brown, Sarah. Images of Women: The Portrayal of Women in Photography of the Middle East, 1860-1950. London: Quartet, 1988.
102. Gramsci, Antonio. The Prison Notebooks. Translated by Lynne Lawner. New York: Harper and Row, 1975.
103. Greenberg, Gershon. "America-Holy Land and Religious Studies: On Expressing a Sacred Reality." In With Eyes Toward Zion III: Western Societies and the Holy Land, edited by Moshe Davis and Yehoshua Ben-Arieh, 50-62. New York: Praeger, 1991.
104. Grewal, Inderpal. Home and Harem: Nation, Gender, Empire, and the Cultures of Travel. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1996.
105. Grewal, Inderpal. Transnational America: Feminisms, Diasporas, Neoliberalisms. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005.
106. Grewal, Inderpal and Caren Kaplan. "Introduction." In Scattered Hegemonies: Postmodernity and Transnational Feminist Practices, edited by Inderpal Grewal and Caren Kaplan, 1-33. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994.
107. Groseclose, Barbara. Nineteenth-Century American Art. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
108. Grosrichard, Alain. The Sultan’s Court: European Fantasies of the East. Translated by Liz Heron. London: Verso, 1998.
109. el Guindi, Fadwa. Veil: Modesty, Privacy, and Resistance. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
110. Hall, Stuart. "Encoding, Decoding." In The Cultural Studies Reader, edited by Simon During, 2nd edition, 507-517. NY: Routledge, 1999.
111. Haraway, Donna. Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science. New York: Routledge, 1989.
112. Hartnett, Stephen John and Laura Ann Stengrim. Globalization and Empire: The U.S Invasion of Iraq, Free Markets and the Twilight of Democracy. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 2006.
113. Harvey, David. The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1989.
114. Harvey, David. A Short History of Neoliberalism. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
115. Hassan Trade Card, "Indian Life in the '60s’: Smoking to the Setting Sun," Warshaw Collection of Business Americana. Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Behring Center, Smithsonian Institution.
116. Helland, Shawna. "The Belly Dance: Ancient Ritual to Cabaret Performance." In Moving History, Dancing Cultures: A Dance History Reader, edited by Ann Dils and Ann Cooper Albright, 128-135. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2001.
117. Hesford, Wendy S. and Wendy Kozol. Introduction to Just Advocacy? Women’s Human Rights, Transnational Feminisms, and the Politics of Representation, edited by Wendy Hesford and Wendy Kozol, 1-29. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2005.
118. Hill Collins, Patricia. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. New York: Routledge, 1991.
119. Hinsley, Curtis M. "The World as Marketplace: Commodification of the Exotic at the World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893." In Exhibiting Cultures: The Poetics and Politics, edited by Ivan Karp and Steven D. Lavine, 344-365. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991.
120. Hirschkind, Charles and Saba Mahmood. "Feminism, the Taliban, and Politics of Counter-Insurgency." Anthropological Quarterly 72, no. 2 (2002): 339-354.
121. Hobsbawm, Eric. Introduction to The Invention of Tradition, edited by Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, 1-14. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
122. Honour, Hugh. The Image of the Black in Western Art IV, Part 2. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989.
123. Hoodfar, Homa. "The Veil in Their Minds and on Our Heads: Veiling Practices and Muslim Women." In The Politics of Culture in the Shadow of Capital, edited by Lisa Lowe and David Lloyd, 249-279. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997.
124. Hourani, Albert. A History of the Arab Peoples. New York: Warner Books, 1991.
125. Huntington, Samuel P. "The Clash of Civilizations?" Foreign Affairs 72, no. 3 (1993): 22-49.
126. In Search of the Afghan Girl, narrated by Sigourney Weaver, VHS, directed by Lawrence Cumbo. Los Angeles, CA: National Geographic Television (NGT), 2002.
127. Isaak, Jo Anna. "In Praise of Primary Narcissism: The Last Laughs of Jo Spence and Hannah Wilke." In Interfaces: Women, Autobiography, Image, Performance, edited by Sidonie Smith and Julia Watson, 49-68. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2002.
128. Jakobsen, Janet R. "Can Homosexuals End Western Civilization As We Know It? Family Values in a Global Economy." In Queer Globalizations: Citizenship and the Afterlife of Colonialism, edited by Arnaldo Cruz-Malavé and Martin F. Manalansan IV, 49-70. New York: New York University Press, 2002.
129. Jamal, Amaney and Nadine Naber, eds. Race and Arab Americans Before and After 9/11: From Invisible Citizens to Visible Subjects. New York: Syracuse University Press, 2007.
130. James, Stanlie M. and Claire C. Robertson, eds. Genital Cutting and Transnational Sisterhood: Disputing U.S. Polemics. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2002.
131. Jameson, Fredric. "Postmodernism, or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism." New Left Review 146 (1984): 53-92.
132. Jarmakani, Amira. "Belly Dancing for Liberation." In Arabs in the Americas: Interdisciplinary Essays on the Arab Diaspora, edited by Darcy Zabel, 145-168. New York: Peter Lang Press, 2006.
133. Jarmakani, Amira. "They Hate Our Freedom, But We Love Their Bellydance: The Spectacle of Belly Dancing in Contemporary U.S. Culture." In The Cultural Politics of the Middle East in the Americas, edited by Evelyn Alsultany and Ella Shohat. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, forthcoming.
134. Jarrasse, Dominique. Eighteenth Century French Painting. Translated by Murray Wyllie. Paris: Finest SA/Editions Pierre Terrail, 1998.
135. Jones, Amelia. Body Art: Performing the Subject. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998.
136. Kadi, Joanna, ed. Food for Our Grandmothers: Writings by Arab-American and Arab-Canadian Feminists. Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 1994.
137. Kahf, Mohja. "Packing ‘Huda’: Sha’rawi’s Memoirs in the United States Reception Environment." In Going Global: The Transnational Reception of Third World Women Writers, edited by Amal Amireh and Lisa Suhair Majaj, 148-172. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc., 2000.
138. Kahf, Mohja. Western Representations of the Muslim Woman: From Termagent to Odalisque. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1999.
139. Kalmar, Ivan Davidson. "The Houkah in the Harem: On Smoking and Orientalist Art." In Smoke: A Global History of Smoking, edited by Sander Gilman and Zhou Xun, 218-229. London: Reaktion Books, 2004.
140. Kaplan, Caren, Norma Alarcón and Minoo Moallem, eds. Between Woman and Nation: Nationalisms, Transnational Feminisms and the State. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1999.
141. Kasson, John F. Amusing the Million: Coney Island at the Turn of the Century. New York: Hill and Wang, 1978.
142. Kilmurray, Elaine and Richard Ormond. John Singer Sargent. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998.
143. Knauft, Bruce M., ed. Critically Modern: Alternatives, Alterities, Anthropologies. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002.
144. Laird, Pamela Walker. Advertising Progress: American Business and the Rise of Consumer Marketing. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.
145. Latifa. My Forbidden Face: Growing Up under the Taliban, A Young Woman’s Story. New York: Hyperion, 2001.
146. Lazreg, Marnia. The Eloquence of Silence: Algerian Women in Question. New York: Routledge, 1994.
147. Leach, William. Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture. New York: Pantheon Books, 1993.
148. Lears, T.J. Jackson. Fables of Abundance: A Cultural History of Advertising in America. New York: Basic Books, 1994.
149. Lears, T.J. Jackson. No Place of Grace: Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture 1880-1920. New York: Pantheon Books, 1981.
150. Lee, Robert G. Orientals: Asian Americans in Popular Culture. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1999.
151. Leibovitz, Annie. Women. New York: Random House, 2000.
152. Lemaires, Gérard-Georges. The Orient in Western Art. Translated by Peter Field Harriet de Blanco, Françoise Jones, and Doris Wolstencroft. Italy: Könemann, 2001.
153. Lewis, Bernard. Islam and the West. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
154. Lewis, Reina. Gendering Orientalism: Race, Femininity and Representation. New York: Routledge, 1996.
155. Little, Douglas. American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East since 1945. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.
156. Logan, Harriet. Unveiled: Voices of Women in Afghanistan. New York: Regan Books, 2002.
157. Long, Burke O. Imagining the Holy Land: Maps, Models, and Fantasy Travels. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2003.
158. Lopez, Donald S. Prisoners of Shangri-La: Tibetan Buddhism and the West. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.
159. Lorde, Audre. Sister Outsider. New York: Crossing Press, 1984.
160. Lott, Eric. Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
161. Lowe, Lisa. Critical Terrains: French and British Orientalisms. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991.
162. Lowe, Lisa. Immigrant Acts: On Asian American Cultural Politics. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1996.
163. Lutz, Catherine and Jane Collins. Reading National Geographic. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1993.
164. Ma, Sheng-mei. The Deathly Embrace: Orientalism and Asian American Identity. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000.
165. Mahmood, Saba. Politics of Piety: The Islamic Revival and the Feminist Subject. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005.
166. Maira, Sunaina. "Arab-Face and Indo-Chic: Belly Dancing, Orientalist Feminism, and U.S. Empire." In The Cultural Politics of the Middle East in the Americas, eds. Evelyn Alsultany and Ella Shohat. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, forthcoming.
167. Mamdani, Mahmood. Good Muslim, Bad Muslim: America, the Cold War and the Roots of Terror. New York: Pantheon Books, 2004.
168. McAlister, Melani. Epic Encounters: Culture, Media, and U.S. Interests in the Middle East 1945-2000. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.
169. McCarthy, Rory and Maev Kennedy. "Babylon Wrecked by War." The Guardian, January 15, 2005. www.arts.guardian.co.uk/news/story/0, 1391043,00.html/(accessed January 28, 2006).
170. McClintock, Anne. Imperial Leather: Race, Gender, and Sexuality in the Colonial Context. New York: Routledge, 1995.
171. McCurry, Steve. "Special Report." National Geographic 201, no. 4 (April 2002).
172. Mcginty, Stephen. "The Saga behind the Green Eyes." The Scotsman, March 16, 2002. www.lexis-nexis.com/(accessed July 16, 2006).
173. Mernissi, Fatima. Scheherazade Goes West: Different Cultures, Different Harems. New York: Washington Square Press, 2001.
174. Mernissi, Fatima. The Veil and the Male Elite: A Feminist Interpretation of Women’s Rights in Islam. Translated by Mary Jo Lakeland. New York: Addison-Wesley Publishing, 1991.
175. Miller, Angela. The Empire of the Eye: Landscape Representation and American Cultural Politics, 1825-1875. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993.
176. Miller, Perry. Errand into the Wilderness. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1956.
177. Mirzoeff, Nicholas. Watching Babylon: The War in Iraq and Global Visual Culture. New York: Routledge, 2005.
178. Mitchell, Dolores. "The ‘New Woman’ as Prometheus: Women Artists Depict Women Smoking." Women’s Art Journal 12, no. 1 (Spring/Summer 1991): 3-9.
179. Mitchell, Timothy. Colonising Egypt. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991.
180. Mitchell, Timothy, ed. Questions of Modernity. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000.
181. Mitchell, W.J.T. Iconology: Image, Text, Ideology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
182. Mitchell, W.J.T, ed. Landscape and Power. 2nd edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.
183. Moallem, Minoo. Between Warrior Brother and Veiled Sister: Islamic Fundamentalism and Patriarchy in Iran. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.
184. Mohanty, Chandra Talpade. "Cartographies of Struggle." In Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism, edited by Chandra Talpade Mohanty, Ann Russo, and Lourdes Torres, 1-47. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991.
185. Mohanty, Chandra Talpade. Feminism Without Borders: Decolonizing Theory, Practicing Solidarity. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2003.
186. Mohanty, Chandra Talpade. "Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses." Feminist Review 30 (1988): 61-88.
187. Montagu, Mary Wortley. Letters from Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, 1709-1762. Introduction by R. Brimley Johnson. Everyman’s Library 69. London: J.M. Dent and Sons, 1906.
188. Moraga, Cherríe and Gloria Anzaldúa, eds. This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color. New York: Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press, 1981.
189. Mulvey, Laura. "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema." Screen 16, no. 3 (1975): 6-18.
190. Naber, Nadine, Eman Desouky, and Lina Baroudi. "The Forgotten '-ism’: An Arab American Women’s Perspective on Zionism, Racism, and Sexism." In Color of Violence: The INCITE! Anthology, edited by Incite! Women of Color Against Violence, 97-112. Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 2006.
191. Narayan, Uma. Dislocating Cultures: Identities, Traditions, and Third World Feminism. New York: Routledge, 1997.
192. Nederveen, Pieterse Jan. White on Black: Images of Africa and Blacks in Western Popular Culture. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992.
193. Néret, Gilles. Eugène Delacroix: The Prince of Romanticism. Translated by Chris Miller. Köln: Taschen, 1999.
194. Newman, Cathy. "A Life Revealed," National Geographic 210, no. 4 (April 2002).
195. Nochlin, Linda. "The Imaginary Orient." Art in America 71, no. 5 (1983): 119-191.
196. Obenzinger, Hilton. American Palestine: Melville, Twain, and the Holy Land Mania. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999.
197. Okihiro, Gary Y. Common Ground: Reimagining American History. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001.
198. Omi, Michael and Howard Winant. Racial Formation in the United States. 2nd edition. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1994.
199. Ong, Aihwa. "Colonialism and Modernity: Feminist Re-presentations of Women in Non-Western Societies." In Feminism and "Race", edited by Kum-Kum Bhavnani, 108-118. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
200. Ormond, Richard. "Sargent’s Art." In John Singer Sargent, edited by Elaine Kilmurray and Richard Ormond, 23-43. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998.
201. Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd edition. 20 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.
202. Parker-Pope, Tara. Cigarettes: Anatomy of an Industry from Seed to Smoke. New York: New Press, 2001.
203. Parshall, Phil and Julie Parshall. Lifting the Veil: The World of Muslim Women. Portland, OR: Gabriel Publishing, 2003.
204. Peirce, Leslie P. The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
205. Petrone, Gerard S. Tobacco Advertising: The Great Seduction. Atlgen, PA: Schiffer, 1996.
206. Polk, Milby and Angela M. H. Schuster, eds. The Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad: The Legacy of Ancient Mesopotamia. New York: Harry Abrams, 2005.
207. Puar, Jasbir and Amit Rai. "Monster, Terrorist, Fag: The War on Terrorism and the Production of Docile Patriots." Social Text 20, no. 3 72. (2002): 117-148.
208. Quataert, Donald. The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
209. al-Rawi, Rosina-Fawzia. Grandmother’s Secrets: The Ancient Rituals and Healing Power of Belly Dancing. Translated by Monique Arav. New York: Interlink, 1999.
210. Robert, Joseph C. The Story of Tobacco in America. New York: Knopf, 1949.
211. Rofel, Lisa. Other Modernities: Gendered Yearnings in China After Socialism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.
212. Rosenblum, Robert. Ingres. New York: Harry Abrams, 1990.
213. Rosenthal, Donald A. Orientalism: The Near East in French Painting 1800-1880. New York: Memorial Art Gallery of the University of Rochester, 1982.
214. Rubin, Gayle. "Thinking Sex: Notes for a Radical Theory of the Politics of Sexuality." In Pleasure and Danger: Exploring Female Sexuality, edited by Carole S. Vance, 2nd edition, 267-319. London: Pandora Press, 1992.
215. Ruyter, Nancy Lee. "La Meri and Middle Eastern Dance." In Belly Dance: Orientalism, Transnationalism, and Harem Fantasy, edited by Anthony Shay and Barbara Sellers-Young, 207-220. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2005.
216. Rydell, Robert W. All the World’s a Fair: Visions of Empire at American International Expositions, 1876-1916. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.
217. Rydell, Robert W. "Rediscovering the 1893 Chicago World’s Columbian Exposition." In Revisiting the White City: American Art at the 1893 World’s Fair, by National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, 19-61. Hanover: University Press of New England, 1993.
218. Rydell, Robert W., John E. Findling, and Kimberly D. Pelle. Fair America: World’s Fairs in the United States. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2000.
219. Said, Edward. Beginnings: Intention and Method. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975.
220. Said, Edward. "The Clash of Ignorance." The Nation, October 22, 2001: 11-13.
221. Said, Edward. Covering Islam: How the Media and the Experts Determine How We See the Rest of the World. New York: Pantheon, 1981.
222. Said, Edward. Orientalism. New York: Vintage Books, 1978.
223. Said, Edward. "Orientalism Reconsidered." In Postcolonial Criticism, edited by Gareth Stanton and Willy Maley Bart Moore-Gilbert, 126-144. London: Longman, 1997.
224. Said, Edward. "Traveling Theory." In The World, the Text and the Critic, 226-247. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983.
225. Salaita, Steven. The Holy Land in Transit: Colonialism and the Quest for Canaan. New York: Syracuse University Press, 2006.
226. Saliba, Therese. "Arab Feminism at the Millennium." Signs: Journal of Women and Culture in Society 25, no. 4 (2000): 1087-1092.
227. Saliba, Therese. Introduction to Gender, Politics, and Islam, edited by Therese Saliba, Carolyn Allen, and Judith A. Howard, 1-13. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.
228. Saliba, Therese. "Military Presences and Absences." In Food for Our Grandmothers, edited by Joanna Kadi, 125-132. Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 1994.
229. Sandoval, Chela. Methodology of the Oppressed. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000.
230. Sasson, Jean. Princess: A True Story of Life behind the Veil in Saudi Arabia. Atlanta, GA: Windsor-Brooke Books, 2001.
231. Schaebler, Birgit. "Civilizing Others: Global Modernity and the Local Boundaries (French/German, Ottoman, and Arab) of Savagery." In Globalization and the Muslim World: Culture, Religion, and Modernity, edited by Birgit Schaebler and Leif Stenberg, 3-29. New York: Syracuse University Press, 2004.
232. Schueller, Malini Johar. U.S. Orientalisms: Race, Nation, and Gender in Literature, 1790-1890. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998.
233. "Seven Pleasures of the Exotic." CML The City Edition: Deals, Diversions and Direct Access for Camel’s Coveted Customers (2002): 13-17.
234. Shaarawi, Huda. Harem Years: The Memoirs of an Egyptian Feminist. Translated by Margot Badran. New York: Feminist Press, 1987.
235. Shaheen, Jack. Reel Bad Arabs: How Hollywood Villifies a People. New York: Olive Branch Press, 2001.
236. Shay, Anthony and Barbara Sellers-Young, eds. Belly Dance: Orientalism, Transnationalism and Harem Fantasy. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2005.
237. Shirazi, Faegheh. The Veil Unveiled: The Hijab in Modern Culture. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2001.
238. Shohat, Ella. "Area Studies, Transnationalism, and the Feminist Production of Knowledge." Signs: Journal of Women and Culture in Society 26, no. 4 (2001): 1269-1272.
239. Shohat, Ella. "Gender and Culture of Empire: Toward a Feminist Ethnography of Cinema." In Visions of the East: Orientalism in Film, edited by Matthew Bernstein and Gaylyn Studlar, 19-66. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1997.
240. Shohat, Ella. Introduction to Talking Visions: Multicultural Feminism in a Transnational Age, edited by Ella Shohat, 1-62. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998.
241. Shohat, Ella. "Notes on the ‘Post-Colonial’." Social Text 31/32 (1992): 99-113.
242. Shohat, Ella and Robert Stam. Unthinking Eurocentrism: Multiculturalism and the Media. New York: Routledge, 1994.
243. Smith, Henry Nash. Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1950.
244. Smith, Joseph. "Within the Midway Plaisance." Illustrated American, Special Number (1893): 59-73. In Warshaw Collection of Business Americana. Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Behring Center, Smithsonian Institution.
245. Sontag, Susan. "A Photograph Is Not an Opinion. Or Is It?" In Women, by Annie Leibovitz, 18-36. New York: Random House, 1999.
246. Sontag, Susan. Regarding the Pain of Others. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2003.
247. Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. "Can the Subaltern Speak?" In Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, edited by Cary Nelson and Lawrence Grossberg, 271-313. Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan Education, 1988.
248. Steele, Jeffrey. "Reduced to Images: American Indians in Nineteenth-Century Advertising." In The Gender and Consumer Culture Reader, edited by Jennifer Scanlon, 109-128. New York: New York University Press, 2000.
249. Steet, Linda. Veils and Daggers: A Century of National Geographic’s Representations of the Arab World. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2000.
250. "Street in Cairo." In Warshaw Collection of Business Americana. Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Behring Center, Smithsonian Institution, 1893.
251. Stockton, Ronald. "Ethnic Archetypes and the Arab Image." In The Development of Arab-American Identity, edited by Ernest McCarus, 119-153. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994.
252. Stoler, Ann Laura. Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault’s History of Sexuality and the Colonial Order of Things. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1995.
253. Suleiman, Michael W., ed. Arabs in America: Building a New Future. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1999.
254. Tagg, John. The Burden of Representation: Essays on Photographies and Histories. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993.
255. Tate, Cassandra. Cigarette Wars: The Triumph of "the Little White Slaver". New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
256. Tchen, John Kuo Wei. New York before Chinatown: Orientalism and the Shaping of American Culture. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.
257. Thompson, E.P. Customs in Common: Studies in Traditional Popular Culture. New York: New Press, 1993.
258. Thomson, Rosemarie Garland. Extraordinary Bodies: Figuring Physical Disability in American Culture and Literature. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.
259. Thomson, Rosemarie Garland, ed. Freakery: Cultural Spectacles of the Extraordinary Body. New York: New York University Press, 1996.
260. Tobacco Merchants Association of the United States. The TMA Directory of Cigarette Brand Names 1913-1977. New York: Tobacco Merchants Assoc., 1978.
261. Trachtenberg, Alan. The Incorporation of America: Culture and Society in the Gilded Age. New York: Hill and Wang, 1982.
262. Trachtenberg, Alan. Reading American Photographs: Images as History, Mathew Brady to Walker Evans. New York: Noonday Press, 1990.
263. Truman, Ben C., ed. History of the World’s Fair: Being a Complete and Authentic Description of the Columbian Exposition from Its Inception. Philadelphia, PA: Mammoth Publishing Co., 1893.
264. Under One Sky: Arab Women in North America Talk About the Hijab, VHS, directed by Jennifer Kawaja. Ottawa, Ontario: National Film Board of Canada, 1999.
265. Untermeyer, Louis. Introduction to Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám, translated by Edward Fitzgerald, vii-xxii. New York: Random House, 1947.
266. U.S. Government, "President’s Radio Address from Shanghai, China," October 20, 2001. www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/10/print/20011020-4.html (accessed November 12, 2007).
267. U.S. Government, "Radio Address by Laura Bush to the Nation," November 17, 2001. web.archive.org/web/20021102074651/www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/11/20011117.html (accessed April 24, 2007).
268. U.S. Government, "Radio Address of the President to the Nation," October 6, 2001. www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/10/print/20011006. html (accessed November 12, 2007).
269. U.S. Government, "World Freedom Day Proclamation," November 9, 2001. www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/11/20011109-23.html (accessed November 12, 2007).
270. Vanishing City: A Photographic Encyclopedia of the World’s Columbian Exposition. Chicago: Laird & Lee, 1893.
271. Vejnoska, Jill. "Return to War-torn Landscape Leads Photographer to Reunion." The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, March 15, 2002, 3E. www.lexis-nexis.com/(accessed July 16, 2006).
272. Vogel, Lester I. To See a Promised Land: Americans and the Hold Land in the Nineteenth Century. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1993.
273. Weber, Carl J. Fitzgerald’s Rubaiyat, Centennial Edition. Waterville, ME: Colby College Press, 1959.
274. Weber, Max. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. London: Allen & Unwin Press, 1930. Reprinted with Introduction by Anthony Giddens, translated by Talcott Parsons. New York: Routledge, 2001.
275. Williams, Raymond. The Country and the City. New York: Oxford University Press, 1976.
276. Williams, Raymond. Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. Revised Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983.
277. Williams, Raymond. Marxism and Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978.
278. Winnubst, Shannon. Queering Freedom. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006.
279. "World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893: Department of Ethnology and Archaeology." In Warshaw Collection of Business Americana. Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Behring Center, Smithsonian Institution, 1893.
280. Yeazell, Ruth Bernard. Harems of the Mind: Passages of Western Art and Literature. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000.
281. Zafran, Eric M. The Rococo Age. Atlanta, GA: High Museum of Art, 1983.
282. Zuffi, Stefano. Titian. Translated by Richard Sadleir. Milan: Electa, 1995.