Are natural resource windfalls a blessing or a curse in democratic settings? Globalised assemblages and the problematic impacts of oil on Ghana's development

Resources Policy

Volumn 52, Issue , 2017, Pages 122-133

  Siakwah, Pius ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG   (South Africa)

Author keywords

ANT; Assemblages; Democracy; Ghana; Relational; Resource curse

Indexed keywords

ASSOCIATION REACTIONS; PUBLIC POLICY; SOCIAL SCIENCES; SOCIAL SCIENCES COMPUTING;

ASSEMBLAGES; DEMOCRACY; GHANA; RELATIONAL; RESOURCE CURSE;

ECONOMICS;

ACTOR NETWORK THEORY; DEMOCRACY; ECONOMIC STRUCTURE; NATURAL RESOURCE; POLITICAL ECONOMY;

GHANA;

EID: 85013856343     PISSN: 03014207     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2017.02.008     Document Type: Article

References (182)

1. ACEP, 2014. Three Years of Petroleum Revenue Management in Ghana: Transparency Without Accountability. ACEP Public Interest Report, Accra, Ghana.
2. Agbefu, R.M.E., 2011. The Discovery of Oil in Ghana: Meeting the Expectations of Local People (unpublished MPhil thesis). University of Oslo, Oslo.
3. Auty, R.M., 1993. Sustaining Development in Mineral Economies: The Resource Curse Thesis. Routledge, London.
4. Alcadipani, A., Hassard, J., Actor-network theory, organizations and critique: towards a politics of organizing. Organization 17:4 (2010), 419–435.
5. Alexeev, M., Conrad, R., The elusive curse of oil. Rev. Econ. Stat. 91:3 (2009), 586–598.
6. Anaman, K., Effective Decentralization: A Key to Managing Expectations of People in Ghana's Oil Discovery. 2009, Mimeograph, Accra, Ghana.
7. Andrews, N., Community expectations from Ghana's new oil find: conceptualizing corporate social responsibility as a grassroots-oriented process. Afr. Today 60:1 (2013), 55–75.
8. Asafu-Adjaye, J., Oil production and Ghana's economy: what can we expect?. Ghana Policy J., 2010, 35–49.
9. Asafu-Adjaye, J., 2009. Harnessing Ghana's Oil and Gas Revenues for Sustainable Development. Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA), Monograph Series. Ghana, Accra.
10. Asante, K., 2009. Managing Peoples' Expectations for Ghana's Oil, Mimeograph.
11. Auty, R.M., Resource-Based Industrialisation: Sowing the Oil in Eight Developing Countries. 1990, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
12. Auty, R.M., Natural resources, the state and development strategy. J. Int. Dev. 9 (1997), 651–663.
13. Auty, R.M., The political economy of resource-driven growth. Eur. Econ. Rev. 45 (2001), 839–846.
14. Auty, R.M., 1998. Resource Abundance and Economic Development. UNU – World Institute for Development Economics Research. Oxford University Press, Helsinki.
15. Awal, M., Ghana: democracy, economic reform, and development, 1993–2008. J. Sustain. Dev. Afr. 14:1 (2012), 97–118.
16. Barnes, T., Sheppard, E., Nothing includes everything: towards engaged pluralism in Anglophone economic geography. Prog. Hum. Geogr. 34:2 (2009), 193–214.
17. Bayart, J.F., The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly. 1993, Longman, London.
18. Bodin, O., Crona, B.I., The role of social networks in natural resource governance: what relational patterns make a difference. Glob. Environ. Change 19 (2009), 366–374.
19. BOG (2005–2015). Bank of Ghana Annual Report 2015. Accra, Ghana.
20. Boyce, J.R., Emery, J.C.H., Is a negative correlation between resource abundance and growth sufficient evidence that there is a resource curse?. Resour. Policy 36 (2011), 1–13.
21. Bradshaw, M., Global Energy Dilemmas: Energy Security, Globalization, and Climate Change. 2014, Polity Press, Cambridge.
22. Bratton, M., The ‘alternation effect’ in Africa. J. Democr. 15:4 (2004), 148–158.
23. Bridge, G., Global production networks and the extractive sector: governing resource-based development. J. Econ. Geogr. 8 (2008), 389–419.
24. Bridge, G., Le Billion, P., Oil, 2013, Polity Press, Cambridge.
25. Brown, S.D., Michel Serres: science, translation and the logic of the parasite. Theory Cult. Soc. 19:3 (2002), 1–27.
26. Brunnschweiler, C., Bulte, E., The resource curse revisited and revised: a tale of paradoxes and red herrings. J. Environ. Econ. Manag. 55 (2008), 248–264.
27. Brunnschweiler, C.N., Cursing the blessings? Natural-resource abundance, institutions and economic growth. World Dev. 36:3 (2008), 399–419.
28. Buchberger, C., Ghana and its oil: is democracy at risk?. Friedrich Ebert Stift., 2011, 1–16.
29. Bulte, E.H., Damania, R., Deacon, R.T., Resource intensity, institutions and development. World Dev. 33 (2005), 1029–1044.
30. Bunge, M., Chasing Reality: Strife Over Realism. 2006, University of Toronto Press, Toronto.
31. Callon, M., Struggles and negotiations to define what is problematic and what is not: the socio-logic of translation. Knorr., K., Krohn, R., Whitley, R., (eds.) The Social Process of Scientific Investigation, 1981, Reidel Publishing, Dordrecht, Holland.
32. Callon, M., Some elements of a sociology of translation: domestication of the scallops and the fishermen of St. Brieux Bay. Law, J., (eds.) Power, Action and Belief: A New Sociology of Knowledge?, 1986 KeeIe: Sociological Review Monograph.
33. Calvert, K., Simandan, D., Energy, space, and society: a reassessment of the changing landscape of energy production, distribution, and use. Niger. Extr. Econ. 16:1 (2010), 13–37.
34. Carmody, P., Cruciform sovereignty, matrix governance and the scramble for Africa's oil: insights from Chad and Sudan. Polit. Geogr. 28 (2009), 353–361.
35. Carmody, P., The New Scramble for African. 2011, Polity Press, Cambridge.
36. Castells, M., The Rise of Network Society, 2nd ed., 2000, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
37. Chabal, P., Power in Africa: An Essay in Political Interpretation. 1992, MacMillan, London.
38. Chazan, N., The political transformation of Ghana under the PNDC. Rothchild, D., (eds.) Ghana: The Political Economy of Recovery, 1991, Lynne Rienner, Boulder, Colorado.
39. Chindo, M., Naibbi, A.I., Abdullahi, A., The Nigerian extractive economy and development. J. Stud. Res. Hum. Geogr. 8:2 (2014), 71–87.
40. CHRAJ (2009–2014). Commission on Human Right and Administrative Justice [CHRAJ] Annual Report. Accra, Ghana.
41. Coe, N.M., Dicken, P., Hess, M., Global production networks: realizing the potential. J. Econ. Geogr. 8 (2008), 271–295.
42. Coe, N.M., Hess, M., Yeung, H., Dicken, P., Henderson, J., Globalizing regional development: a global production networks perspective. Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr. 29:4 (2004), 468–485.
43. Collier, P., The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries Are Failing and What Can Be Done About It. 2008, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
44. Collier, P., The Plundered Planet: How to Reconcile Prosperity with Nature. 2010, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
45. Collier, P., Goderis, B., 2007. Commodity Prices, Growth, and the Natural Resource Curse: Reconciling A Conundrum. Centre for the Study of African Economies, Department of Economics, University of Oxford.
46. Corden, W.M., Neary, P.J., Booming sector and de-industrialization in a small open economy. Econ. J. 92 (1982), 825–848.
47. Crawford, C., Actor network theory. Ritzer, G., (eds.) Encyclopedia of Social Theory, 2005, Sage, Thousand Oaks.
48. Crawford, G., 2004. The European Union and Democracy Promotion in Africa: The Case of Ghana. University of Leeds, February 2004, Polis Working Paper 10.
49. Cressman, D., 2009. A Brief Overview of Actor-network Theory: Punctualization, Heterogeneous Engineering and Translation. Centre for Policy Research on Science and Technology, School of Communication. Simon Fraser University, April 2009.
50. Dehn, J., 2000. Commodity Price Uncertainty and Shocks: Implications for Economic Growth. Centre for the Study of African Economies. University of Oxford, pp. 1–48.
51. Dicken, P., Global Shift: Mapping the Changing Contours of the World Economy, 6th ed., 2011, Sage, London.
52. Doolin, B., Lowe, A., To reveal is to critique: actor-network theory and critical information systems research. J. Inf. Technol. 17 (2002), 69–78.
53. EITI, 2011. Extracting Data: An Overview of EITI Reports, 2005–2011.
54. EITI, The EITI Standards. 2013, EITI International Secretariat, Oslo, Norway.
55. Ernst, D., Kim, L., Global production networks, knowledge diffusion, and local capability formation. Res. Policy 31 (2002), 1417–1429.
56. Ewusi, K., Policies and Options for Ghana's Economic Development, Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research (ISSER). 2013, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra.
57. Ewusi, K., From recovery to transformation of Ghana's economy: policies and options. Ewusi, K., (eds.) Policies and Options for Ghana's Economic Development, 2013, ISSER, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra.
58. Frimpong-Ansah, J., The Vampire State in Africa: The Political Economy of Economic Decline in Ghana. 1991, Africa World Press, New Jersey.
59. Gary, I., Ghana's Big Test: Oil's Challenge to Democratic Development. 2009, Oxfam America (USA) and Integrated Social Development Centre (ISODEC), Accra, Ghana.
60. Gelb, A.H., Windfall Gains: Blessing or Curse?. 1988, Oxford University Press, New York.
61. GII (2010–2015), Ghana Integrity Initiative Report 2015. GII, Accra, Ghana.
62. Ginsburg, N., Natural resources and economic development. Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr. 47 (1957), 197–212.
63. GSS (2009–2015). Ghana's Economic Performance 2015. GSS, Accra, Ghana.
64. Gunton, T., Natural resources and regional development: an assessment of dependency and comparative advantage paradigms. Econ. Geogr. 79:1 (2003), 67–94.
65. Gylfason, T., Natural resources, education and economic development. Eur. Econ. Rev. 45 (2001), 847–859.
66. Harvey, D., A Brief History of Neoliberalism. 2005, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
67. Harvey, D., The Enigma of Capital. 2011, Profile Books, London.
68. Heal, G., Are oil producers rich?. Humphreys., M., Sachs., J., Stiglitz, J.E., (eds.) Escaping the Resource Curse, 2007, Columbia University Press, New York.
69. Hess, M., Spatial relationships? Towards a reconceptualization of embeddedness. Prog. Hum. Geogr. 28 (2004), 165–186.
70. Heum, P., 2008. Local Content Development: Experiences from Oil and Gas Activities in Norway. Institute for Research in Economics and Business Administration (SNF). February, Working Paper 2, Bergen, 8, pp. 1–18.
71. Higgins, B., Economic Development: Problems, Principles, and Policies. 1968, WW Norton Company, New York.
72. Holifield, R., Actor-network theory as a critical approach to environmental justice: a case against synthesis with urban political ecology. Antipode 41:4 (2009), 637–658.
73. Hudson, R., Economic Geographies: Circuits, Flows and Spaces. 2005, Sage, London.
74. Human Development Report [HDR], 2013. UNDP.
75. Human Development Report [HDR], 2014. UNDP.
76. Human Development Report [HDR], 2015. UNDP.
77. Human Development Report [HDR], 2012. UNDP.
78. Humphreys, M., Sachs, D., Stiglitz, J., Escaping the Resource Curse, 2007, Columbia University Press, New York.
79. Hutchful, E., Ghana's Adjustment Experience: The Paradox of Reform. 2002, James Currey, Oxford.
80. IEA, IEA Roundtable Discussion: Public Financial Management and Ghana's Debt Profile. 2015, Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA), Accra, Ghana.
81. IMF, 2009. Ghana: Staff Report for the 2009. Consultation and Request for a Three-year Arrangement under the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility. IMF, Washington DC.
82. ISODEC, 2014. Oil and Gas our Last Frontier for Economic and Structural Transformation. Ghana Oil and Gas Economic Impact Report 2014. ISODEC, Accra, Ghana.
83. ISSER (2009–2015). State of the Ghanaian Economy 2015. ISSER, Accra, Legon.
84. Jerven, M., Africa: Why Economist Get It Wrong. 2015, Zed Books, London.
85. Johannesson, G.T., Bærenholdt, J.O., Actor-network theory/network geographies. Int. Encycl. Hum. Geogr., 2009, 15–19.
86. Jones, A., Beyond embeddedness: economic practices and the invisible dimensions of transnational business activity. Prog. Hum. Geogr. 32:1 (2008), 71–88.
87. Kapucinksi, R., Shah of Shahs. 1982, Vintage Press, New York.
88. Karl, T.L., The Paradox of Plenty: Oil Booms and Petro-States. 1997, University of California Press, California.
89. Karl, T.L., 2003. Bottom of the Barrel: Africa's Oil Boom and the Poor. Catholic Relief Services, June 2003.
90. Karl, T.L., Oil-led development: social, political, and economic consequences. Encycl. Energy 4 (2004), 661–672.
91. Karl, T.L., Ensuring fairness: the case for a transparent fiscal social contract. Humphreys., M., Sachs., J.D., Stiglitz, J.E., (eds.) Escaping the Resource Curse, 2007, Columbia University Press, New York.
92. Kelsall, T., Business, Politics and the State in Africa: Challenging the Orthodoxies on Growth and Transformation. 2013, Zed Books, London.
93. Khan, M.H., 2010. Political Settlements and the Governance of Growth Enhancing Institutions.
94. Krueger, A., Trade policy as an input to development. Am. Econ. Rev. 70:2 (1980), 288–292.
95. Kwakye, J.K., Ghana's Debt Profile and Sustainability. 2012, Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA), Monograph, Accra, Ghana.
96. Latour, B., The Pasteurization of France. 1988, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
97. Latour, B., Society is technology made durable. Law, J., (eds.) A Sociology of Monsters, Essays on Power, Technology and Domination, 1991, Routledge, London.
98. Latour, B., On recalling ANT. Law, J., Hassard, J., (eds.) Actor Network and After, 1999, Blackwell, Oxford.
99. Latour, B., Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor Network Theory. 2005, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
100. Law, J., Organizing Modernity. 1994, Blackwell Publishers, Oxford.
101. Law, J., After ANT: complexity, naming and topology. Law, J., Hassard, J., (eds.) Actor Network Theory and After, 1999, Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, 1–15.
102. Law, J., Actor network theory and material semiotics. Turner, B.S., (eds.) The New Blackwell Companion to Social Theory, 2009, Blackwell Publishers, Oxford.
103. Law, J., (Ed.)., 1986. Power, Action and Belief: A New Sociology of Knowledge? Keele: KeeIe Sociological Review Monograph.
104. Law, J., 2011. Heterogeneous Engineering and Tinkering. Centre for Research on Socio-Cultural Change (CRESC), Faculty of Social Sciences. The Open University, Walton Hall, pp. 1–18.
105. Lee, R., Shelter from the storm? Geographies of regard in the worlds of horticultural consumption and production. Geoforum 31 (2000), 137–157.
106. Lee, R., Nice maps. Shame about the theory? Thinking geographically about the economic. Prog. Hum. Geogr. 26 (2002), 333–355.
107. Lee, R., The ordinary economy: tangled up in values and geography. Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr. 31:4 (2006), 41–432.
108. Lee, R., Leyshon, A., Smith, A., Rethinking economies/economic geographies. Geoforum 39 (2008), 1111–1115.
109. Lee, R., Leyshon, A., Aldridge, T., Tooke, J., Williams, C., Thrift, N., Making geographies and histories? Constructing local circuits of value. Environ. Plan. D: Soc. Space 22:4 (2004), 595–617.
110. Levy, B., Walton, M., 2013. Institutions, Incentives and Service Provision: Bringing Politics Back In. Effective State and Inclusive Development (ESID) Working Paper 18, pp. 1–40.
111. Lorimer, J., Posthumanism/posthumanistic geographies. Int. Encycl. Hum. Geogr., 2009, 344–354.
112. Lowi, M., Oil Wealth and Poverty of Politics: Algeria Compared. 2009, Cambridge University Press, New York.
113. Maass, P., Crude World; The Violent Twilight of Oil. 2009, Penguin Books, London.
114. Manteaw, S., Ghana's EITI: lessons from mining and policy implications for oil. Ghana Policy J., 2010, 96–109.
115. Martin, R., Roepke lecture in economic geography—rethinking regional path dependence: beyond lock-in to evolution. Econ. Geogr. 86:1 (2010), 1–27.
116. Mayo, D., Error and the Growth of Experimental Knowledge. 1996, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
117. Mehlum, H., Moene, K., Torvik, R., Institutions and the resource curse. Econ. J. 116 (2006), 1–20.
118. Mitchell, K., Networks of ethnicity. Sheppard, E., Barnes, T., (eds.) A Companion of Economic Geography, 2000, Blackwell Publishers, Oxford.
119. MOFEP (2008–2016) Budget Statement and Economic Policy 2016. Accra, Ghana.
120. Mogalakwe, M., Botswana: an African miracle or a case of mistaken identity?. Pula: Botsw. J. Afr. Stud. 17:1 (2003), 85–94.
121. Mol, A., Ontological politics: a word and the same question. Law, J., Hassard, J., (eds.) Actor Network Theory and After, 1999, Blackwell Publishers, Oxford.
122. Morris, M., Kaplinsky, R., Kaplan, D., One Thing Leads to Another Promoting Industrialisation by Making the Most of the Commodity Boom in Sub-Saharan Africa. 2012, Zed Books, London.
123. Moss, T., Oil to Cash: Fighting the Resource Curse through Cash Transfers. 2011, Center for Global Development, Washington D.C, 237.
124. Moss, T., Young, L., Saving Ghana from Its Oil: The Case for Direct Cash Distribution. 2009, Center for Global Development, Washington D.C, 186.
125. Müller, M., Schurr, C., Assemblage thinking and actor‐network theory: conjunctions, disjunctions, cross‐fertilisations. Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr. 41:3 (2016), 217–229.
126. Neuman, W.L., Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, 7th ed., 2011, Allyn and Bacon, Boston.
127. NORAD, 2013. Facing the Resource Curse: Norway's Oil for Development Program. Oslo.
128. Nortey, E.N.N., Ngoh, D.D., Doku-Amponsah, K., Ofori-Boateng, K., Modelling inflation rates and exchange rates in Ghana: application of multivariate GARCH models. SpringerPlus 4:86 (2015), 1–10.
129. Obeng-Odoom, F., Resource curse or blessing in Africa's oil cities? Empirical evidence from Sekondi-Takoradi, West Africa. City Cult. Soc. 4 (2013), 229–240.
130. Obeng-Odoom, F., Oiling the Urban Economy: Land, Labour, Capital, and the State in Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana. 2014, Routledge, London.
131. Obeng-Odoom, F., Sex, oil, and temporary migration: the case of Vienna city, Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana. Extr. Ind. Soc. 1 (2014), 69–74.
132. Obeng-Odoom, F., Urban property taxation, revenue generation and redistribution in a frontier oil city. Cities 36 (2014), 58–64.
133. Obeng-Odoom, F., Measuring what? ‘Success’ and ‘failure’ in Ghana's oil industry. Soc. Nat. Resour. 27:6 (2014), 656–670.
134. Obeng-Odoom, F., Oil boom, human capital and economic development: some recent evidence. Econ. Labour Relat. Rev., 2015, 1–17.
135. Obeng-Odoom, F., 2015b. Oil Rents, Policy and Social Development Lessons from the Ghana Controversy. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD), Working Paper 2015-2, pp. 1–24.
136. Oliveira, R., Oil and Politics in the Gulf of Guinea. 2007, Hurst and Company Publishers Ltd, London.
137. Oliveira, R., Magnificent and Beggar: Angola Since The Civil War. 2010, Hurst and Company Publishers Ltd, London.
138. Phillips, L.J., Hailwood, E., Brooks, A., Sovereignty, the ‘resource curse’ and the limits of good governance: a political economy of oil in Ghana. Rev. Afr. Polit. Econ., 2015, 1–19, 10.1080/03056244.2015.1049520.
139. PIAC, 2012. Public Interest and Accountability Committee [PIAC] Report, 2012. Accra, Ghana.
140. Planitz, E., Kuzu, D., 2014. Oil Production and Its Impact on the Livelihood of Communities in Ghana. Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES), pp. 1–78.
141. Ploeg van der, F., Natural resources: curse or blessing?. J. Econ. Lit. 49:2 (2011), 366–420.
142. Ploeg van der, F., Venables, A.J., 2011. Natural Resource Wealth: The Challenge of Managing A Windfall. Centre for Economic Policy Research, December 2011, Discussion Paper 8694.
143. Prytherch, D.L., Book review: urban assemblages: how actor-network theory changes urban studies. Prog. Hum. Geogr. 35:6 (2011), 855–856.
144. Rimmer, D., Staying Poor: Ghana's Political Economy 1950–1990. 1992, Pergamon Press, Oxford (for The World Bank).
145. Ross, M.L., Oil, drugs and diamonds: the varying roles of natural resources in civil war. Ballentine, K., Sherman, J., (eds.) The Political Economy of Armed Conflict, 2003, Lynne Rienner, Boulder, CO, 47–72.
146. Ross, M.L., The Oil Curse: How Petroleum Wealth Shapes the Development of Nations. 2012, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
147. Ross, M.L., The politics of the resource curse: a review. Lancaster, C., van de Walle, N., (eds.) The Handbook on the Politics of Development, 2013, Oxford University Press, Lancaster, Oxford, 1–29.
148. Rosser, A., 2006. The Political Economy of the Resource Curse: A Literature Survey. Institute of Development (IDS), Working Paper 268, pp. 1–36.
149. Rungi, A., 2012. Global Value Chains, State Ownership and Natural Resources: EU Policy on Natural Resources. Polinares Working Paper, 47, April 2012.
150. Sachs, J.D., Warner, A.M., 1995. Natural Resource Abundance and Economic Growth. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, Working Paper 5398.
151. Sachs, J.D., Warner, A.M., Sources of slow growth in African economies. J. Afr. Econ. 6:3 (1997), 335–376.
152. Sachs, J.D., Warner, A.M., The big push, natural resource booms and growth. J. Dev. Econ. 59 (1999), 43–76.
153. Sachs, J.D., Warner, A.M., Natural resources and economic development the curse of natural resources. Eur. Econ. Rev. 45 (2001), 827–838.
154. Sala-i-Martin, X., Subramanian, A., Addressing the natural resource curse: an illustration from Nigeria. NBER Work. Pap. Ser., 2003, 9804.
155. Samatar, A.I., An African Miracle: State and Class Leadership and Colonial Legacy in Botswana Development. 1999, Heinemann, Portsmouth.
156. Sheppard, E., Geography, nature, and the question of development. Dialogues Hum. Geogr. 1:1 (2011), 46–75.
157. Siakwah, P., Are Natural Resource Windfalls a Blessing or a Curse in Democratic Settings: A Case Study – Ghana? (Ph.D. thesis). 2016, Trinity College, Dublin.
158. Simandan, D., Is engaged pluralism the best way ahead for economic geography? Commentary on Barnes and Sheppard. Prog. Hum. Geogr. 35 (2011), 568–572.
159. Simandan, D., Options for moving beyond the canonical model of regional path dependence. Int. J. Urban Reg. Res. 36:1 (2012), 172–178.
160. Smith, J., Biofuels and the Globalization of Risk: The Biggest Change in North-South Relationships since Colonialism. 2010, Zed Books, London.
161. Smith, R.G., World city actor-networks. Prog. Hum. Geogr. 27:1 (2003), 25–44.
162. Stein, N.A., New directions in natural resource management: the offer of actor Network theory. IDS Bull. 32:4 (2001), 18–25.
163. Stevens, P., Resource impact: curse or blessing? A literature survey. J. Energy Lit. 9:1 (2003), 3–42.
164. Stevens, P., The resource curse revisited appendix: a literature review. Energy Environ. Resour., 2015, 1–42.
165. Swyngedouw, E., Impossible/undesirable sustainability and the post-political condition. Krueger, R., Gibbs, D., (eds.) The Sustainable Development Paradox, 2007, Guilford Press, New York.
166. Taylor, I., Dependency redux: why Africa is not rising. Rev. Afr. Polit. Econ. 43:147 (2016), 8–25.
167. Taylor, I., Africa after the China boom. Current History 115:781 (2016), 193–196.
168. TI (2008–2015) Transparency International 2015 Corruption Index Report. TI, Berlin.
169. Torres, N., Afonso, O., Soares, I., 2013. A Survey of Literature on the Resource Curse: Critical Analysis of the Main Explanations, Empirical Tests and Resource Proxies. Faculty of Economics, University of Porto, Working Paper 2, pp. 1–24.
170. Tullow, 2013. Annual Report. Tullow, Accra, Ghana.
171. UNDP, 2011. Managing Natural Resources for Human Development in Low-income Countries. WP 2011 – 002, December 2011, Regional Office for Africa.
172. UNECA, 2012. African Economic Outlook. Botswana.
173. Watts, M., Economies of violence: more oil, more blood. Econ. Polit. Wkly. 38:48 (2003), 5089–5099.
174. Watts, M., Oil, development, and the politics of the bottom billion. Macalaster Int. 24 (2009), 79–130.
175. Watts, M., The rule of oil: petro-politics and the anatomy of an insurgency. J. Afr. Dev. 11:2 (2010), 1–34.
176. Watts, M., 2008. Imperial Oil: The Anatomy of A Nigerian Oil Insurgency. Economies of Violence, Working Paper 17, pp. 1–20.
177. Whitfield, L., 2009. The New ‘New Poverty Agenda’ in Ghana: What Impact? DIIS Working Paper, 15. Copenhagen, Denmark.
178. Whitfield, L., Buur, L., The politics of industrial policy: ruling elites and their alliances. Third World Q. 35:1 (2014), 126–144.
179. Whitfield, L., Therkildsen, O., Buur, L., Kjaer, A.M., The Politics of African Industrial Policy: A Comparative Perspective. 2015, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
180. Whitfield, L., 2011. Competitive Clientelism, Easy Financing and Weak Capitalists: The Contemporary Political Settlement in Ghana. Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS), Working Paper 2011, 27.
181. World Bank, 2010. International Development Association Country Assistance Strategy Progress Report for the Republic of Ghana. Report no. 52988. Washington D.C., pp. 1–58.
182. Wright, G., Czelusta, J., Why economies slow: the myth of the resource curse. Challenge 47:2 (2004), 6–38.