Bark beetle–fungus symbioses

Insect Symbiosis

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 97-114

  Six, Diana L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85013852715     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/9780203009918     Document Type: Chapter

References (105)

1. Abrahamson, L.P. and Norris, D.M. (1970). Symbiontic interrelationships between microbes and ambrosia beetles. V. Amino acids as a source of nitrogen to the fungi in the beetle. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 63: 177-180.
2. Amman, G.D. (1972). Some factors affecting oviposition behavior of the mountain pine beetle. Environ. Entomol. 1: 691-695.
3. Anderbrant, O. (1988). Survival of parent and brood adult bark beetles, Ips typographus, in relation to size, lipid content and re-emergence or emergence day. Physiol. Entomol. 13: 121-129.
4. Atkins, M.D. (1969). Lipid loss with flight in the Douglas-fir beetle. Can. Entomol. 101: 164-165.
5. Ayres, M.P., Wilkens, R.T., Ruel, J.J., Lombardero, M.J., and Vallery, E. (2000). Nitrogen budgets of phloemfeeding bark beetles with and without symbiotic fungi (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Ecology 81: 2198-2210.
6. Barras, S.J. (1970). Antagonism between Dendroctonus frontalis and the fungus Ceratocystis minor. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 63: 1187-1190.
7. Barras, S.J. (1973). Reduction of progeny and development in the southern pine beetle following removal of symbiotic fungi. Can. Entomol. 105: 1295-1299.
8. Barras, S.J. and Hodges, J.D. (1974). Weight, moisture, and lipid changes during the life cycle of the southern pine beetle. USDA Forest Service Experimental Station Research Note SO-178.
9. Barras, S.J. and Perry, T. (1971). Gland cells and fungi associated with prothoracic mycangium of Dendroctonus adjunctus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 64: 123-126.
10. Barras, S.J. and Perry, T. (1972). Fungal symbionts in the prothoracic mycangium of Dendroctonus frontalis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Z. Angew. Entomol. 71: 95-104.
11. Batra, L.R. (1963). Ecology of ambrosia fungi and their dissemination by beetles. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 66: 213-236.
12. Batra, L.R. (1966). Ambrosia fungi: extent of specificity to ambrosia beetles. Science 153: 193-195.
13. Beaver, R.A. (1986). The taxonomy, mycangia, and biology of Hypothenemus curtipennis (Schedl), the first known cryphaline ambrosia beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Entomol. Scand. 17: 131-135.
14. Beaver, R.A. (1989). Insect-fungus relationships in the bark and ambrosia beetles. In Insect–Fungus Interactions (N. Wilding, N.M. Collins, P.M. Hammond, and J.F. Webber, Eds.), pp. 121-143. Academic Press, London.
15. Berryman, A.A. (1989). Adaptive pathways in scolytid-fungus associations. In Insect–Fungus Interactions (N. Wilding, N.M. Collins, P.M. Hammond, and J.F.Webber, Eds.), pp. 145-159. Academic Press, London.
16. Botterweg, P.F. (1982). Dispersal and flight behavior of the spruce beetle Ips typographus in relation to sex, size, and fat content. Z. Angew. Entomol. 94: 466-489.
17. Botterweg, P.F. (1983). The effect of attack density on size fat content and emergence of the spruce beetle, Ips typographus L. Z. Angew. Entomol. 96: 7-55.
18. Bridges, J.R. (1983). Mycangial fungi of Dendroctonus frontalis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) and their relationship to beetle population trends. Environ. Entomol. 12: 858-861.
19. Bridges, J.R., Marler, J.E., and McSparrin, B.H. (1984). A quantitative study of the yeasts associated with laboratory-reared Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm. (Coleopt., Scolytidae). Z. Angew. Entomol. 97: 261-267.
20. Caird, R.W. (1935). Physiology of pines infested with bark beetles. Bot. Gaz. 96: 709-733.
21. Callaham, R.Z. and Shifrine, M. (1960). The yeasts associated with bark beetles. For. Sci. 6: 146-154.
22. Cassier, P., Levieux, J., Morelet, M., and Rougon, D. (1996). The mycangia of Playpus cylindrus Fab. and P. oxyurus Dufour (Coleoptera: Platypodidae) structure and associated fungi. J. Insect Physiol. 42: 171-179.
23. Clarke, A.L., Webb, J.W., and Franklin, R.T. (1979). Fecundity of the southern pine beetle in laboratory pine bolt. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 72: 229-231.
24. Clayton, R.B. (1964). The utilization of sterols by insects. J. Lipid Res. 5: 3-19.
25. Coppedge, B.R., Stephen, F.M., and Felton, G.W. (1995). Variation in female southern pine beetle size and lipid content in relation to fungal associates. Can. Entomol. 127: 145-154.
26. Farris, S.H. and Funk, A. (1965). Repositories of symbiotic fungus in the ambrosia beetle, Platypus wilsoni Swaine (Coleoptera: Platypodidae). Can. Entomol. 97: 527-536.
27. Fox, J.W., Wood, D.L., and Akers, R.P. (1993). Survival and development of Ips paraconfusus Lanier (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) reared axenically and with tree-pathogenic fungi vectored by cohabiting Dendroctonus species. Can. Entomol. 125: 1157-1167.
28. French, J.R.J. and Roeper, R.A. (1975). Studies on the biology of the ambrosia beetle Xyleborus dispar (F.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Z. Angew. Entomol. 78: 241-247.
29. French, J.R.J., Robinson, P.J., Thornton, J.D., and Saunders, I.W. (1981). Termite-fungi interactions II. Response of Coptotermes aciniformis to fungus-decayed softwood blocks. Mater. Organ. 16: 1-14.
30. Furniss, M.M., Woo, Y., Deyrup, M.A., and Atkinson, T.H. (1987). Prothoracic mycangium on pine-infesting Pityoborus spp. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 80: 692-696.
31. Furniss, M.M., Solheim, H., and Christiansen, E. (1990). Transmission of blue-stain fungi by Ips typographus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in Norway spruce. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 83: 712-716.
32. Furniss, M.M., Harvey, A.E., and Solheim, H. (1995). Transmission of Ophiostoma ips (Ophiostomatales: Ophiostomataceae) by Ips pini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in ponderosa pine in Idaho. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 88: 653-660.
33. Furniss, R.L. and Carolin, V.M. (1977). Western Forest Insects. USDA Forest Service Miscellaneous Publication No. 1339.
34. Goldhammer, D.S., Stephen, F.M., and Paine, T.D. (1989). Average radial growth rate and chlamydospore production of Ceratocystis minor, Ceratocystis minor var. barrasii, and SJB 122 in culture. Can. J. Bot. 67: 3498-3505.
35. Goldhammer, D.S., Stephen, F.M., and Paine, T.D. (1990). The effect of the fungi Ceratocystis minor (Hedgcock) Hunt, Ceratocystis minor (Hedgcock) Hunt var. barrasii Taylor, and SJB 122 on reproduction of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. Entomol. 122: 407-418.
36. Grosmann, H. (1930). Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Lebensgemeinschaft zwischen Borkenkäfern und Pilzen. J. Parasitenk. 36: 56-102.
37. Happ, G.M., Happ, C.M., and Barras, S.J. (1971). Fine structure of the prothoracic mycangium, a chamber for the culture of symbiotic fungi, in the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis. Tissue Cell 3: 295-308.
38. Happ, G.M., Happ, C.M., and Barras, S.J. (1976). Bark beetle fungal symbioses. II. Fine structure of a basidiomycetous ectosymbiont of the southern pine beetle. Can. J. Bot. 54: 1049-1062.
39. Harrington, T.C. (1987). New combinations in Ophiostoma of Ceratocystis species with Leptographium anamorphs. Mycotaxonomy 28: 39-43.
40. Harrington, T.C. (1993). Diseases of conifers caused by species of Ophiostoma and Leptographium. In Ceratocytis and Ophiostoma: Taxonomy, Ecology, and Pathogenicity (M.J. Wingfield, K.A. Seifert, and J.F. Webber, Eds.), pp. 161-172. APS Press, St. Paul, MN.
41. Hausner, G., Reid, J., and Klassen, G.R. (1993a). Ceratocystiopsis: a reappraisal based on molecular criteria. Mycol. Res. 97: 625-633.
42. Hausner, G., Reid, J., and Klassen, G.R. (1993b). On the phylogeny of Ophiostoma, Ceratocystis s.s., and Microascus, and relationships within Ophiostoma based on partial ribosomal DNA sequences. Can. J. Bot. 71: 1249-1265.
43. Holst, E.C. (1937). Aseptic rearing of bark beetles. J. Econ. Entomol. 30: 676-677.
44. Hsiau, P.T.-W. (1996). The taxonomy and phylogeny of the mycangial fungi from Dendroctonus brevicomis and Dendroctonus frontalis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Ph.D. dissertation, Iowa State University, Ames.
45. Hunt, D.W.A. and Borden, J.H. (1990). Conversion of verbenols to verbenone by yeasts isolated from Dendroctonus ponderosae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). J. Chem. Ecol. 16: 1385-1397.
46. Klepzig, K.D. (1998). Competition between a biological control fungus, Ophiostoma piliferum, and symbionts of the southern pine beetle. Mycologia 90: 69-75.
47. Klepzig, K.D. and Wilkens, R.T. (1997). Competitive interactions among symbiotic fungi of the southern pine beetle. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63: 621-627.
48. Klepzig, K.D., Smalley, E.B., and Raffa, K.F. (1995). Dendroctonus valens and Hylastes porculus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae): vectors of pathogenic fungi (Ophiostomatales) associated with red pine decline disease. Great Lakes Entomol. 28: 81-87.
49. Klepzig, K.D., Moser, J.C., Lombardero, F.J., Hofstetter, R.W., and Ayres, M.P. (2001). Symbiosis and competition: complex interactions among beetles, fungi and mites. Symbiosis 30: 83-96.
50. Kok, L.T. (1979). Lipids of ambrosia fungi and the life of mutualistic beetles. In Insect–Fungus Symbiosis: Nutrition, Mutualism, and Commensalism. (L. Batra, Ed.), pp. 33-52. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
51. Kok, L.T. and Norris, D.M. (1973). Comparative sterol compositions of adult female Xyleborus ferrugineus and its mutualistic fungal ectosymbionts. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 44: 499-505.
52. Kok, L.T., Norris, D.M., and Chu, H.M. (1970). Sterol metabolism as a basis for mutualistic symbiosis. Nature 225: 661-662.
53. Leach, J.G., Orr, L.W., and Christiansen, C. (1934). Interrelations of bark beetles and blue-staining fungi in felled Norway pine timber. J. Agric. Res. 49: 315-341.
54. Leufven, A. and Nehls, L. (1986). Quantification of different yeasts associated with the bark beetle, Ips typographus, during its attack on a spruce tree. Microb. Ecol. 12: 237-243.
55. Leufven, A., Bergstrom, G., and Falsen, E. (1984). Interconversion of verbenols and verbenone by identified yeasts isolated from the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus. J. Chem. Ecol. 10: 1349-1361.
56. Levieux, J., Cassier, P., Guillaumin, L., and Roques, A. (1991). Structures implicated in the transportation of pathogenic fungi by the European bark beetle, Ips sexdentatus Boerner: ultrastructure of a mycangium. Can. Entomol. 123: 245-254.
57. Lewinsohn, D., Lewinsohn, E., Bertagnolli, C.L., and Partridge, A.D. (1994). Blue-stain fungi and their transport structures on the Douglas-fir beetle. Can. J. For. Res. 24: 2275-2283.
58. Lieutier, F., Vouland, G., Pettinetti, M., Garcia, J., Romary, P., and Yart, A. (1992). Defence reactions of Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) to artificial insertion of Dendroctonus micans Klug (Col., Scolytidae). J. Appl. Entomol. 114: 174-186.
59. Livingston, R.L. and Berryman, A.A. (1972). Fungus transport structures in the fir engraver, Scolytus ventralis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. Entomol. 104: 1793-1800.
60. Lu, K.C., Allen, D.G., and Bollen, W.B. (1957). Association of yeasts with Douglas-fir beetle. For. Sci. 3: 336-343.
61. Malloch, D. and Blackwell, M. (1993). Dispersal biology of the ophiostomatid fungi. In Ceratocystis and Ophiostoma: Taxonomy, Ecology, and Pathogenicity (M.J. Wingfield, K.A. Seifert, and J.F. Webber, Eds.), pp. 195-206. APS Press, St. Paul, MN.
62. Maurer, P., Debieu, D., Malosse, C., Leroux, P., and Riba, G. (1992). Sterols and symbiosis in the leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex octospinosus (Reich) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae: Attini). Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 20: 13-21.
63. Moein, S.I. and Rust, M.K. (1992). The effect of wood degradation by fungi on the feeding and survival of the West Indian drywood termite, Cryptotermes brevis (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae). Sociobiology 20: 29-40.
64. Mondy, N. and Corio-Costet, M.-F. (2000). The response of the grape berry moth (Lobesia botrana) to a dietary phytopathogenic fungus (Botrytis cinerea): the significance of fungus sterols. J. Insect Physiol. 46: 1557-1564.
65. Morales-Ramos, J.A., Rojas, M.G., Sittertz-Bhatkar, H., and Saldana, G. (2000). Symbiotic relationship between Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) and Fusarium solani (Moniliales: Tuberculariaceae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 93: 541-547.
66. Moser, J.C. and Roton, L.R. (1971). Mites associated with southern pine beetles in Allan Parish, Louisiana. Can. Entomol. 103: 1775-1798.
67. Moser, J.C., Perry, T.J., Bridges, J.R., and Yin, H.-F. (1995). Ascospore dispersal of Ceratocystiopsis ranaculosis, a mycangial fungus of the southern pine beetle. Mycologia 87: 84-86.
68. Nakashima, T. (1975). Several types of mycetangia found on Platypodid ambrosia beetles (Col. Platypodidae). Insect Matsum. 7: 1-69.
69. Noirot, C. and Quennedey, A. (1974). Fine structure of insect epidermal glands. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 19: 61-80.
70. Norris, D.M. (1972). Dependence of fertility and progeny development of Xyleborus ferrugineus upon chemicals from its symbiotes. In Insect and Mite Nutrition (J.G. Rodriguez, Ed.), pp. 299-310. North Holland, Amsterdam.
71. Norris, D.M. (1979). The mutualistic fungi of Xyleborus beetles. In Insect–Fungus Symbiosis (L.R. Batra, Ed.), pp. 53-63. Allanheld, Osmun & Co., Montclair, NJ.
72. Norris, D.M. and Baker, J.K. (1967). Symbiosis: effects of a mutualistic fungus upon the growth and reproduction of Xyleborus ferrugineus. Science 156: 1120-1156.
73. Norris, D.M., Baker, J.M., and Chu, H.M. (1969). Symbiontic interrelationships between microbes and ambrosia beetles. III. Ergosterol as the source of sterol to the insect. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 62: 413-414.
74. Paine, T.D. and Birch, M.C. (1983). Acquisition and maintenance of mycangial fungi by Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Environ. Entomol. 12: 1384-1386.
75. Paine, T.D., Raffa, K.F., and Harrington, T.C. (1997). Interactions among scolytid bark beetles, their associated fungi, and live host conifers. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 42: 179-206.
76. Reid, R.W. (1962). Biology of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus monticolae Hopkins, in the east Kootenay region of British Columbia. II. Behavior in the host, fecundity, and the internal changes in the female. Can. Entomol. 94: 605-613.
77. Safranyik, L. (1976). Size-and sex-related emergence, and survival in cold storage, of mountain pine beetle adults. Can. Entomol. 108: 209-212.
78. Schneider, I.A. and Rudinsky, J.A. (1969). Mycetangial glands and their seasonal changes in Gnathotrichus retusus and G. sulcatus. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 62: 39-43.
79. Shearer, C.A. (1995). Fungal competition. Can. J. Bot. 73(Suppl 1): S1259-S1264.
80. Shifrine, M. and Phaff, H.J. (1956). The association of yeasts with certain bark beetles. Mycologia 48: 41-55.
81. Siemasko, W. (1939). Fungi associated with beetles in Poland. Planta Pol. 7: 38-40.
82. Six, D.L. and Paine, T.D. (1996). Leptographium pyrinum is a mycangial fungus of Dendroctonus adjunctus. Mycologia 88: 739-744.
83. Six, D.L. and Paine, T.D. (1997). Ophiostoma clavigerum is the mycangial fungus of the Jeffrey pine beetle, Dendroctonus jeffreyi. Mycologia 89: 858-866.
84. Six, D.L. and Paine, T.D. (1998). Effects of mycangial fungi and host tree species on progeny survival and emergence of Dendroctonus ponderosae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Environ. Entomol. 27: 1393-1401.
85. Six, D.L. and Paine, T.D. (1999). Phylogenetic comparison of ascomycete mycangial fungi and Dendroctonus bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 92: 159-166.
86. Solheim, H. and Safranyik, L. (1997). Pathogenicity to Sitka Spruce of Ceratocystis rufipenni and Leptographium abietinum, blue-stain fungi associated with the spruce beetle. Can. J. For. Res. 27: 1336-1341.
87. Spatafora, J.W. and Blackwell, M. (1994). The polyphyletic origins of ophiostomatoid fungi. Mycol. Res. 98: 1-9.
88. Strongman, D.B. (1982). The relationship of some associated fungi with cold-hardiness of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins. M.S. thesis, University of Victoria, B.C., Canada.
89. Svoboda, J.A., Thompson, M.J., Robbins, W.E., and Kaplanis, J.N. (1978). Insect sterol metabolism. Lipids 13: 742-753.
90. Thompson, S.N. and Bennett, R.B. (1971). Oxidation of fat during flight of male Douglas-fir beetles, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae. J. Insect Physiol. 17: 1555-1563.
91. Tsuneda, A. (1988). Pleomorphism in beetle-gallery conidial fungi and protoplast reversion. Proc. Jpn. Acad. Ser. B 64: 135-138.
92. Tsuneda, A. and Hiratsuka, Y. (1984). Sympodial and annelidic conidiation in Ceratocystis clavigera. Can. J. Bot. 62: 2618-2624.
93. Tsuneda, A., Murakami, S., Sigler, L., and Hiratsuka, Y. (1992). Schizolysis of dolipore-parenthosome septa in an arthrooconidial fungus associated with Dendroctonus ponderosae and in similar anamorphic fungi. Can. J. Bot. 71: 1032-1038.
94. Viiri, H. (1997). Fungal associates of the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus L. (Col. Scolytidae) in relation to different trapping methods. J. Appl. Entomol. 121: 529-533.
95. Webb, J.W. and Franklin, R.T. (1978). Influence of phloem moisture on brood development of the southern pine beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Environ. Entomol. 7: 405-410.
96. Wetzel, J.M., Ohnishi, M., Fujita, T., Nakanishi, K., Naya, Y., Noda, H., and Sugiura, M. (1992). Diversity in steroidogenesis of symbiotic microorganisms from planthoppers. J. Chem. Ecol. 18: 2083-2094.
97. Whitney, H.S. (1971). Association of Dendroctonus ponderosae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) with blue-stain fungi and yeasts during brood development in lodgepole pine. Can. Entomol. 103: 1495-1503.
98. Whitney, H.S. (1982). Relationships between bark beetles and symbiotic organisms. In Bark Beetles in North American Conifers (J.B. Mitton and K.B. Sturgeon, Eds.), pp. 183-211. University of Texas Press, Austin.
99. Whitney, H.S. and Farris, S.H. (1970). Maxillary mycangium in the mountain pine beetle. Science 167: 54-55.
100. Whitney, H.S. and Blauel, R.A. (1972). Ascospore dispersion in Ceratocystis spp. and Europhium clavigerum in conifer resin. Mycologia 64: 410-414.
101. Whitney, H.S. and Cobb, F.W., Jr. (1972). Non-staining fungi associated with the bark beetle Dendroctonus brevicomis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) on Pinus ponderosa. Can. J. Bot. 50: 1943-1945.
102. Whitney, H.S.R., Bandoni, J., and Oberwinkler, F. (1987). Entomocorticium dendroctoni gen. et sp. nov. (Basidiomycotina), a possible nutritional symbiote of the mountain pine beetle in lodgepole pine in British Columbia. Can. J. Bot. 65: 95-102.
103. Wood, S.L. (1982). The bark and ambrosia beetles of North and Central America (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), a taxonomic monograph. Great Basin Natural Memoir 6. 1359 pp.
104. Wulff, J.L. (1985). Clonal organisms and the evolution of mutualism. In Population Biology and Evolution of Clonal Organisms (J.B.C. Jackson, L.W. Buss, and R.E. Cook, Eds.), pp. 437-466. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
105. Yearian, W.C., Gouger, R.J., and Wilkinson, R.C. (1972). Effects of the blue stain fungus, Ceratocystis ips, on development of Ips bark beetles in pine bolts. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 65: 481-487.