School choice and school governance: A historical study of the United States and Germany

School Choice and School Governance: A Historical Study of the United States and Germany

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 1-207

  Herbst, Jurgen ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85013420109     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1057/9780312376222     Document Type: Book

References (397)

1. Frank-Rüdiger Jach, Schulvielfalt als Verfassungsgebot (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1991);
2. G. Walford, ed., School Choice and the Quasi-Market (Wallingford: Triangle Books, 1996);
3. Peter W. Cookson, School Choice: The Struggle for the Soul of American Education (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1994);
4. Geoff Whitty, Sally Power, and David Halpin, Devolution and Choice in Education: The School, the State and the Market (Buckingham, England: Open University Press, 1998).
5. Centre for Educational Research and Innovation, School: A Matter of Choice (Paris: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1994).
6. John E. Chubb and Terry M. Moe, Politics, Markets, and America’s Schools (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1990), p. 219.
7. Diane Ravitch, The Troubled Crusade: American Education 1945-1980 (New York: Basic Books, 1983), pp. 308-311.
8. Günter Püttner, "Die Sprengelpflicht," Recht der Jugend und des Bildungswesens: Zeitschrift für Schule, Berufsbildung und Jugenderziehung 40 (1992): 230-235.
9. William W. Cutler, III, Parents and Schools: The 150-year Struggle for Control in American Education (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000);
10. Otto F. Kraushaar, Private Schools: From the Puritans to the Present (Bloomington, IN: Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation, 1976);
11. Nancy Beadie and Kim Tolley, eds., Chartered Schools: Two Hundred Years of Independent Academies in the United States, 1727-1925 (New York: RoutledgeFalmer, 2002).
12. Bernard Bailyn, Education in the Forming of American Society (New York: Vintage, 1960);
13. Lawrence Cremin, The Wonderful World of Ellwood Patterson Cubberley (New York: Teachers College Press, Columbia University, 1965).
14. Wayne E. Fuller, The Old Country School (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982).
15. Hermann Röhrs and Volker Lenhart, Progressive Education Across the Continents (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1995).
16. Jürgen Oelkers, Reformpädagogik: Eine kritische Dogmengeschichte (Weinheim and München: Juventa Verlag, 1989)
17. Röhrs and Lenhart, Progressive Education, "Toward a Theory of Progressive Education," History of Education Quarterly 37 (Spring 1997): 45-59.
18. Arbeitsgruppe Bildungsbericht, Max Planck Institut für Bildungsgeschichte, Das Bildungswesen in der Bundesrepublic Deutschland (Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1990), pp. 140-143.
19. Frank-Rüdiger Jach, Schulverfassung und Bürgergesellschaft in Europa (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1999), p. 253.
20. Hellmut Becker, "Die verwaltete Schule (1954)," in Quantität und Qualität: Grundfragen der Bildungspolitik (Freiburg im Breisgau: Verlag Rombach, 1962), p. 148.
21. "An International Brotherhood of Whigs: Nineteenth Century School Reformers in the United States and Prussia," Education Research and Perspectives 21, no. 2 (2004): 1-10.
22. Henry Geitz, Jürgen Heideking, and Jurgen Herbst, eds., German Influences on Education in the United States to 1917 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
23. Jon Teaford, "The Transformation of Massachusetts Education, 1670-1780," reprinted in The Social History of American Education, ed. B. Edward McClellan and William J. Reese (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988), p. 35.
24. James B. Conant, Thomas Jefferson and the Development of American Public Education (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962), p. 110.
25. Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours, National Education in the United States of America (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1923), pp. 147-148.
26. Frederick Rudolph, Essays on Education in the Early Republic (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965), pp. 10, 14, 17, 64, 66-68, 82, 113, 138, 210, 318-319.
27. Siobhan Moroney, "Birth of a Canon: The Historiography of Early Republican Educational Thought," History of Education Quarterly, 39 (Winter 1999): 476-491.
28. Carl F. Kaestle and Maris A. Vinovskis, Education and Social Change in Nineteenth-Century Massachusetts (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), pp. 9-27.
29. The Once and Future School: Three Hundred and Fifty Years of American Secondary Education (New York: Routledge, 1996), pp. 42-45.
30. From Crisis to Crisis: American College Government 1636-1819 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982), pp. 139, 168-169.
31. Regent Minutes, Journals of the Legislature of the State of New York, Assembly Journal, February 28, 1832.
32. Frank C. Abbott, Government Policy and Higher Education: A Study of the Regents of the University of the State of New York, 1784-1949 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1958)
33. "The Regents of the University of the State of New York, 1784-1920: Secondary Education Emerges in the New Nation," in Antonio Novoa, Marc Depaepe, and Erwin V. Johanningmeier, eds., "The Colonial Experience in Education," Paedagogica Historica, Supplementary Series 1(1995): 317-333.
34. Committee on Colleges, Academies, and Common Schools, Regent Minutes, Assembly Journal, March 6, 1821.
35. See my The Once and Future School, pp. 55-56.
36. The Once and Future School, pp. 58-60.
37. Lawrence A. Cremin, American Education: The National Experience 1783-1876 (New York: Harper & Row, 1980), p. 151.
38. E. G. West, Education and the State: A Study in Political Economy, 3rd ed., rev. and exp. (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1994), pp. 297-391.
39. David B. Tyack, The One Best System: A History of American Urban Education (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974), pp. 33-34.
40. Kaestle and Vinovskis, Education and Social Change, pp. 213-232.
41. Editorial in The Massachusetts Teacher 4(1851): 289-291.
42. Henry Barnard, Report on the Condition and Improvement of the Public Schools of Rhode Island (Providence, RI, B. Cranston and Co. 1845), p. 50
43. Henry Barnard on Education, ed. John S. Brubacher (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1931), p. 276.
44. Kaestle and Vinovskis, Education and Social Change, pp. 212- 213, 208.
45. Kaestle and Vinovskis, Education and Social Change, pp. 225-235.
46. Maris A. Vinovskis, The Origins of Public High Schools: A Reexamination of the Beverly High School Controversy (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985), p. 111.
47. Carl F. Kaestle who in his Pillars of the Republic: Common Schools and American Society, 1780-1860 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1983), p. 147
48. Carl F. Kaestle, The Evolution of an Urban School System: New York City, 1750-1850 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973), pp. 68-71.
49. Diane Ravitch, The Great School Wars: New York City, 1805-1973: A History of the Public Schools as Battlefield of Social Change (New York: Basic Books, 1974), pp. 36, 59, 43
50. Kaestle, The Evolution of an Urban School System, p. 149.
51. Vincent P. Lannie, Public Money and Parochial Education: Bishop Hughes, Governor Seward, and the New York School Controversy (Cleveland: Press of Case Western University, 1968), especially Chapter 12.
52. David Tyack and Elisabeth Hansot, Managers of Virtue: Public School Leadership in America, 1820-1980 (New York: Basic Books, 1982), p. 78.
53. Leonhard Froese and W. Krawietz, eds., Deutsche Schulgesetzgebung (1763-1952), 2nd ed. (Weinheim: Julius Beltz, 1968), pp. 91, 94, 105-111.
54. Heinrich Lewin, Geschichte der Entwicklung der preußischen Volksschule (Leipzig: Dürr’sche Buchhandlung, 1910), pp. 42-91.
55. Froese and Krawietz, Deutsche Schulgesetzgebung, p. 23
56. Lewin, Entwicklung, pp. 142-146.
57. Franzjörg Baumgart, Zwischen Reform und Reaktion: Preußische Schulpolitik 1806-1859 (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1990), p. 55.
58. Hans Heckel, Schulrecht und Schulpolitik: Der Einfluß des Rechts auf die Zielsetzung und den Erfolg in der Bildungspolitik (Neuwied/Berlin: Hermann Luchterhand Verlag, 1967), p. 49.
59. Frank-Michael Kuhlemann, Modernisierung und Disziplinierung: Sozialgeschichte des preußischen Volksschulwesens 1794-1872 (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1992), p. 64.
60. Kuhlemann, Modernisierung, p. 86.
61. Baumgart, Zwischen Reform und Reaktion, pp. 66-78.
62. Manfred Heinemann, Schule im Vorfeld der Verwaltung: Die Entwicklung der preußischen Unterrichtsverwaltung von 1771-1800 (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1974), p. 33.
63. Heinemann, Schule im Vorfeld, pp. 24-25.
64. Zedlitz’s proposals, "Vorschläge zur Verbesserung des Schulwesens in den Königlichen Landen," were first published in the Berlinische Monatsschrift 10 (1787): 97-116.
65. Christa Berg, ed., Staat und Schule oder Staatsschule? Stellungnahmen von Pädagogen und Schulpolitikern zu einem unerledigten Problem, 1781-1889 (Königstein: Athenäum, 1980), pp. 1-9.
66. Heinemann, Schule im Vorfeld, pp. 152-156.
67. Baumgart, Zwischen Reform und Reaktion, p. 17.
68. Heinemann, Schule im Vorfeld, p. 168.
69. Baumgart, Zwischen Reform und Reaktion, pp. 22-24.
70. Berg, Staat und Schule oder Staatsschule? pp. 10-21.
71. Berg, Staat und Schule oder Staatsschule?, pp. xviii-xix and 22-36.
72. "Ideen zu einem Versuch, die Grenzen der Wirksamkeit des Staats zu bestimmen (1792)," in Wilhelm von Humboldt, Werke in Fünf Bänden, ed. Andreas Flitner and Klaus Giel (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1960), 1: 56-233.
73. J. W. Burrow, ed., The Limits of State Action (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1993), pp. 46-52.
74. Herbert Scurla, Wilhelm von Humboldt: Werden und Wirken (Berlin: Verlag der Nation, 1970), pp. 81 and 201.
75. Ursula Krautkrämer, Staat und Erziehung: Begründung öffentlicher Erziehung bei Humboldt, Kant, Fichte, Hegel und Schleiermacher (München: Johannes Berchmans Verlag, 1979), p. 77.
76. Kuhlemann, Modernisierung und Disziplinierung, p. 76.
77. "Königsberger und Litauischer Schulplan," in Humboldt, Werke, 4: 181-184
78. "Bericht an Altenstein über die Finanzgrundsätze der Sektion," in Humboldt, Werke, pp. 283-284.
79. Ursula Krautkrämer, Staat und Erziehung, p. 77.
80. Frederic Lilge, The Abuse of Learning: The Failure of the German University (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1948), p. 52.
81. Johann Gottlieb Fichte, "Reden an die deutsche Nation," in Sämmtliche Werke, ed. I. H. Fichte (Berlin: Veit, 1846), 7: 271-427.
82. Berg, Staat und Schule oder Staatsschule?, pp. xix-xi
83. Johann Friedrich Herbart, "Über Erziehung unter öffentlicher Mitwirkung, (1810)," in Berg, Staat und Schule oder Staatsschule?, pp. 37-45.
84. F. E. D. Schleiermacher, "Über den Beruf des Staates zur Erziehung (1814)," in Ausgewählte pädagogische Schriften, selected by Ernst Lichtenstein (Paderborn: Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh, 1959), pp. 28-29.
85. Kuhlemann, Modernisierung, p. 77.
86. Kuhlemann, Modernisierung, pp. 80-82, 348-349.
87. William J. Reese, Power and the Promise of School Reform: Grassroots Movements during the Progressive Era (Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986), p. 4.
88. Stanley K. Schultz, The Culture Factory: Boston Public Schools, 1789-1860 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), pp. 269-270.
89. Louis R. Harlan, Separate and Unequal: Public School Campaigns and Racism in the Southern Seaboard States 1901-1915 (New York: Atheneum, 1968), p. 3.
90. Jacqueline Jones, Soldiers of Light and Love: Northern Teachers and Georgia Blacks, 1865-1873 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1992), p. 14.
91. Carter Godwin Woodson, The Mis-Education of the Negro (Washington, DC: Associated Publishers, 1933), p. 28
92. The Education of the Negro prior to 1861, 2nd ed. (Washington, DC: Associated Publishers, 1919), p. 17.
93. W. E. B. DuBois, Black Reconstruction in America (New York: Russell & Russell, 1935), pp. 638 and 645.
94. Christopher M. Span, "Alternative Pedagogy: The Rise of the Private Black Academy in Early Postbellum Mississippi, 1862-1870," in Chartered Schools: Two Hundred Years of Independent Academies in the United States, 1727-1925, ed. Nancy Beadie and Kim Tolley (New York and London: RoutledgeFalmer, 2002), pp. 211-227.
95. Lloyd P. Jorgenson, The State and the Non-Public School, 1825-1925 (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1987), p. 137.
96. Henry Wilson, "New Departure of the Republican Party," The Atlantic Monthly 27 (January 1871): 119-120.
97. Jorgenson, The State and the Non-Public School, 1825-1925, pp. 137-138.
98. Catholic World 13 (April 1871): 1-14.
99. Otto F. Kraushaar, American Nonpublic Schools: Patterns of Diversity (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1972), p. 14.
100. Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1, 16 (1947).
101. Lloyd P. Jorgenson’s two books, The State and the Non-Public School, 1825-1925, pp. 136-144
102. The Founding of Public Education in Wisconsin (Madison: State Historical Society, 1956), pp. 50-110.
103. The Once and Future School: Three Hundred and Fifty Years of American Secondary Education (New York: Routledge, 1996), pp. 79-91.
104. Wayne E. Fuller, The Old Country School (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982)
105. Paul Theobald, Call School: Rural Education in the Midwest to 1918 (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1995).
106. Beadie and Tolley, Chartered Schools, my "Diversification in American Higher Education," in The Transformation of Higher Learning 1860-1930, ed. Konrad H. Jarausch (Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1982), pp. 196-206
107. James McLachlan, American Boarding Schools: A Historical Study (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1970).
108. And Sadly Teach: Teacher Education and Professionalization in American Culture (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989), pp. 128-135.
109. "Chapter 323," Laws of Wisconsin... in the Year 1875 (Madison: E. B. Bolens, 1875), pp. 623-629.
110. Joseph Schafer, "Genesis of Wisconsin’s Free High School System," Wisconsin Magazine of History 11 (1926): 148.
111. Report of the State Superintendent: 1877 (Madison: E.B. Bolens, 1877), p. liii.
112. Report of the State Superintendent: 1882 (Madison: David Atwood, 1882), pp. 25-26.
113. Biennial Report of the State Superintendent: 1899/1890 (Madison: Democratic Printing Company, 1890), p. 14.
114. "Chapter 493," Laws of Wisconsin, 1909.
115. Fuller, The Old Country School, p. 155.
116. Fuller, The Old Country School, p. 235
117. David R. Reynolds, There Goes the Neighborhood: Rural School Consolidation at the Grass Roots in Early Twentieth-Century Iowa (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1999), pp. 85-89.
118. Fuller, The Old Country School, p. 245.
119. Joseph Schafer, Four Wisconsin Counties (Madison: State Historical Society, 1927), pp. 235-237.
120. The Once and Future School, pp. 65-66.
121. David Tyack, The One Best System: A History of American Urban Education (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974), p. 127.
122. Tyack, The One Best System, p. 176.
123. William J. Reese, Power and the Promise of School Reform: Grassroots Movements during the Progressive Era (Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986), pp. 16-18.
124. David Angus and Jeffrey E. Mirel, The Failed Promise of the American High School, 1890-1995 (New York: Teachers College, Columbia University, 1999), p. 9.
125. Robert H. Wiebe, "The Social Functions of Public Education," American Quarterly 21(1969): 147-164.
126. G. W. F. Hegel, Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts, ed. Johannes Hoffmeister, 4th ed.(Hamburg: Felix Meiner, 1955), § 294, pp. 256-257
127. Ursula Krautkrämer, Staat und Erziehung (München: Johannes Berchmans Verlag, 1979), pp. 245-249.
128. Wilhelm von Humboldt, "Der Königsberger und der Litauische Schulplan," in Schriften zur Politik und zum Bildungswesen, in Werke, ed. Andreas Flitner and Klaus Giel (Stuttgart: J. G. Cotta, 1964), 4: 168-195.
129. Karl Bungardt, Die Odysee der Lehrerschaft: Sozialgeschichte eines Standes (Hannover: Hermann Schrodel, 1965), pp. 29-30.
130. Anthony J. LaVopa, Prussian Schoolteachers: Profession and Office, 1763-1848 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980), p. 123.
131. Lothar Schweim, ed., Schulreform in Preussen, 1809-1919: Entwürfe und Gutachten (Weinheim: Julius Beltz, 1966), pp. 128-131.
132. Schweim, Schulreform, p. 200.
133. Schweim, Schulreform, pp. 197-198.
134. Schweim, Schulreform, pp. 144-146.
135. Schweim, Schulreform, p. 201.
136. Luise Wagner-Winterhager, Schule und Eltern in der Weimarer Republik (Weinheim und Basel: Beltz Verlag, 1979).
137. Schweim, Schulreform, pp. 222-244.
138. Beckedorff, Fragment concerning Teacher Seminaries, no. 1820, ms. in Geheimes Staats Archiv Berlin-Dahlem, repository 92, no. 25, pp. 61-64.
139. Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Wander, Der Kampf um die Schule: Bildungspolitische und Pädagogische Schriften (Berlin: Volk and Wissen, 1979), 2: 41.
140. Nipperdey, "Volksschule und Revolution im Vormärz," in Politische Ideologien und Nationalstaatliche Ordnung, Festschrift für Theodor Schieder, ed. Kurt Kluxen and Wolfgang J. Mommsen (München und Wien: Oldenbourg, 1968), p. 113
141. Wilhelm Appens, Die pädagogischen Bewegungen des Jahres 1848 (Elberfeld: Sam. Lucas, 1917).
142. Franzjörg Baumgart, Zwischen Reform und Reaktion: Preußische Schulpolitik 1806-1859 (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1900), pp. 144-145, 162.
143. Berthold Michael and Heinz-Hermann Schepp, eds., Politik und Schule von der Französischen Revolution bis zur Gegenwart; Eine Quellensammlung zum Verhältnis von Gesellschaft, Schule und Staat im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert (Frankfurt: Athenäum Verlag, 1973), 1: 313-314.
144. Ferdinand Stiehl, Die drei preussischen Regulative vom 1., 2. und 3. Oktober 1854 über Einrichtung des evangelischen Seminar-, Präparandenund Elementarschulunterrichts (Berlin: Hertz, 1854).
145. Regulativ für den Unterricht in den evangelischen Schullehrer-Seminarien der Monarchie (Berlin: Schade, 1854), pp. 3-4.
146. "Regulativ für die Einrichtung und Unterricht der evangelischen einklassigen Elementarschule," in Michael and Schepp, Politik und Schule, pp. 315-316.
147. Karl-Ernst Jeismann, "Die Stiehlschen Regulative," in Dauer und Wandel der Geschichte, ed. Rudolf Vierhaus und Manfred Botzenhart (Münster: Aschendorff, 1966), p. 432.
148. Peter Martin Roeder, "Gemeindeschule in Staatshand: Zur Schulpolitik des Preußischen Abgeordnetenhauses," Zeitschrift für Pädagogik 12 (1966): 560-561.
149. Roeder, "Gemeindeschule in Staatshand," pp. 552-555.
150. Roeder, "Gemeindeschule in Staatshand," pp. 556, 558.
151. Adolph Diesterweg, "Die Freie Schule im Freien Staat," in Schriften und Reden in zwei Bänden, ed. Heinrich Deiters (Berlin/Leipzig, Volk und Wissen 1950), 2: 507-511.
152. Luise Wagner-Winterhager, Schule und Eltern in der Weimarer Republik: Untersuchungen zur Wirksamkeit der Elternbeiräte in Preußen und der Elternräte in Hamburg 1918-1922 (Weinheim und Basel: Beltz Verlag, 1979), pp. 30-32.
153. Karl-Ernst Jeismann, "Preußische Bildungspolitik vom ausgehenden 18. bis zur Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts. Thesen und Probleme," in Zur Bildungs-und Schulgeschichte Preußens, ed. Udo Arnold (Lüneburg: Nordostdeutsches Kulturwerk, 1988), pp. 29-30.
154. The Once and Future School, p. 19.
155. Baumgart, Zwischen Reform und Reaktion, p. 97.
156. Detlef K. Müller, "The Process of systematisation: The case of German secondary education," in The Rise of the Modern Educational System: Structural Change and Social Reproduction, 1870-1920, ed. Detlef K. Müller, Fritz Ringer and Brian Simon (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), p. 23.
157. Müller, "The Process of systematisation," p. 24.
158. Michael and Schepp, Politik und Schule, 1: 414-421.
159. Ludwig Schacht, Über die Gleichberechtigung der Realschule I. Ordnung mit dem Gymnasium (Elberfeld: Lucas, 1878), p. 66.
160. Hans-Georg Herrlitz, Wulf Hopf, and Hartmut Titze, Deutsche Schulgeschichte von 1800 bis zur Gegenwart: Eine Einführung (Weinheim and München: Juventa, 1993), p. 107.
161. Herrlitz, Hopf, and Titze, Deutsche Schulgeschichte, p. 109.
162. Michael and Schepp, Politik und Schule, 1: 409-414.
163. Georg Kerschensteiner, Staatsbürgerliche Erziehung der deutschen Jugend: Gekrönte Preisarbeit (Erfurt: K. Villaret, 1901).
164. James C. Albisetti, Schooling German Girls and Women: Secondary and Higher Education in the Nineteenth Century (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988), p. 158.
165. Albisetti, Schooling German Girls and Women, pp. 206-209.
166. Michael and Schepp, Politik und Schule, 1: 423.
167. Albisetti, Schooling German Girls and Women, p. 304.
168. Michael and Schepp, Politik und Schule, 1: 425-427.
169. Albisetti, Schooling German Girls and Women, p. 293.
170. Raymond E. Callahan reports on Page 214 of his Education and the Cult of Efficiency: A Study of the Social Forces that have Shaped the Administration of the Public Schools (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962)
171. Callahan, Education and the Cult of Efficiency, p. 217.
172. Callahan, Education and the Cult of Efficiency, p. 220.
173. "Professionalization in Public Education, 1890-1920: The American High School Teacher," in Bildungsbürgertum im 19. Jahrhundert: Bildungssystem und Professionalisierung im internationalen Vergleich, ed. Werner Conze and Jürgen Kocka (Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1985), pp. 495-528
174. "Professionalization: The Betrayal of the Teacher," in my And Sadly Teach: Teacher Education and Professionalization in American Culture (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989), pp. 161-184.
175. David Tyack and Elisabeth Hansot, Managers of Virtue: Public School Leadership in America, 1820-1980 (New York: Basic Books, 1951), p. 106.
176. William W. Cutler III, Parents and Schools: The 150 Year Struggle for Control in American Education (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), pp. 8, 115-126.
177. William J. Reese, Power and the Promise of School Reform: Grassroots Movements During the Progressive Era (Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986), pp. 46-50.
178. Reese, Power and the Promise of School Reform, p. 79.
179. Lawrence A. Cremin, The Transformation of the School: Progressivism in American Education, 1876-1957 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1961), pp. 245, 246, 250.
180. Cremin, The Transformation, pp. 250-251.
181. Cutler, Parents and Schools, pp. 66-67.
182. "Dare Progressive Education Be Progressive?" Progressive Education 9(1932): 257-263.
183. "Progressive Education under Fire," in Arthur Zilversmit, Changing Schools: Progressive Education Theory and Practice, 1930-1960 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), pp. 103-117.
184. Cremin, The Transformation, p. 327.
185. Cutler, Parents and Schools, pp. 134-135.
186. Daniel Calhoun, ed., The Educating of Americans: A Documentary History (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1969), p. 42.
187. Reese, Power and the Promise of School Reform, p. 162.
188. Cutler, Parents and Schools, p. 2.
189. James Bryant Conant, The Child, The Parent, and the State (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959), p. 47.
190. Cutler, Parents and Schools, p. 44.
191. The Once and Future School: Three Hundred and Fifty Years of Secondary American Education (New York: Routledge, 1996), pp. 165-185.
192. David L. Angus and Jeffrey E. Mirel, The Failed Promise of the American High School, 1890-1995 (New York: Teachers College, Columbia University, 1999), p. 65.
193. Educational Policies Commission, Education for All American Youth (Washington, DC: NEA, 1944), pp. 35, 39, 192, 211, 296, 359.
194. James Bryant Conant, Slums and Suburbs (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1961), pp. 145-147.
195. The Once and Future School, p. 188
196. James Bryant Conant’s The Comprehensive High School: A Second Report to Interested Citizens (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967), pp. 2, 20.
197. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970 (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, 1975), pp. 368-369
198. National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 1999, Table 3.
199. Kim Tolley, " ‘Many Years before the Mayflower’: Catholic Academies and the Development of Parish High Schools in the United States," in Chartered Schools: Two Hundred Years of Independent Academies in the United States, 1727-1925, ed. Nancy Beadie and Kim Tolley (New York and London: RoutledgeFalmer, 2002), pp. 304-328.
200. Otto F. Kraushaar, American Nonpublic Schools: Patterns of Diversity (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1972), p. 77.
201. Lawrence Cremin’s engaging description of the progressive schools in his The Transformation of the School, pp. 179-239.
202. Pierce v. Society of the Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary, 268 U.S. 510 (1925).
203. Farrington v. T. Tokushige, 273 U.S. 284 (1927).
204. Cochran v. Louisiana State Board of Education, 281 U.S. 370 (1930).
205. West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, 319 U.S. 624 (1943).
206. Karl-Heinz Nave, Die allgemeine deutsche Grundschule: Ihre Entstehung aus der Novemberrevolution von 1918 (Weinheim: Verlag Julius Beltz, 1961), pp. 165-167. The entire constitution may be consulted at .
207. Cf. on this Luise Wagner-Winterhager, Schule und Eltern in der Weimarer Republik: Untersuchungen zur Wirksamkeit der Elternbeiräte in Preußen und der Elternräte in Hamburg 1918-1922 (Weinheim and Basel: Beltz Verlag, 1979), pp. 56-60.
208. Nave, Die allgemeine deutsche Grundschule, p. 63.
209. Christoph Führ, Zur Schulpolitik der Weimarer Republik, 2nd ed. (Weinheim: Beltz, 1972), pp. 161-162.
210. Hildegard Milberg, Schulpolitik in der pluralistischen Gesellschaft: Die politischen and sozialen Aspekte der Schulreform in Hamburg 1890-1935 (Hamburg: Leibniz Verlag, 1970), pp. 199-206.
211. Führ, Zur Schulpolitik, p. 37.
212. Milberg, Schulpolitik in der pluralistischen Gesellschaft, pp. 156-157.
213. Wagner-Winterhager, Schule und Eltern, pp. 66-71.
214. Nave, Die allgemeine deutsche Grundschule, pp. 89-91.
215. Führ, Zur Schulpolitik, p. 163.
216. Wagner-Winterhager, Schule und Eltern, p. 48.
217. Milberg, Schulpolitik in der pluralistischen Gesellschaft, pp. 59-62 and 246-258.
218. Cf. Wagner-Winterhager, Schule und Eltern, pp. 53-283.
219. Hans-Peter de Lorent and Volker Ullrich, eds., Der Traum von der freien Schule: Schule und Schulpolitik in der Weimarer Republik (Hamburg: Ergebnisse Verlag, 1988).
220. Jürgen Oelkers, "Origin and Development in Central Europe," in Progressive Education Across the Continents, ed. Hermann Röhrs and Volker Lenhart (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1995), pp. 31-50.
221. George Mosse on Kurt Hahn’s unwillingness to accept parents as educators in his Confronting History: A Memoir (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2000), p. 57.
222. Jürgen Oelkers Reformpädagogik: Eine Kritische Dogmengeschichte (Weinheim: Juventa Verlag, 1989), p. 155
223. Hermann Weimer and Juliane Jacobi in Geschichte der Pädagogik, 19th ed. (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1991), pp. 188-190.
224. Oelkers, Reformpädagogik, pp. 158-165.
225. Hanno Schmitt, "Zur Realität der Schulreform in der Weimarer Republik," in Politische Reformpädagogik, ed. Tobias Rülcker and Jürgen Oelkers (Bern: Peter Lang, 1998), pp. 619-643.
226. Jürgen Oelkers, "Origin and Development in Central Europe," in Progressive Education Across the Continents, ed. Röhrs and Lenhart, p. 33.
227. Hildegard Feidel-Mertz, Schulen im Exil: Die verdrängte Pädagogik nach 1933 (Reinbeck bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1983), pp. 25-33.
228. Feidel-Mertz, Schulen im Exil, pp. 22-24.
229. Feidel-Mertz, Schulen im Exil, pp. 33-51
230. Hermann Weimer and Juliane Jacobi, Geschichte der Pädagogik (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1992), pp. 196-200.
231. Hans-Georg Herrlitz, Wulf Hopf, and Hartmut Titze, Deutsche Schulgeschichte von 1800 bis zur Gegenwart: Eine Einführung (Weinheim and München: Juventa Verlag, 1993), p. 151.
232. Feidel-Mertz, Schulen im Exil, pp. 20-21.
233. Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954).
234. Herbert O. Reid, "The Supreme Court Decision and Interposition," The Journal of Negro Education 25 (Spring 1956): 109-110
235. Walter F. Murphy, "Desegregation in Public Education-A Generation of Future Litigation," Maryland Law Review 15: 221-243.
236. Numan V. Bartley, The Rise of Massive Resistance: Race and Politics in the South During the 1950s (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1969), pp. 77-78.
237. Bartley, The Rise of Massive Resistance, pp. 76-77.
238. Edward R. Crowther, "Alabama’s Fight to Maintain Segregated Schools, 1953-1956," Alabama Review 43 (July 1990): 206-225.
239. Robbins L. Gates, The Making of Massive Resistance: Virginia’s Politics of Public School Desegregation, 1954-1956 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1962), p. 118.
240. Bartley, The Rise of Massive Resistance, pp. 320-325.
241. Gates, The Making of Massive Resistance, pp. 117, 123.
242. Gates, The Making of Massive Resistance, p. 212.
243. Amy E. Murrell, "The ‘Impossible’ Prince Edward Case: The Endurance of Resistance in a Southside County, 1959-64," in The Moderates’ Dilemma: Massive Resistance to School Desegregation in Virginia, ed. Matthew D. Lassiter and Andrew B. Lewis (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1998), pp. 134-167.
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249. John C. Holt, How Children Fail (New York: Pitman, 1964);
250. Maurice R. Berube and Marilyn Gittell, eds., Confrontation at Ocean Hill-Brownsville: The New York School Strikes of 1968 (New York: Praeger, 1969);
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258. Weiler, A Public School Voucher Demonstration, p. 6.
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271. Christian Braunlich and Melanie Looney, eds., Charter Schools 2002: Results from CER’s Annual Survey of America’s Charter Schools (Washington, DC: The Center for Education Reform, 2002), p. 2.
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273. The Rocky Mountain News of October 26, 2002, reports this from Aurora, Boulder Valley, and Fort Collins, Colorado.
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280. Zorach v. Clauson, 343 U.S. 306, 315 (1952).
281. Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406 U.S. 205, 217, 234 (1972).
282. Perchemlides v. Frizzle, 16641 Massachusetts Hampshire County Superior Court (1978).
283. Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602, 612-613 (1971).
284. Mueller v. Allen, 463 U.S. 388 (1983).
285. Zelman v. Simmons-Harris, 536 U.S. 639 (2002).
286. Elementary and Secondary Education Act, Public Law 89-10 (April 11, 1965).
287. Marvin Lazerson, ed., American Education in the Twentieth Century: A Documentary History (New York: Teachers College Press, 1987), pp. 163, 164.
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290. H.R. 1804, Goals 2000: Educate America Act (January 25, 1994).
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295. Peter Lundgreen, Sozialgeschichte der deutschen Schule im Überblick, Teil II: 1918-1980 (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1981), p. 18.
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297. Froese and Blumenthal, Bildungspolitik, p. 48
298. Oskar Anweiler, Schulpolitik and Schulsystem in der DDR (Opladen: Leske und Budrich, 1988), p. 26.
299. Froese and Blumenthal, Bildungspolitik, pp. 36-38, 114-121.
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302. Christoph Führ, The German Education System since 1945 (Bonn: Inter Nationes, 1997), p. 10
303. Lundgreen, Sozialgeschichte, pp. 25-26.
304. Günther and Uhlig, Dokumente-Teil 1: 1945-1955, p. 208
305. Teil 2: 1956-1967/68, 1st Halbband, p. 318.
306. Führ, The German Education System, p. 13.
307. Froese and Blumenthal, Bildungspolitik, pp. 48-50.
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311. Günther and Uhlig, Dokumente-Teil 2: 1956-1967/68, 1st Halbband, pp. 315-323.
312. Anweiler, Schulpolitik, pp. 71-72.
313. Froese and Blumenthal, Bildungspolitik, p. 192.
314. Dietmar Waterkamp, Handbuch zum Bildungswesen der DDR (Berlin: Berlin Verlag, 1987), pp. 109-110
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316. Günther and Uhlig, Dokumente-Teil 4: 1973-1980/81, p. 429.
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318. Günther and Uhlig, Dokumente-Teil 2: 1956-1967/68, 2nd Halbband, p. 683.
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320. Froese and Blumenthal, Bildungspolitik, p. 281.
321. Anweiler, Schulpolitik, p. 98.
322. Günther and Uhlig, Dokumente-Teil 3: 1968-1972/73, 1st Halbband, pp. 44-53.
323. Günther and Uhlig, Dokumente-Teil 3: 1968-1972/73, 1st Halbband, p. 46.
324. Günther and Uhlig, Dokumente-Teil 3: 1968-1972/73, 2nd Halbband, pp. 671-676.
325. Anweiler, Schulpolitik, pp. 131-132.
326. Zymek, "Die Schulentwicklung," p. 43.
327. Günther and Uhlig, Dokumente-Teil 1: 1945-1955, pp. 344, 393-395, 525-527.
328. Günther and Uhlig, Dokumente-Teil 2: 1956-1967/68, 1st Halbband, pp. 323-328.
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332. Führ, German Education System, pp. 78-81.
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338. Die Welt, April 7, 2003.
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348. Informationsunterlage, Übergang, pp. 4, 6, 7.
349. Werner Heldmann, Kultureller und gesellschaftlicher Auftrag von Schule: Bildungstheoretische Studie zum Schulkonzept "Die Soziale Leistungsschule" des Philoogen-Verbandes Nordrhein-Westfalen (Krefeld: Pädagogik und Hochschul Verlag, 1990), pp. 300-301
350. Christian Starck, Staat, Schule, Kirche in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und in Frankreich (Kehl, Straßburg: N. P. Engel Verlag, 1982), p. 17.
351. "The Educational System in Germany: Case Study Findings, June 1999, chapter 2, The Transition to Lower Secondary Education," at http://www.ed.gov/pubs/GermanCaseStudy/ chapter2a.html
352. Informationsunterlage, Übergang, pp. 11 and 12.
353. Informationsunterlage, Übergang, pp. 12 and 13.
354. Informationsunterlage, Übergang, p. 16.
355. Werner Heldmann, Kultureller und gesellschaftlicher Auftrag von Schule, pp. 300-309.
356. Jürgen Baumert et al., eds., PISA 2000: Basiskompetenzen von Schülerinnen und Schülern im internationalen Vergleich (Opladen: Leske und Budrich, 2001), pp. 430, 431.
357. Isabelle de Pommereau, "Germany: Schools that divide," Christian Science Monitor, October 22, 2002.
358. Martin Spiewak, "Die Schule brennt," Die Zeit, Politik 50/2001.
359. Baumert et al., PISA 2000, pp. 107, 110, 173, and 229.
360. Baumert et al., PISA 2000, pp. 103, 105, 108.
361. Baumert et al., PISA 2000, p. 356.
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363. Baumert et al., PISA 2000, p. 375.
364. Baumert et al., PISA 2000, pp. 379, 401.
365. Führ, German Education System, pp. 50-51. These councils are controversial, and the Christian Democrats have called for their abolition. See http:// www.ed.gov/pubs/GermanCase Study/chapter2a.html
366. Heinz-Elmar Tenorth in Häder and Tenorth, Bildungsgeschichte einer Diktatur, p. 75.
367. Frank-Rüdiger Jach, Schulvielfalt als Verfassungsgebot (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1991), pp. 9-10.
368. Everett Webber, Escape to Utopia: The Communal Movement in America (New York: Hastings House, 1959)
369. Frank E. Manuel, ed., Utopias and Utopian Thought (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1966).
370. Ivan Illich, Deschooling Society (New York: Harper and Row, 1970).
371. Mark Lilla, "A Tale of Two Reactions," New York Review of Books, May 14, 1998, 7.
372. Raymond E. Callahan, Education and the Cult of Efficiency (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,1962)
373. David B. Tyack, The One Best System: A History of American Urban Education (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974).
374. Richard Just, "Voucher Nation? Why School Choice Could Demolish National Unity," American Prospect Online, July 11, 2002.
375. Andy Green, Education and State Formation: The Rise of Education Systems in England, France and the USA (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1990), pp. 76-81, 308-316.
376. Jürgen Oelkers, Reformpädagogik: Eine kritische Dogmengeschichte (Weinheim and München: Juventa Verlag, 1989), pp. 13 and 27.
377. Peter W. Cookson, Jr., School Choice: The Struggle for the Soul of American Education (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994), pp. 127-128.
378. John Chubb and Terry Moe, Politics, Markets, and America’s Schools (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1990), pp. 218-219.
379. John E. Coons and Stephen D. Sugarman, Education by Choice: The Case for Family Control (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978), p. 153.
380. Milton and Rose Friedman, Free to Choose, A Personal Statement (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1979), pp. 167, 171.
381. Chubb and Moe, Politics, Markets, and America’s Schools
382. Coons and Sugarman, Education by Choice: The Case for Family Control
383. Milton Friedman and Rose Friedman, Free to Choose.
384. Joseph Kahne, Reframing Educational Policy: Democracy, Community, and the Individual (New York: Teachers College Press, 1996).
385. Nancy Beadie and Kim Tolley, eds., Chartered Schools: Two Hundred Years of Independent Academies in the United States, 1727-1925 (New York and London: RoutledgeFalmer, 2002).
386. Winfried Schlaffke and Reinhold Weiß, eds., Private Bildung-Herausforderung für das öffentliche Bildungsmonopol (Köln: Deutscher Institutsverlag, 1996), pp. 87-88.
387. Dale D. and Bonnie Johnson, High Stakes: Children, Testing and Failure in American Schools (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002), p. 203.
388. Richard Elmore, "Unwarranted Intrusion," Education Next (Spring 2002), http://educationnext.org/20021/30.html
389. Zelman v. Simmons-Harris, 536 U.S. 639 (2002).
390. Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1, 18 (1947).
391. Board of Education of Central School District No. 1 v. Allen, 392 U.S. 236 (1968);
392. Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971);
393. Levitt v. Committee for Public Education & Religious Liberty, 413 U.S. 472 (1973);
394. Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty v. Nyquist, 413 U.S. 756 (1973);
395. Meek v. Pittenger, 421 U.S. 349 (1975);
396. Wolman v. Walter, 433 U.S. 229 (1977).
397. Mueller v. Allen, 463 U.S. 388, 398,400 (1983).