Ecosystem services and ecological restoration in the Northern Shaanxi Loess Plateau, China, in relation to climate fluctuation and investments in natural capital

Sustainability (Switzerland)

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 2017, Pages

  Wei, Hejie ^a   Fan, Weiguo ^a   Ding, Zhenyu ^b   Weng, Boqi ^c   Xing, Kaixiong ^d   Wang, Xuechao ^a   Lu, Nachuan ^a   Ulgiati, Sergio ^e   Dong, Xiaobin ^a  

^a BEIJING NORMAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b CHINESE ACADEMY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING   (China)

^c INSTITUTE OF PLANT PROTECTION   (China)

^d INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHIC SCIENCES AND NATURAL RESOURCES RESEARCH   (China)

^e UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES PARTHENOPE   (Italy)

Author keywords

Grain production; Loess Plateau; Net primary production; Vegetation restoration; Water yield

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE CHANGE; ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; ECOSYSTEM SERVICE; ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION; INVESTMENT; NATURAL CAPITAL; NATURE CONSERVATION; NDVI; NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; RESTORATION ECOLOGY; SEED PRODUCTION; VEGETATION STRUCTURE; WATER YIELD;

CHINA; LOESS PLATEAU; SHAANXI;

EID: 85013374193     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20711050     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/su9020199     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Ouyang, Z.; Zheng, H.; Xiao, Y.; Polasky, S.; Liu, J.; Xu, W.; Wang, Q.; Zhang, L.; Xiao, Y.; Rao, E.; et al. Improvements in ecosystem services from investments in natural capital. Science 2016, 352, 1455-1459.
2. Lü, Y.H.; Fu, B.J.; Feng, X.M.; Zeng, Y.; Liu, Y.; Chang, R.Y.; Sun, G.; Wu, B.F. A policy-driven large scale ecological restoration: Quantifying ecosystem services changes in the Loess Plateau of China. PLoS ONE 2012, 7, e31782.
3. Feng, X.M.; Fu, B.J.; Lu, N.; Zeng, Y.; Wu, B.F. How ecological restoration alters ecosystem services: An analysis of carbon sequestration in China's Loess Plateau. Sci. Rep. 2013, 3, 2846.
4. Li, S.; Yan, J.; Liu, X.;Wan, J. Response of vegetation restoration to climate change and human activities in Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Region. J. Geogr. Sci. 2013, 23, 98-112.
5. Li, Y.Y.; Shao, M.A. Change of soil physical properties under long-term natural vegetation restoration in the Loess Plateau of China. J. Arid Environ. 2006, 64, 77-96.
6. Xin, Z.; Xu, J.; Zheng, W. Spatiotemporal variations of vegetation cover on the Chinese Loess Plateau (1981-2006): Impacts of climate changes and human activities. Sci. China Ser. D 2008, 51, 67-78.
7. Tian, F.; Wang, Y.; Fensholt, R.; Wang, K.; Zhang, L.; Huang, Y. Mapping and Evaluation of NDVI Trends from Synthetic Time Series Obtained by Blending Landsat and MODIS Data around a Coalfield on the Loess Plateau. Remote Sens. 2013, 5, 4255-4279.
8. Zhou, H.; Van Rompaey, A.; Wang, J.A. Detecting the impact of the "Grain for Green" program on the mean annual vegetation cover in the Shaanxi province, China using SPOT-VGT NDVI data. Land Use Policy 2009, 26, 954-960.
9. Jin, Z.; Dong, Y.; Wang, Y.; Wei, X.; Wang, Y.; Cui, B.; Zhou, W. Natural vegetation restoration is more beneficial to soil surface organic and inorganic carbon sequestration than tree plantation on the Loess Plateau of China. Sci. Total Environ. 2014, 485-486, 615-623.
10. Liu, D.; Chen, Y.; Cai, W.; Dong, W.; Xiao, J.; Chen, J.; Zhang, H.; Xia, J.; Yuan, W. The contribution of China's Grain to Green Program to carbon sequestration. Landsc. Ecol. 2014, 29, 1675-1688.
11. Wang, B.; Liu, G.; Zhang, G.; Yang, Y. Effects of Grain for Green Project on food security on Loess Plateau. Bull. Soil Water Conserv. 2013, 33, 241-245. (In Chinese)
12. Feng, X.; Fu, B.; Piao, S.;Wang, S.; Ciais, P.; Zeng, Z.; Lü, Y.; Zeng, Y.; Li, Y.; Jiang, X.; et al. Revegetation in China's Loess Plateau is approaching sustainable water resource limits. Nat. Clim. Chang. 2016, 6, 1019-1022.
13. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being Synthesis; Island Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2014.
14. Rey Benayas, J.M.; Newton, A.C.; Diaz, A.; Bullock, J.M. Enhancement of biodiversity and ecosystem services by ecological restoration: A meta-analysis. Science 2009, 325, 1121-1124.
15. Shackelford, N.; Hobbs, R.J.; Burgar, J.M.; Erickson, T.E.; Fontaine, J.B.; Laliberté, E.; Ramalho, C.E.; Perring, M.P.; Standish, R.J. Primed for Change: Developing Ecological Restoration for the 21st Century. Restor. Ecol. 2013, 21, 297-304.
16. Trabucchi, M.; Ntshotsho, P.; O'Farrell, P.; Comin, F.A. Ecosystem service trends in basin-scale restoration initiatives: A review. J. Environ. Manag. 2012, 111, 18-23.
17. Tallis, H.; Kareiva, P.; Marvier, M.; Chang, A. An ecosystem services framework to support both practical conservation and economic development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008, 105, 9457-9464.
18. Geijzendorffer, I.R.; Martín-López, B.; Roche, P.K. Improving the identification of mismatches in ecosystem services assessments. Ecol. Indic. 2015, 52, 320-331.
19. Hains-Young, R.; Potschin, M. The Links between Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services and HumanWell-Being//Raffaelli D, Frid C. Ecosystem Ecology: A New Systhsis; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2010.
20. Spangenberg, J.H.; Von Haaren, C.; Settele, J. The ecosystem service cascade: Further developing the metaphor. Integrating societal processes to accommodate social processes and planning, and the case of bioenergy. Ecol. Econ. 2014, 104, 22-32.
21. Schröter, D.; Cramer, W.; Leemans, R.; Prentice, I.C.; Arau'jo, M.B.; Arnell, N.W.; Bondeau, A.; Bugmann, H.; Carter, T.R.; Gracia, C.A.; et al. Ecosystem service supply and vulnerability to global change in Europe. Science 2005, 310, 1333-1337.
22. Mooney, H.; Larigauderie, A.; Cesario, M.; Elmquist, T.; Hoegh-Guldberg, O.; Lavorel, S.; Mace, G.M.; Palmer, M.; Scholes, R.; Yahara, T. Biodiversity, climate change, and ecosystem services. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain. 2009, 1, 46-54.
23. Cheung, W.W.L.; Lam, V.W.Y.; Sarmiento, J.L.; Kearney, K.;Watson, R.; Pauly, D. Projecting global marine biodiversity impacts under climate change scenarios. Fish Fish. 2009, 10, 235-251.
24. Lobell, D.B.; Field, C.B. Global scale climate-crop yield relationships and the impacts of recent warming. Env. Res. Lett. 2007, 2, 014002.
25. Su, C.; Fu, B.;Wei, Y.; Lü, Y.; Liu, G.;Wang, D.; Mao, K.; Feng, X. Ecosystem management based on ecosystem services and human activities: A case study in the Yanhe watershed. Sustain. Sci. 2011, 7, 17-32.
26. Su, C.; Fu, B.; He, C.; Lü, Y. Variation of ecosystem services and human activities: A case study in the Yanhe Watershed of China. Acta Oecol. 2012, 44, 46-57.
27. Jia, X.; Shao, M.; Wei, X.; Horton, R.; Li, X. Estimating total net primary productivity of managed grasslands by a state-space modeling approach in a small catchment on the Loess Plateau, China. Geoderma 2011, 160, 281-291.
28. Wang, Y.; Fu, B.; Lü, Y.; Chen, L. Effects of vegetation restoration on soil organic carbon sequestration at multiple scales in semi-arid Loess Plateau, China. Catena 2011, 85, 58-66.
29. Li, Z.;Wang, Y.; Zhou, Q.;Wu, J.; Peng, J.; Chang, H. Spatiotemporal variability of land surface moisture based on vegetation and temperature characteristics in Northern Shaanxi Loess Plateau, China. J. Arid Environ. 2008, 72, 974-985.
30. Zhou, Y.; Tang, G.A.; Yang, X.; Xiao, C.; Zhang, Y.; Luo, M. Positive and negative terrains on northern Shaanxi Loess Plateau. J. Geogr. Sci. 2010, 20, 64-76.
31. Fu, B.J.; Ma, K.M.; Zhou, H.F.; Chen, L.D. The effect of land use structure on the distribution of soil nutrients in the hilly area of the Loess Plateau, China. Chin. Sci. Bull. 1999, 44, 732-736.
32. Chen, L.; Gong, J.; Fu, B.; Huang, Z.; Huang, Y.; Gui, L. Effect of land use conversion on soil organic carbon sequestration in the loess hilly area, Loess Plateau of China. Ecol. Res. 2006, 22, 641-648.
33. Jia, X.; Fu, B.; Feng, X.; Hou, G.; Liu, Y.;Wang, X. The tradeoffand synergy between ecosystem services in the Grain-for-Green areas in Northern Shaanxi, China. Ecol. Indic. 2014, 43, 103-113.
34. Chinese Academy of Sciences. Data Center for Resources and Environmental Sciences. Available online: http://www.resdc.cn (accessed on 5 July 2016).
35. Bannari, A.; Morin, D.; Bonn, F.; Huete, A.R. A review of vegetation indices. Remote Sens. Rev. 1995, 13, 95-120.
36. Tucker, C.J. Red and photographic infrared linear combinations for monitoring vegetation. Remote Sens. Environ. 1979, 8, 127-150.
37. Pettorelli, N.; Vik, J.O.; Mysterud, A.; Gaillard, J.M.; Tucker, C.J.; Stenseth, N.C. Using the satellite-derived NDVI to assess ecological responses to environmental change. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2005, 20, 503-510.
38. Estel, S.; Kuemmerle, T.; Alcántara, C.; Levers, C.; Prishchepov, A.; Hostert, P. Mapping farmland abandonment and recultivation across Europe using MODIS NDVI time series. Remote Sens. Environ. 2015, 163, 312-325.
39. Li, H.; Jiang, J.; Chen, B.; Li, Y.; Xu, Y.; Shen, W. Pattern of NDVI-based vegetation greening along an altitudinal gradient in the eastern Himalayas and its response to global warming. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2016, 188, 186.
40. Holben, B.N. Characteristics ofmaximum-value composite images fromtemporalAVHRR data. Int. J. Remote Sens. 1986, 7, 1417-1434.
41. Zhang, Y.; Wei, H. Space-time Evolvement of Carbon Flux in Shaanxi Province Based on the Ecological Balance Perspective. Arid Zone Res. 2015, 32, 777-783. (In Chinese)
42. Shaanxi Provincial Bureau of Statistics. Shaanxi Provincial Statistical Yearbook; China Statistical Publishing House: Beijing, China, 2001-2014. (In Chinese)
43. Budyko, M.I. Climate and Life. Academy of Sciences, Main Observatory of Leningrad; Academic Press: New York, NY, USA, 1974.
44. Potter, N.J.; Zhang, L.; Milly, P.C.D.; McMahon, T.A.; Jakeman, A.J. Effects of rainfall seasonality and soil moisture capacity on mean annual water balance for Australian catchments. Water Resour. Res. 2005, 41, W06007.
45. Attorre, F.; Alfo, M.; De Sanctis, M.; Francesconi, F.; Bruno, F. Comparison of interpolation methods for mapping climatic and bioclimatic variables at regional scale. Int. J. Climatol. 2007, 27, 1825-1843.
46. Mu, Q.; Zhao, M.; Running, S.W. Improvements to a MODIS global terrestrial evapotranspiration algorithm. Remote Sens. Environ. 2011, 115, 1781-1800.
47. Costanza, R.; DArge, R.; De Groot, R.; Farber, S.; Grasso, M.; Hannon, B.; Limburg, K.; Naeem, S.; Oneill, R.V.; Paruelo, J.; et al. The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 1997, 387, 253-260.
48. Potter, C.S.; Randerson, J.T.; Field, C.B.; Matson, P.A.; Vitousek, P.M.; Mooney, H.A.; Klooster, S.A. Terrestrial ecosystem production: A process model based on global satellite and surface data. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 1993, 7, 811-841.
49. Field, C.B.; Randerson, J.T.; Malmström, C.M. Global net primary production: Combining ecology and remote sensing. Remote Sens. Environ. 1995, 51, 74-88.
50. Zhu, W.Q.; Pan, Y.Z.; He, H.; Yu, D.Y.; Hu, H.B. Simulation of maximum light use efficiency for some typical vegetation types in China. Chin. Sci. Bull. 2006, 51, 457-463.
51. Xiao, X.; Hollinger, D.; Aber, J.; Goltz, M.; Davidson, E.A.; Zhang, Q.; Moore, B. Satellite-based modeling of gross primary production in an evergreen needleleaf forest. Remote Sens. Environ. 2004, 89, 519-534.
52. Bishop, J.K.B.; Rossow, W.B. Spatial and temporal variability of global surface solar irradiance. J. Geophys. Res. 1991, 96, 16839-16858.
53. Allen, R.G.; Pereira, L.S.; Raes, D.; Smith, M. Crop Evapotranspiration: Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements-FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56; UN-FAO: Rome, Italy, 1998.
54. Wen, D.M. An attempt to discuss the climatologically calculational methods for global radiation. Acta Meteorol. Sin. 1964, 34, 304-315. (In Chinese)
55. Stow, D.; Daeschner, S.; Hope, A.; Douglas, D.; Petersen, A.; Myneni, R.; Zhou, L.; Oechel, W. Variability of the Seasonally Integrated Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Across the North Slope of Alaska in the 1990s. Int. J. Remote Sens. 2003, 24, 1111-1117.
56. Zhang, X.; Niu, J.; Buyantuev, A.; Zhang, Q.; Dong, J.; Kang, S.; Zhang, J. Understanding Grassland Degradation and Restoration from the Perspective of Ecosystem Services: A Case Study of the Xilin River Basin in Inner Mongolia, China. Sustainability 2016, 8, 594.
57. Su, C.; Fu, B. Evolution of ecosystem services in the Chinese Loess Plateau under climatic and land use changes. Glob. Planet. Chang. 2013, 101, 119-128.
58. Zhang, H.; Zhang, Y.; Wei, H.; Wang, S. Spatial-temporal characteristic of carbon capture capacity by crops in Shaanxi Province during recent twenty years. Bull. Soil Water Conserv. 2016, 36, 65-71. (In Chinese)
59. Xie, B.N.; Qin, Z.F.; Wang, Y.; Chang, Q.R. Spatial and temporal variation in terrestrial net primary productivity on Chinese Loess Plateau and its influential factors. Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng. 2014, 30, 244-253. (In Chinese)
60. Xu, J.H. Mathematical Methods in Contemporary Geography; Higher Education Press: Beijing, China, 2002. (In Chinese)
61. National Climatic Bureau in China. Available online: http://data.cma.cn (accessed on 23 July 2016).
62. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Available online: https://ladsweb.nascom.nasa.gov/data/search.html (accessed on 17 July 2016).
63. Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group. Available online: http://www.ntsg.umt.edu/project (accessed on 17 July 2016).
64. Bai, J.J.; Bai, J.T.; Wang, L. Spatio-temporal change of vegetation NDVI and its relations with regional climate in northern Shaanxi Province in 2000-2010. Sci. Geogr. Sin. 2014, 34, 882-888. (In Chinese)
65. Wang, L.; Fu, B.J.; Lü, Y.H.; Zeng, Y. Spatio-temporal variations of vegetation cover in northern Shaanxi Province under the back ground of ecological restoration. Chin. J. Appl. Ecol. 2010, 21, 2109-2116. (In Chinese)
66. Li, L.; Tsunekawa, A.; Tsubo, M.; Koike, A.; Wang, J.J. Assessing total factor productivity and efficiency change for farms participating in Grain for Green program in China: A case study from Ansai, Loess Plateau. J. Food Agric. Environ. 2010, 8, 1185-1192.
67. Yao, S.; Li, H. Agricultural productivity changes induced by the sloping land conversion program: An analysi of Wuqi county in the Loess Plateau region. Environ. Manag. 2010, 45, 541-550.
68. Zhang, T.; Peng, J.; Liang, W.; Yang, Y.; Liu, Y. Spatial-temporal patterns of water use efficiency and climate controls in China's Loess Plateau during 2000-2010. Sci. Total Environ. 2016, 565, 105-122.
69. Zhang, X.P.; Zhang, L.; Zhao, J.; Rustomji, P.; Hairsine, P. Responses of stream flow to changes in climate and land use/cover in the Loess Plateau, China. Water Resour. Res. 2008, 44, W00A07.
70. Li, S.; Liang, W.; Fu, B.; Lu, Y.; Fu, S.; Wang, S.; Su, H. Vegetation changes in recent large-scale ecological restoration projects and subsequent impact on water resources in China's Loess Plateau. Sci. Total Environ. 2016, 569-570, 1032-1039.
71. Wei, H.J.; Zhang, Y.F.; Dong, X.B.; Lu, N.C.; Wang, X. C. Estimating the Spatio-temporal Characteristic of Vegetation Water Use Efficiency overWeihe River Basin. J. Nat. Resour. 2016, 31, 1275-1288. (In Chinese)
72. Wang, S.; Zhang, Y.F.;Wei, H.J.; Zhang, H.Y. The NPP change and the vegetation carbon fixation/oxygen release values in Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Region of China. J. Desert Res. 2015, 35, 1421-1428. (In Chinese)
73. Kim, H.W.; Hwang, K.;Mu, Q.; Lee, S.O.; Choi, M. Validation ofMODIS 16 global terrestrial evapotranspiration products in various climates and land cover types in Asia. KSCE J. Civ. Eng. 2012, 16, 229-238.
74. Sur, C.; Choi, M. Evaluating ecohydrological impacts of vegetation activities on climatological perspectives using MODIS gross primary productivity and evapotranspiration products at Korean regional flux network site. Remote Sens. 2013, 5, 2534-2553.
75. He, T.; Shao, Q.Q. Spatial-temporal variation of terrestrial evapotranspiration in China from2001 to 2010 using MOD16 products. Geo-Inf. Sci. 2014, 16, 979-988. (In Chinese)
76. He, H.J.; Zhuo, J.; Dong, J.F.; Wang, J. Surveying variations of evapotranspiration in Shaanxi Province Using MOD16 products. Arid Land Geogr. 2015, 38, 960-967. (In Chinese)
77. Wei, H.J.; Zhang, Y.F.; Zhu, N.; Wang, P.T.; Yu, Y. The spatial and temporal characteristic of ET in the Wei River Basin based on MOD16 data. J. Desert Res. 2015, 35, 414-422. (In Chinese)
78. Fu, B.J.; Yu, D.D. Trade-offanalyses and synthetic integrated method of multiple ecosystem services. Resour. Sci. 2016, 38, 1-9. (In Chinese)
79. Turner, R.K.; Daily, G.C. The ecosystem services framework and natural capital conservation. Environ. Res. Econom. 2007, 39, 25-35.
80. Hu, C.; Fu, B.; Chen, L.; Gulinck, H. Farmer's altitudes towards to the Grain-for-Green program in the Loess-hilly area, China: A case study in two small catchments. Int. J. Sustain. Dev. World 2006, 13, 211-220.
81. Seppelt, R.; Dormann, C.F.; Eppink, F.V.; Lautenbach, S.; Schmidt, S. A quantitative review of ecosystem service studies: Approaches, shortcomings and the road ahead. J. Appl. Ecol. 2011, 48, 630-636.
82. Rodríguez, J.; Beard, T.; Bennett, E.; Cumming, G.; Cork, S.; Agard, J.; Dobson, A.; Peterson, G. Trade-offs across space, time, and ecosystem services. Ecol. Soc. 2006, 11, 28.
83. Bennett, E.M.; Peterson, G.D.; Gordon, L.J. Understanding relationships among multiple ecosystem services. Ecol. Lett. 2009, 12, 1394-1404.
84. Raudsepp-Hearne, C.; Peterson, G.D.; Bennett, E.M. Ecosystem service bundles for analyzing tradeoffs in diverse landscapes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2010, 107, 5242-5247.