The minoan thalassocracy reconsidered: Provenance studies of lh ii a/lm i b pottery from phylakopi, ay. irini and athens

Annual of the British School at Athens

Volumn 95, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 141-184

  Mountjoy, P A ^a   Ponting, M J ^b  

^a British School   (Greece)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 85012541449     PISSN: 00682454     EISSN: 20452403     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0068245400004627     Document Type: Article

References (147)

1. OpArch 6 (1950), 150-271.
2. See RMDP 21-2 for a discussion of this class.
3. See Kythera, 302-3 for a definition of the Alternating Style and RMDP 23 for the Arcade Group.
4. Argolid, Prosymna: one bell cup and Kokla: one bell cup and one rounded cup, all in the Alternating Style, were analysed Wace and Blegen, 76-80; Thessaly, Volos: LH II B/LM II vases with a burial in T.188 including an Arcade Group jug A. Delt. 40A (1985), 67-70 Kea, Ay. Irini: GCP 455 Table 6.5 nos. 37, 41-2, 44-7, 49, 51; Marine Style from the Mainland and the Aegean islands BSA 73 (1978), 168-9.
5. Keos III, 146.
6. Athens Wells, passim.
7. BSA 69 (1974), 5.
8. R. Barber, in Thalassocracy, 180.
9. BSA 69 (1974), 5.
10. RMDP 21-2 for a discussion of this class. 46-7.
11. BSA 17 (1910-1911), LM I B pl. 11. 137, 140, 163, LH II A 15 fig. 2. 96, 82.
12. BSA 73 (1978), 163.
13. RMDP Messenia nos. 9-10, Kea nos 11-12, Thebes Boeotia A. Delt. 3 (1917), 200 fig. 144.1, Argolid, Kokla K. Demakopoulou, in Wace, and Blegen, pl. 5. 12.
14. Excavations have been carried out by T. D. Atkinson et al. 1896-9, R. M. Dawkins 1910 and A. C. Renfrew 1974-77.
15. See BSA 67 (1972), 103-12 lor a definition of these classes.
16. BSA 69 (1974), 5.
17. OpArch 6 (1950), 193-4.
18. Atkinson et al., pl. 31. 2, 8, 3.
19. RMDP 21-2 for a discussion of this class., pl. 31. 12.
20. RMDP 21-2 for a discussion of this class., pl. 31. 5.
21. RMDP 21-2 for a discussion of this class., pl. 31. 14, 10.
22. The first colour always refers to clay. Added white paint is shown by dotting.
23. See esp. House A Room 18 Keos, III, pls. 61-5.
24. The first colour always refers to clay., 143-4 n. 14. The destruetion is daled to LH II A rather than LH II B, since there are many LH II A imports and very few LH 11 B pieces, so that the material cannot be described as a LH II B deposit.
25. E. Schofield, in J. A. MacGillivray and R. L. N. Barber (eds), The Prehistoric Cyclades (Edinburgh, 1984), 179-83.
26. Keos, III, 146.
27. The first colour always refers to clay., passim.
28. Athens Wells, passim.
29. A. Furumark, Mycenaean Pottery: Analysis and Classification (Stockholm, 1941), 588.
30. P. A. Mountjoy, Mycenaean Athens (Jonscred, 1995), 16.
31. S. Hiller, Alt-Aigina IV.1: Mykenische Keramik (Mainz, 1975), especially pls 10-22.
32. H. G. Buchholz and V. Karageorghis, Allägais und Altkypros (Tübingen, 1971), no. 903.
33. M. Benzi, Ceramica micenea in Attica (Milan, 1975), nos 568-71, J. Servais, Thorikos, VIII (Ghent, 1984), figs. 29, 31.
34. J. Maran, Kiapha Thiti: Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen, ii. 2 : 2. Jahrtausend v.Chr. Keramik und Kleinfunde (Marburg, 1992), 207-11, pls. 1-2. 1-51, 6. 210-24, 8-9. 292-314, 10-11. 379-86. There are just a lew sherds from vases of the palatial class: The first colour always refers to clay. pls. 2.72, 4.130, 11. 403, 413 and one from the pseudo-Minoan class, pl. 5. 190 (Arcade Group).
35. C. Zerner, in Wace and Blegen, 48.
36. BSA 71 (1976), 98.
37. P. J. Potts, A Handbook of Silicate Rock Analysis (London, 1995), 52-3, M. J. Hughes, ‘Atomic absorption techniques in archaeology’, Archaeometry, 18 (1976), 31 10.1111/j.1475-4754.1976.tb00141.x.
38. A. M. Pollard and C. Heron, Archaeological Chemistry (Cambridge, 1996), 48.
39. ICPS and glass, 143-54.
40. Potts (n. 39), 183.
41. ICPS and glass, 146.
42. The first colour always refers to clay.
43. M.J. Baxter, Exploratory Multivariate Analysis in Archaeology (Edinburgh, 1994), 45-6.
44. The first colour always refers to clay. 76.
45. M. D. Glascock, ‘Characterization of archaeological ceramics at MURR by neutron activation analysis and multivariate statistics’, in H. Neff (ed.), Chemical Characterization of Ceramic Pastes in Archaeology (Monographs in World Archaeology 7; Madison, Wis., 1992), 11-26.
46. BSA 73 (1978), 143-71.
47. ‘Characterization of archaeological ceramics at MURR by neutron activation analysis and multivariate statistics’., 163.
48. ‘Characterization of archaeological ceramics at MURR by neutron activation analysis and multivariate statistics’., 161, table IV no. 50.
49. ‘Characterization of archaeological ceramics at MURR by neutron activation analysis and multivariate statistics’., 162.
50. ‘Characterization of archaeological ceramics at MURR by neutron activation analysis and multivariate statistics’., 163 Melos nos. 41-8.
51. GCP 448, 454.
52. RMDP 888.
53. RMDP 888.
54. K. Kalogeropoulos, Die frühmykenichen Grabfunde von Analipsis (südötliches Arkadien) (Athens, 1998), pl. 32 a-b.
55. OpArch 6 (1950), 198-9.
56. This raises questions on the LM I B burnt destruction tentatively assigned by R. Barber in Thalassocracy, 180, to Mycenaeans who then built a megaron. Since the preponderance of LH II A pottery suggests very good trading relations, if not a Mycenaean presence, there seems to be no obvious reason lor the Mycenaeaus to destroy the settlement.
57. RMDP 863.
58. RMDP 863.
59. GCP 454-6 tables 6.2-3.
60. Keos, III, appendix K1052 and GCP, table 6.2, sample no. 34, table 6.5.
61. RMDP 863., 456 and table 6.3 sample no. 17.
62. OpArch 6 (1950), 195-9.
63. BSA 73 (1978), 168.
64. RMDP 863., 163.
65. RMDP 863.
66. See I. Lolos, in TAW III. 51-6 and M. Marthari, RMDP 863. 57-70 for the date.
67. RMDP 21-2, 24.
68. See C. Baurain, in R. Laffineur and L. Basch (eds) Thalassa (Aegaeum 7; Liege, 1991), 255-66 for an extended discussion of this point.
69. OpArch 6 (1950), 181-203.
70. RMDP 863., 192.
71. RMDP 863., 200.
72. RMDP 863.
73. Thalassocracy, passim.
74. S. Hiller, Thalassocracy, passim., 27-31, S. Hood, Thalassocracy, passim., 33-4, J. MacGillivray, Thalassocracy, passim., 157, I. and E. Sakellarakis, Thalassocracy, passim., 197-203, W.-D. Niemeier, Thalassocracy, passim., 207-8, TAW III.1 267-84. I. and E. Sakellarakis, Thalassocracy, passim. and W.-D. Niemeier, TAW III. 1-279 use the depictions of Keftiu processions and inscriptions on Egyptian tomb paintings to support the idea of Cretan hegemony over the islands, since they refer to Crete as part of an island complex. However, although this may be true of earlier Egyptian sources, the tombs in question (Senmut, Useramon, and Rekhmire) date to LM I B, when, according to the hypothesis presented here, the thalassocracy, if it ever existed, was already defunct.
75. AA 1982, 5-14.
76. P. Warren, in Thalassocracy, 39-44, N. Platon, Thalassocracy, passim., 66, N. Marinatos, Thalassocracy, passim., 176.
77. G. Cadogan, Thalassocracy, passim., 15 (makes the point that there was not a thalassocracy as it implies a navy), E. Schofield, Thalassocracy, passim., 47, K. Branigan, Thalassocracy, passim., 49-52, J. Davis, Thalassocracy, passim., 165.
78. N. and Z. Gale, Thalassocracy, passim., 63.
79. C. Starr, Thalassocracy, passim., 217.
80. P. Warren, Thalassocracy, passim., 218.
81. For example G. Cadogan, Thalassocracy, passim., 15, M. Wiener, Thalassocracy, passim., 17, W.-D. Niemeier, Thalassocracy, passim., 214.
82. I. Ström, Thalassocracy, passim., 191-5.
83. Thalassocracy, passim., 194.
84. BSA 75 (1981), 23-33.
85. K. Branigan, in Thalassocracy. 51-2.
86. See Thalassocracy, passim., passim for opposing views and for lists ot what defines a Minoan colony.
87. W.-D. Niemeier, in TAW III.1. 279.
88. E. Schofield, in Thalassocracy, 47-8, J. Davis, Thalassocracy, passim., 165-6.
89. See Thalassocracy, passim., passim for opposing views.
90. See M. Wiener, Thalassocracy, passim., 17 for the Versailles effect. Wiener Thalassocracy, passim., 19-20 argues that the vast numbers of conical cups at Ay. Irini and Phylakopi are not the result of a Versailles effect but suggest that Minoans were actually present.
91. J. Davis, Thalassocracy, passim., 160.
92. M. Caskey, Thalassocracy, passim., 166.
93. E. Schofield, Thalassocracy, passim., 47.
94. P. Warren, Thalassocracy, passim., 42-3.
95. N. and Z. Gale, Thalassocracy, passim., 63.
96. (iii) Stone vases: Ay. Irini Period VI, M. Caskey, publication forthcoming. Phylakopi R. Barber, in Thalassocracy, 180: (iv) lead weights: Keos, 111, 140, Phylakopi, II; (v) Linear A: Ay. Irini, I. Sehoep, Aegean Archaeology, 2 (1995), 55, Phylakopi TAW, II.1 418 (vi) loomweights: Ay. Irini, J. Davis, in Thalassocracy, 161-3, Phylakopi, A. C. Renfrew, The Archaeology of Cult (BSA supp. vol. 18; London, 1985), 331 (vii) Minoan cooking pots: Ay. Irini, Keos, III, 140 Room 18, J. Cherry and J. Davis, Phylakopi, II (viii) conical cups: Ay. Irini, Period VI, Keos, III, 140-1, Phylakopi, J. Cherry and J. Davis, in J. A. MacGillivray and R. L. N. Barber (eds), The Prehistoric Cyclades (Edinburgh, 1984) 148-61.
97. Ay. Irini, Keos, III, 145, Phylakopi, R. Barber, in Thalassocracy, 181.
98. Keos, III, stone vases 39, conical cups 140-1.
99. Although the evidence for Minoan control does not rest on pottery alone, in this case it plays an important role; it is by far the largest group of material and it can be dated relatively finely in contrast to the other features.
100. See M. Wiener, in TAW III.1 145-6 and N. and Z. Gale, in Thalassocracy, 59-64 for overviews.
101. See J. Driessen and C. Macdonald, The Troubled Island (Aegaeum 17; Liège, 1997), 61-4 for the most recent survey.
102. M. Wiener, in TAW III.i 146-7.
103. J. Davis, in J. Davis and J. Cherry (eds.), Papers in Cycladic Prehistory (Los Angeles, 1979), 143-57.
104. W-D. Niemeier, in Thalassocracy, 206.
105. V. Watrous, Kommos III. The Late Bronze Age Pottery (Princeton, 1992), 178.
106. The Troubled Island., 177.
107. H. Georgiou, in R. Laffineur and L. Basch (n. 71), 61-72.
108. Driessen and Macdonald (n. 104), 115, 254.
109. See AJA 86 (1982), 339-40 for a discussion of tramping in LB I-II.
110. See M. Wiener, in Thalassocracy, 23-4 for a discussion of Mycenaeans at Thera with references. In her summary of the Mycenaean presence in the Cyclades A-L. Schallin, Islands under Influence (SIMA 111; Jonsered, 1993), 164, 169-70 lists nothing Mycenaean for the early LBA except pottery. For LH I/LC I pottery in the Cyclades see J. Cherry and J. Davis, AJA 86 (1982), 333-4110.2307/504424 with particular reference to the non-LH I Style imports.
111. Sec RMDP 963 with references.
112. BSA 84 (1989), 215 a stirrup jar pl. 40 b called LM I B, but as likely to be LH II A.
113. Paroikia AM 42 (1917), 71 fig. 79 LH II A bell cup of local fabric.
114. H. Gallet de Santerre, Delos primitive et archaïque (Paris, 1958), pl. 11. fig. 22 a Type II Vapheio cup LH I or LH II A.
115. Grotta: AA (1968), 387 figs. 20 f (Marine Style), 21 b; BSA 84 (1989), pl. 40 b Marine Style, 40 c Reed Style (the latter possibly LM I B, but not necessarily); OJA 17 (1998), 134, 135 fig. 9. Mikre Vigla : BSA 84 (1989), 108 fig. 22. 415.
116. Kythera, 309, J. N. Coldstream and G. E. Huxley, in Thalassocracy, 107.
117. K. Branigan, Sec RMDP 963 with references., 49.
118. TAW II.1 392-5.
119. Sec RMDP 963 with references., 292.
120. RDMP 249.
121. BSA 73 (1978), 169-70 no. 55, 79 (1984), 201 Kastri no. 10.
122. GCP 213-15, 227-32, 465-8.
123. Kythera, 302-3.
124. Knossos TAW II.1 397 fig. 9, Archanes PAE (1980), 385 fig. 1.
125. TAW II.1 398.
126. For opposing views see P. Warren. Antiquity, 42 (1972), 321-3, M. Popham, AntJ 54 (1974), 320-110.1017/S0003581500042888.
127. TAW II.i 398-400.
128. Kythera, 296.
129. See BSA 73 (1978), 143 for a definition of Type C.
130. Kythera, 292.
131. for example, the motifs on a cup from Palaikastro are simplified but they are still set against a crowded background: BSA 79 (1984), 187 fig. 15 PK no. 44. See RDMP 249., 161-219 for octopus and argonaut Type C at Knossos and RDMP 249. pl. 27 g at Archanes.
132. One vase is published AR 1980-1, 83-4, a cup rhyton decorated with squills and figure of eight shields.
133. P. Betancourt, The History of Minoan Pottery (Princeton, 1985), pl. 22G.
134. BSA 79 (1984), 186 fig. 14 Knossos no. 86, Kastri no. 18, Ay. Irini Keos, III, pl. 60. 683.
135. BSA 79 (1984), 186 fig. 14 Nichoria no. 2, Prosymna no. 2; Kokla K. Demakopoulou, in Wace and Blegen, pl. 7. 25.
136. For example Phaistos, Zakro, Betaneourt (n. 141), pl. 21 A, C.
137. Compare BSA 79 (1984.), 186 fig. 14 Phylakopi no. 30 to RDMP 249., pl. 23 a top left of vase.
138. For example from Zakros N. Platon, Crete (London, 1970), pl. 44.
139. See also Keos, III, 142 n. 7. That the Arcade Group may be a later development within LM I B is clear from the fact that an Arcade Group jug in the open field Alternating Style has been found with a burial in T. 188 at Volos with LH II B and LM II vases A. Dell. 40 A (1985), 67-70.
140. Kythera, 303.
141. Keos, III, 143.
142. RMDP 16 with references.
143. A. Delt. 9 (1922-5) Parartema 19, fig. 1 second from left, right, fig. 3 left.
144. R. Jones, in Wace and Blegen, 79. A bell cup in crowded Alternating Style from Ay. Irini Keos, III, pl. 60. 682 has also been analysed by AAS and found to have a provenance close to the Prosymna vase GCP table 6. 3 K 4123 sample no. 30 (by OES), Jones, RMDP 16 with references.
145. Archaeometry, 19 (1977), 218. Clay analysis has suggest that most of the large amount of LH I Minoanizing material at Ay. Stephanos was locally made not imported from Kastr or Crete RDMP 249., 211-19, GCP 420-4.
146. For example W-D. Niemeier, Die Palastslilkeramik von Knossos (Berlin, 1983), 227.
147. Driessen and Macdonald (n. 104), passim.