Evans's greek finds: The early greek town of knossos, and its encroachment on the borders of the minoan palace

Annual of the British School at Athens

Volumn 95, Issue , 2000, Pages 259-299

  Coldstream, J N ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 85012528547     PISSN: 00682454     EISSN: 20452403     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0068245400004688     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. Dorian Knossos, 314-20, figs. 1-4; KNC, 713, ill. 17.
2. Covered by KS 2 site nos. 185-6, 188, 192, 197, 206-8, all of which have produced early Greek domestic pottery; add now SWH. See also Dorian Knossos, 314-17.
3. J. N. Coldstream, The Formation of the Greek Polis: Aristotle and Archaeology (Rheinische-Westfälische Akademie, Vorträge G 272, 1984)10.1007/978-3-322-85341-7 Dorian Knossos, 312-13.
4. BSA 67 (1972), 77-85, Deposits 1) and E. On the northward expansion of the settlement in LG times, see Dorian Knossos, 319 fig. 4.
5. e.g. KS 2 site no. 32, where G and later surface sherds have been found near the modern village of Babali or Kallithea, some 2 km from central Knossos.
6. As suggested in BSA 76 (1981), 144, for a tomb on Gypsades hill.
7. As first suggested by Payne, BSA 29 (1927-1928), 231. Cf. now KNC, 712-14, ill. 17.
8. SWH 197-9, fig. 3, pl. 30 a-c.
9. SWH 230-2, Groups X and perhaps Y, fig. 20, pl. 47; other pieces are published here as Group A.
10. Pendlebury, The Archaeology of Crete (London, 1939), 305.
11. Notably M. R. Popham's publications of LM pottery: The Last Days of the Palace at Knossos (SIMA 5; Lund, 1964); The Destruction of the Palace at Knossos (SIMA 12; Göteborg, (1970), 195-202 72 (1977), 185-95; 73 (1978), 179-85; 76 (1981), 329-33.
12. D. G. Hogarth, BSA 6 (1899-1900), 82-5, with a cursory comment on the Knossian G style by F. B. Welch, The Archaeology of Crete., 91-2; H. G. G. Payne, BSA 29 (1927-1928), 224-98, the first study of early Greek pottery from Knossos.
13. BSA 73 (1978), 185-7.
14. These are being studied for publication by J. Eiring.
15. E.g. PM ii, 93-5. fig. 45.
16. Briefly mentioned by Evans, BSA 8 (1901-1902), 8 here group H.
17. As noted by E. Hallager, The Mycenaean Palace at Knossos (Stockholm, 1977), 13. On discrepancies between findspots given by Hartley (1931) and those apparent today in the labelling of Evans's boxes, see nn. 24, 26, 33, 40, 65.
18. Cf. SWH, 203, 213, 222.
19. StratGuide, 30; DPStratGuide, 10.
20. M. S. F. Hood, AR 1958, 21; 1939, 20; cf. BSA 67 (1972), 77.
21. PM ii. 432-3.
22. Boxes 1460-75; StratGuide, 25, P II; DPStratGuide, 16.
23. DPStratGuide, 19, key plan V. Knossos Day Book 1903,KS 2, under no. 213. Hartley, 77-89: the sherds that she mentions under this heading seem to come not from this trial, but rather from ‘NW Test Pits’ in the West Court, here Group G; there, references to Hartley will be given. See also n. 26.
24. StratGuide, 30. KS 2, under no. 213. Hartley, 94-5.
25. Hartley (95, fig. 22. 2) includes an Attic ‘lid’ under this heading; this is the pyxis base, here C 13. I found no trace of the ‘Rhodian dinos’ fr., her fig. 26. 2.
26. BSA 9 (1902-3), 107; BPK, no. 162.
27. StratGuide, 3-4 under A 1, and Key-Plan; DPStratGuide, 3, and fig. 2.
28. StratGuide, 30, under V.
29. StratGuide, 4 and DPStratGuide, 3-4, under A II; area plan, fig. 3, showing locations within the North-West House. On the excavation, BSA 9 (1902-1903), 112-21; further references in BPK under no. 98. The clearest recent account of this building is by M. R. Popham (1970: above, n. 12), 60-1.
30. StratGuide, 30; DPStratGuide, 19.
31. MS Day Book, 1903 vol. 1, 34 (25 Mar. 1903) and 42 (30 Mar. 1903).
32. Hartley, 77 89; nb also 92, fig. 20, where seven other frs. (G 5, 28, 32-3, 40, 49-50) are ascribed to the Little Palace.
33. In addition to vases quoted below in n. 36, BSA 67 (1972), 88, G 14-15, pl. 24 (sphinxes); 92-3, G 84, fig. 12, pl. 27 (various animals); UM ii, GH 19 and 25 (griffins); SWH, 233 and 237, Z 5, fig. 20, pl. 48 (man with animal).
34. Cf. F, nos. 1252, 1445; BSA 29 (1927-1928), 236, no. 28, fig. 9.
35. Cf. F, no. 1414, the ‘Zeus’ lid; KNC 134-47, fig. 118.
36. Cf. F, no. 1140, fig. 163: KNC 107. 114, fig. 109.
37. F, no. 1569, pl. 169, quiver; N. Stampolidis, A. Kanta, and A. Karetsou (eds), Eastern Mediterranean: Cyprus, Dodecanese, Crete, 16th-6th cent, BC (Herakleion, 1998), 135, no. 230 (plaque).
38. F, no. 1440 (PGB) attests the survival of a Minoan Snake Goddess. On the possibility of a Marine Goddess persisting from the Bronze Age, see L. Goodison, Death, Women and the Sun (BICS Suppl. 53; London, 1989), 147-50.
39. BSA 8 (1901-1902), 8 BSA 10 (1903-1904), 51 : KS 2 under no. 222. Sherds described by Hartley (p. 76) under the heading ‘Wellhouse of four gypsum pillars, N of N entrance’ do not seem to correspond at all with the contents of the boxes listed here.
40. StratGuide. EI 4, ‘N Front, Test Pit 2’, second metre; not located on the north front plan, fig. 8.
41. StratGuide, 25 (Q.I. 1, 2), 30 (V 1902, T. P. 1); DPStratGuide, 16 (Q.I. 1, 2), 19 (V 1902, T. P. 1).
42. Other early Greek well deposits are listed in UM ii. 86-7.
43. BSA 10 (1903-1904), 51.
44. Mackenzie, Day Book 16 May 1907.
45. e.g. L. R. Palmer, The Find Places of the Knossos Tablets (Oxford, 1963), 63-8, 223-6; J. Driessen. An Early Destruction of the Mycenaean Palace at Knossos (Leuven, 1990), 15 n. 47, 99 n. 350.
46. PM ii. 5-7, 346, 349, 712.
47. KSD 6, 12-14, figs. 10-11, pls. 4-5; USA 94 (1999), 296-7.
48. Hartley, 92-3.
49. BSA 73 (1978), 185 n. 34.
50. Hartley, 108, fig. 33.4; Higgins, (n. 50).
51. See below, nn. 60, 61.
52. Callaghan ap Popham, BSA 73 (1978), 186.
53. Hartley, 92, ‘over thirty stemmed cups’ but diagnosed as ‘Hellenistic’.
54. Late Archaic: BSA 68 (1973), 55-6, L 53-7, fig. 10, pl. 21. Classical: BSA 45 (1950), 171, fig. 5, pl. 13A; BSA 94 (1999), 323-4.
55. PM ii. 5-6.
56. PM ii. 349.
57. Most recently, sec S. Gjongejac and H. Nicolet-Pierre, ‘Le monnayage d'argent d'Égine et le trésor de Hollm’, BCH 119 (1995), 283-338 10.3406/bch.1995.1649. I thank Dr. A. W. Johnston for his numismatic advice, and for drawing my attention to this article.
58. StratGuide, 10 (D XXI.1), 11 (E I.1), 22 (N III.3); DPStratGuide, 5 (E I.1), 13 (N III.3).
59. E. Fabricius, AM 11 (1886), 142, pl. 3; top left: ‘gleichfalls bei den Ausgrabungen auf den Kephala’.
60. H. Hallager (n. 18), 85, fig. 59 a assumes the find spot to have been in the West Magazines, source of the Minoan coarse pithoi which Kalokairinos presented to various major museums. However, Dr. K. Kopaka, from her examination of the relevant archives, kindly informs me (pers. comm. 7.3.98) that Kalokairinos’ soundings were not restricted to the West Magazines, hut also extended to the south part of the Palace.
61. StratGuide, 24, fig. 21; DPStratGuide, 15.
62. After an intensive study of the Little Palace Dr E. Hatzaki kindly informs me that P I.4 is incorrectly placed on Pendlebury's StratGuide plan and should be moved to the narrow rectangular room immediately north of the location for P I.8-9. Finds of early Greek pottery would thus be confined to the south-west quarter of the Little Palace.
63. UM ii. 1-8.
64. Hartley (pp. 91-2) assigns to the Little Palace the sherds illustrated in her fig. 20.7, 8-14, 16-24, 30, fig. 22.1, 3, and pl. 15.11. Of these we found only fig. 22.1 (here L 10) in the Little Palace boxes. On other ‘Little Palace’ pieces in her fig. 20 which we found in the ‘NW Test Pits’ boxes, see above, n. 33.
65. BSA 9 (1902-1903), 130-53; KS 2, no. 224.
66. StratGuide, 26, Q III.2, fig. 23; DPStratGuide, 17.
67. KS 2, no. 252.
68. BSA 28 (1926-1927), 243-96; 254 (T. 4), 260 (T. 7), 277 (T.17, on which see also p. 248); plan, 244 fig. 1.
69. Hartley, 97-8; 108-9, diagnosis as PG and cf. to 66, fig. 10 centre, from Eleutherna. For O parallels to this shape see KNC, 19. 7, pl. 96; BSA 76 (1981), 153, no. 74, pl. 25; and, with four handles, F, no. 864, pl. 57.
70. e.g. KNC, 123-6, tomb 78, pls. 23 a, b, 130.
71. StratGuide, 28, T III.3; DPStratGuide, 18.
72. StratGuide, 30: ‘1904: T.P.2, W. Metochi (Bougada Metochi)’; Key Plan. DPStratGuide, 19 (no post-Minoan pottery mentioned).
73. Payne, BSA 29 (1927-1928), 280-1; E. Moignard, KNC, 460-1.
74. BSA 76 (1981), 141-65, the earliest wholly post-Minoan tomb there. We know, however, of LM III tombs on Upper Gypsades reused in SM: BSA 53-4 (1958-1959), 194-262, tombs VI and VII, pls. 56-7.
75. NB the LG wells near the Venizeleion hospital, BSA 67 (1972), 81-5, groups D and E.
76. Perhaps a parallel case may be seen in the chance discovery of a LPG bell-krater containing eleven miniature pots suitable for a child burial, recovered from a point c. 150 m south-west of the Villa Ariadne, without any trace of a tomb: BSA 58 (1963), 38-41 and KS 2, no. 182. In the North Cemetery, however, we know of several child burials outside the collective family tombs: see PAA 71 (1996), 246-8.
77. BSA 8 (1901-1902), 8 KS 2, no. 223, where the ‘tomb’ appears on the plan c. 10 m east of the Pillar Hall, no. 222.
78. Mackenzie, Day Book for 1902, entries lor April 10 and 17.
79. See n. 9.
80. In a third excavated sanctuary, ascribed to the local hero Glaukos, the cult seems to have begun not before the 5th c: KS 2, no. 197, and Callaghan, BSA 73 (1978), 1-30. A fragment of architectural sculpture, found near the Palace (KS 2, no. 209; JHS 56 (1936), 150), may have belonged to a 7th-c. temple as yet undiscovered.
81. For references in KSD see BSA 94 (1999), 292, nn. 19-22.83 KSD, 6, 180-1, pl. 3 d.
82. BSA 92 (1997), 192-3, 199-200, figs. 1, 4.
83. PM ii. 7.
84. Coldstream in J. H. Betts, J. R. Green, and T. T. Hooker (eds), Studies in Honour of T. B. L. Webster, ii (Bristol, 1988), 26 on the Tree Painter, KNC, 315-16, figs. 109 (with goddess), 133, 150.
85. On early Greek sanctuaries founded upon the ruins of Mycenaean palaces see most recently A. Foley, The Argolid, 800-600 BC (SIMA 80; Göteborg, 1988), 145-7, for Tiryns; N. L. Klein, BSA 92 (1997), 247-322, for Mycenae.
86. Coldstream (n. 4).
87. Coldstream, Dorian knossos, 316-7, no. 15, fig. 1.
88. Callaghan, BSA 73 (1978), 1.
89. BSA 58 (1963), 39 n. 11. One LG amphora from this site is BSA 67 (1972), 87, G 2, pl. 24. NB also KS 2, no. 179, another G well c. 80 m further out to the south.
90. P. M. Warren, AR 29 (1983), 76-87 AR 31 (1985), 124-9.
91. I thank the excavator, Dr. K. A. Wardle, for this information. Under the Villa itself, however, the excavations of R. W. Hutchinson and C. Ralegh Radford (1935-7) revealed, under a stone floor, a layer 90 cm deep with G and O pottery. I thank Sara Paton for showing me the unpublished reports by the original excavators of the Villa. See also S. Paton in W. G. Cavanagh and M. Curtis (eds.), Post-Minoan Crete (BSA Studies 2; London, 1998), 124. N. B. Addendum, p. 299.
92. LG: wells 1 and 6, see n. 76. O: well 2. BSA 67 (1967), 44-5, K 6 and K 22 (a fine Protocorinthian piece).
93. Dreros: P. Demargne, BCH 61 (1936), 10-15. Lato: J. Demargne, BCH 17 (1901), 282-307 10.3406/bch.1901.3388 BCH 19 (1903), 206-32; R. E. Wycherley, How the Greeks Built Cities (London, 1962), 51-5, fig. 10.
94. KS 2, no. 112 (law, IC i.56, no. 2); KS 2, no. 118.
95. Cf. BSA 94 (1999), 298.
96. See n. 11.
97. Only four fragments, from lekythoi (D 25, G 21, H 15) and an aryballos (G 47).
98. Cooking pots: A 18-19, D 6, E 38, H 45-8. Household basins: H 49-51. Coarse pithoi: G 6, M 8, selected from among numerous pieces. Loomweights: G 61. Spindle whorl: A 20.
99. Attic LPG: B 1-2, E 5-6. Attic MG: C13, G 12-13, F 2, G 9, G 20, K 5, K 7, L 1, L 5, L 10. Gycladic MG: D 17-18. Cycladic LG: A 15. Eubocan LG: H 39. For more imports from the boxes of group A, see BSA 92 (1997), 230-2: X 14-17 (Attic MG II), X 18 (Euboean LG), X 19 (Cycladic LG), and X 20 (Cypriot BoR).
100. KNC, 716.
101. W. G. Cavanagh in KNC, 659-64, ills. 9-10.
102. e.g. in the Royal Road area, traces of PG and G floors and walls (BSA 67 (1972), 64-5, 77), but for the 7th c. only a LO well (BSA 68 (1973), 34-5). In the area of the South-West Houses, a LM house was reused in EPG and EO, but there are no signs of domestic occupation in the intervening periods (BSA 92 (1977), 199-202).
103. The only candidates here for a 6th-c. date are B 13 and K 9.
104. J.N. Coldstream and G. L. Huxley, ‘Knossos: the Archaic Gap’, BSA 94 (1999), 303-4.