Kythera survey: Preliminary report on the 1998 season

Annual of the British School at Athens

Volumn 94, Issue , 1999, Pages 191-214

  Broodbank, Cyprian ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 85012509283     PISSN: 00682454     EISSN: 20452403     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0068245400000575     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. The literature on this topic is extensive. For some of the best early analyses: K. Branigan, ‘Minoan colonialism’, BSA 76 (1981). 23-33 J.L. Davis, ‘Minoans and minoanization at Ayia Irini, Keos’ in C. Doumas (ed.). Thera and the Aegean World II (London. 1980), 257-60: E. Schofield. ‘The Minoan emigrant’, in O. Krzyszkowska and L. Nixon (eds.). Minoan Society, (Bristol. 1983), 293-301. See also many papers in R. Hägg and N. Marinatos (eds). The Minoan Thalassocracy: Myth and Reality (Stockholm. 1984). More recently, see M. Wiener. ‘The isles of Crete? The Minoan Thalassocracy revisited’, in D. A. Hardy, C. G. Doumas, J. A. Sakellarakis, and P. M. Warren (eds), Thera and the Aegean World III, i: Archaeology (London. 1990). 128-61.
2. Ionian Islands, 245. For the excavators ‘concurrence, Kythera, II, 33, 276; J. N. Coldstream and G. L. Huxley. ‘The Minoans of Kythera’. in Hägg and Marinatos (n. 7). 107-12: J. N. Coldstream. ‘Kythera: the change from Early Helladic to Early Minoan’, in R. A. Crossland and A. Birchall (eds). Bronze Age Migrations in the Aegean (London. 1973), 33-6: G. L. Huxley, ‘Kythera and the Minoan maritime economy’, in Atti del convegno Internationale ‘Momenti precoloniali nel Mediterraneo antico’ (Rome, 1988). 65-71. For a selection of similar views: Branigan (n. 7), 32; Minoan Religious Influence, 88; also several papers m Hägg and Marinatos (n. 7). For an alternative interpretation ol the earliest minoanising material at Kastri as the residue of a seasonal fishing station for western Cretan mobile groups, J. B. Rutter and C. W Zerner. ‘Early Hellado-Minoan contacts’, in Hägg and Marinatos (n. 7). 75-6.
3. Other examples may exist, but have yet to yield the incontrovertible evidence that is provided by the excavations at Agios Georgios. Sakellarakis, in Minoan Religious Influence, 92-8, reviews the evidence for peak sanctuaries elsewhere in the archipelago.
4. A. A. D. Peatfield, ‘The topography of Minoan peak sanctuaries’. BSA 78 (1983), 273-80; id., ‘Palace and peak: the political and religious relationship between palaces and peak sanctuaries’, in R. Hägg and N. Marinatos (eds.), The Function of the Minoan Palaces (Stockhom, 1987), 89-93 id., ‘Minoan peak sanctuaries: history and society’, Op. Ath. 17 (1990), 117-31.
5. For a pioneering example of this approach. J. L. Davis and J. F. Cherry, ‘Spatial and temporal uniformitarianism in Late Cycladic I: perspectives from Kea and Milos on the prehistory of Akrotiri’, in D.A. Hardy et al. (n. 7), 185-200.
6. For Thera, For a pioneering example of this approach.; for recent work on Rhodes. T. Marketou, ‘Excavations at Trianda (Ialysos) on Rhodes: new evidence for the Late Bronze Age I period’. BICS 41 (1996).113-4.
7. Perhaps Kythera's closest parallel is the similarly sized, but far more rugged, island of Karpathos in the south-east Aegean, part of the island chain between Crete's eastern extremity and the Anatolian mainland, and like Kythera separated from Crete by a smaller island (Kasos in this sense being equivalent to Antikythera). For strong signs of 2nd millennium BC: minoanization in the landscape of Karpathos. see E. M. Melas, The Islands of Karpathos. Sams and Kasos in the Neolithic and Bronze Age (SIMA, 68: Göteborg, 1985). 159-62, 173-5.
8. This re-study was undertaken by Cyprian Broodbank, Valasia Isaakidou-Broodbank and Evangelia Kiriatzi. The sampling was undertaken by Kiriatzi as a Fitch Laboratory project (British School at Athens). The samples are undergoing laboratory analysis.
9. Kythera, 305-8.
10. See Site 24. below.
11. For a recent summary. J. B. Rutter, ‘Review of Aegean Prehistory II: the prepalatial Bronze Age of the southern and central Greek mainland’. AJA 97 (1993), 747-5410.2307/506720. For a more detailed discussion of methods closely similar to those adopted on the Kythera Survey, see J. F. Cherry. J. L. Davis, A. Demitrack, E. Mantzourani, T. F. Strasser, and L. E. Talalay, ‘Archaeological survey in an artifact-rich landscape: a Middle Neolithic example from Nemea, Greece’, AJA 92 (1988), 159-7610.2307/505627 J. F. Cherry, J. L. Davis, E. Mantzourani and T. M. Whitclaw, ‘The Survey Methods’, in j. F. Cherry, J. L. Davis, and E. Mantzourani, Landscape Archaeology as Long-term History: Northern Keos in the cycladic Islands from Earliest Settlement to Modern Times (UCLA Institute of Archaeology Monumenta Archaeologica, 16: Los Angeles. 1991), 13-35 : J. L. Davis, S. E. Alcock, J. Bennet, Y. G. Lolos and C. W. Shelmerdine, ‘The Pylos Regional Archaeological Project, part I: overview and the archaeological survey’. Hesp. 66 (1997), 400-210.2307/148395.
12. To date, no earlier Neolithic or pie-Neolithic material has been found on Kvthera.
13. O. T. P. K. Dickinson, The Aegean Bronze Age (Cambridge, 1994).
14. For parallels at Kastri, Kythera, 217 and pl. 61. 43. 167-9. 374 a-b.
15. For parallels at Kastri. The Aegean Bronze Age., 278 and pl. 21. 19-21. 25-8.
16. Cf. n. 17.
17. C. Maltezou, ‘Le famiglie degli Eudaimonoiannis e Venier a Cerigo dal XII al XIV secolo: problemi di cronologia e prosopografia’. Rivista di studi bizantini e slavi, 2 (1982), 207 on the appearance of Mitata in the 1583 list of Petros Kastrophyiakas. ead. ‘A contribution to the historical geography of the island of Kythera during the Venetian occupation’, in E. Laiou-Thomadakis (ed.). Charanis Studies: Essays in Honor of Peter Charanis (-New Brunswick, 1980). 159.
18. Cf. n. 18. Classical and Hellenistic material is abundant: Roman material is reported by Waterhouse and Hope Simpson (Prehistoric Laconia II, 157.
19. These tombs were indicated to us by Aris Tsaravopoulos, whom we warmly thank.
20. Cf. n. 19.
21. J. F. Cherry. ‘The first colonization of the Mediterranean islands: a review of recent research’. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology, 3 (1990), 158-71.
22. Kythera, 273.
23. Cf. n. 28.
24. Minoan Religious Influence. 91 n. 96.
25. Kythera, 77-83, 272-74.
26. Prehistoric Laconia II, 149.
27. ‘The first colonization of the Mediterranean islands: a review of recent research’., 149: according to Waterhouse and Hope Simpson, the toponym covers two Early Bronze Age scatters about 1 km apart.
28. Prehistoric Laconia II, 146-8. 157 for the close relations between northern Kythera and Elaphonisos.
29. Cf n. 26.
30. Rutter: n. 21. 773: J. Forsén. The Twilight of the Early Helladics: A Study of the Disturbances in East-Central and Southern Greece towards the End of the Early Bronze Age (SIMA Pocketbook 116: Jonsered. 1992). 105-7. 105-7. 172.
31. Kythera, 94-8, 278-80.
32. Minoan Religious Influence, 87 and pl. 20 d: also Sakellarakis n. 3. 198.
33. This would parallel trends seen in the First Palace Period on several of the Cycladic islands, such as Melos, Naxos, and and Paros. For Melos. see J. F Cherry ‘A preliminary definition site distribution on Melos’, in Renfrew and M. Wagstalf (n. 37) fig. 24. For Naxos. see O. Hatzianastasiou, ‘Naxian pottery and external relations in Late Cycladic I-II’, in C. Zerner with P. Zerner and J. Winder (eds), Wace and Blegen: Pottery as Evidence for Trade in the Aegean Bronze Age 1939-1989 (Amsterdam, 1993). 257 and fig. 1. For Paros the evidence is less well documented, but see A. C. Renfrew, The Emergence of Civilisation: The (Cyclades and the Aegean in the Third Millennium Bc (London, 1972. 517-17) and J. C. Overbeck, The Bronze Age Pottery from the Kastro at Paros (SIMA Pocket-book. 78; Jonsered, 1989).
34. The pithoi found near Lioni and Lazanamka. in south and south-west Kythera, may mark the presence of other small communities and/or their cemeteries (cf. n. 11).
35. Davis and Cherry (n. 12).
36. Cf. n. 13.
37. Cherry (n. 48) and Hatzianastasiou (n. 48).
38. For the end of the Bronze Age. J. B. Rutter. ‘Some thoughts on the analysis of ceramic data generated by site surveys’, in D. R. Keller and D. W. Rupp (eds), Archaeological Survey in the Mediterranean Area (BAR. S155; Oxtord, 1983), 138.
39. Kythera, 34, 304-5.
40. Prehistoric Laconia II, 149.
41. Kythera, 34.
42. For the end of the Bronze Age., 34, 263-5. pls. 84-5; Staïs (n. 11).
43. Kythera. 34.
44. For the end of the Bronze Age., 37, 267, pl. 86, 4: Prehistoric Laconia II, 158.
45. Cf. n. 16.
46. Iron-working debris has also been noted at Vithoulas, a site which has a Classical component (Prehistoric Laconia II, 149).
47. Cf. n. 29.
48. G. N. Leontsinis, The Island of kythera: A Social History (1700-1863) (Athens, 1987). 191-2 table 1.