From migrants to citizens? european community policy on intercultural education

International and Comparative Law Quarterly

Volumn 45, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 109-129

  Cullen, Holly ^a  

^a DURHAM UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 85011822560     PISSN: 00205893     EISSN: 14716895     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S002058930005867X     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Appel, “The Language Education of Immigrant Workers' Children in the Netherlands”, in Skutnabb-Kangas and Cummins (Eds), Minority Education: From Shame to Struggle (1988). p.57.
2. Hinnenkamp, “The Refusal of Second-Language Learning in Interethnic Context”, in Giles, Robinson and Smith (Eds), Language: Social Psychological Perspectives (1980), p.179.
3. See Cullen, “Education Rights or Minority Rights?” (1993) 7 Int J. of Law and the Family 134 for a discussion of the implications of these values within education rights.
4. (1993) 32 I.L.M. 911.
5. Capotorti, Study of the Rights of Persons Belonging to Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities (1979), p.96.
6. Idem, pp.6 and 10.
7. (1975) 1120 U.N.T.S. 323.
8. International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of all Migrant Workers and Members of their Families (1990) 30 I.L.M. 1517.
9. Van Dijk and Van Hoof, Theory and Practice of the European Convention on Human Rights (2nd edn, 1990), p.467.
10. (1968) 1 E.H.R.R. 252.
11. X. v. Belgium, Application No.4372/70, Collection 37,101.
12. (1955) 529 U.N.T.S. 141.
13. E.T.S. 93 (1977).
14. Lenaerts, “Education in European Community Law after ‘Maastricht’” (1994) 31 CML-Rev. 7, 18–24.
15. Idem, pp.24–40.
16. Beukel, “Reconstructing Integration Theory: The Case of Education Policy in the EC” (1994) 29 Co-operation and Conflict 33.
17. Case 76/72 [1973] E.C.R. 457.
18. Idem, para.15.
19. Case 9/74 Casagrande v. Landeshaupistadt München [1974] E.C.R. 773.
20. Idem, para.9.
21. Gould, “Children's Education and the European Court of Justice”, in Freestone (Ed.), Children and the Law (1990), p.172, at p.176.
22. Casagrande, Children and the Law, at para. 12
23. also, opinion of Advocate General Warner, p.783.
24. Lenaerts, opinion of Advocate General Warner, at p.11.
25. Joined Cases 389 and 390/87 Echtemach and Moritz v. Netherlands Minister for Education and Science [1989] E.C.R. 723, para.29.
26. Flynn, “Vocational Training in Community Law and Practice” (1988) 8 Y.E.L. 59
27. discussing Case 293/83 Grawier v. University of Liège [1985] E.C.R. 593.
28. Case 235/87 Matteucci v. Communauté Fran¸aise of Belgium [1988] E.C.R. 5589.
29. E.C.R.
30. Idem, para.48 of the Opinion of Advocate General Darmon. and paras. 19–20 of the judgment.
31. Idem, paras.54 and 21 respectively.
32. Idem, para.35 of the judgment.
33. Lonbay, “Education and Law: The Community Context” (1989) 14 E.L. Rev. 363, 382.
34. Case C-380/89 [1990] E.C.R. 1–4185.
35. Case 42/87 [1989] 1 C.M.L.R. 457.
36. Case 39/86 [1988] E.C.R. 3161.
37. E.C.R.
38. See also Case C-357/89 Raulin v. Minuter van Ondenvijs en Wetenschappen [1992] E.C.R. 1–1027.
39. Case C-3/90 [1992] E.C.R. 1–1071.
40. Idem, paras. 25–26.
41. Idem, para.28.
42. Commission of the European Communities, Report on the Education of Migrants' Children in the European Union. COM (94) 80 Final, Brussels, 25 Mar. 1994, p.l6 and Appendix, p.2.
43. Commission of the European Communities, The Children of Migrant Workers (Education Series, No.1), pp.12–17.
44. See e.g. Raoufi, “The Children of Guest-Workers in the Federal Republic of Germany: Maladjustment and its Effects on Academic Performance”, in Bhatnagar (Ed.), Educating Immigrants (1981), p.113.
45. (1976) O.J. C34.
46. O.J.
47. Commission of the European Communities, Report on the Implementation of Directive 77-486, COM (88) 787 Final, p.4.
48. De Witte, “Surviving in Babel? Language Rights and European Integration”, in Din-stein and Tabory (Eds), The Protection of Minorities and Human Rights (1992), p.277. at p.291.
49. Commission of the European Communities, Report on Implementation of Directive 77-486, COM (84) 54 Final
50. European Parliament, Motion for resolution and explanatory statement. PE DOC A 2–12-85, pp.14–15.
51. Commission, idem.
52. Idem.
53. Commission of the European Communities, Report on Pilot Schemes Relating to Education of Migrant Workers' Children, COM (84) 244 Final, pp.1 and 35.
54. Idem, p.3.
55. Idem, p.4.
56. Idem, p.12
57. see also Raoufi, Idem, at pp.123–124.
58. Commission, idem, pp.15–16 and 21.
59. Commission, idem, at pp.8 and 125.
60. Idem, p.125. At this stage, the Commission was of the opinion that Art.2 of the Directive created direct effects: see infra.
61. Idem, pp.126–127.
62. European Parliament. Report: On the Education of the Children of Migrant Workers, Doc.1–329/81, PE 73.415/fin. 30 June 1981.
63. Idem, p.7.
64. Idem, pp.7–8.
65. Idem, pp.10–11.
66. European Parliament, Resolution on the education of the children of migrant workers (1981) O.J. C260, 18 Sept. 1981.
67. European Parliament, Resolution on the implementation of Directive 77/486 on the education of the children of migrant workers (1985) O.J. C122, 16 Apr. 1985
68. also European Parliament, O.J., at pp.9 and 19.
69. European Parliament, Resolution on the application of Directive 77/4867EEC on the education of children of migrant workers (1987) O.J. CI 25, 11 May 1987, p.8.
70. Commission, O.J., at pp.13–15.
71. Idem, p. 13.
72. See also 1985 resolution, O.J.
73. O.J.
74. Commission, O.J., at p.14.
75. Commission, O.J., at p.8.
76. European Parliament, Report on Cultural Plurality and the Problems of School Education in the European Community, EP DOC A3–399/92,3 Dec. 1992, p. 19.
77. Case 43/75 Defrenne v. SABENA [1976] E.C.R. 455.
78. De Witte, E.C.R. at pp.294–295
79. Case 371/87 Groener v. Minister for Education and City of Dublin Education Committee [1989] E.C.R. 3967.
80. E.C.R.
81. Idem, p.29.
82. European Parliament, Debates, No.3–426, 19 and 21 Jan. 1993.
83. European Parliament, Resolution on cultural plurality and the problems of school education for children of immigrants in the European Community (1993) O.J. C42,21 Jan. 1993.
84. O.J.
85. Idem, p.6.
86. See the Economic and Social Committee, Opinion on the citizens' Europe, CES (92) 1037
87. and Commission, Report on the Citizenship of the Union, COM (93) 702.
88. Commission, COM. Appendix, at p.2.
89. Idem.p.18.
90. Decision 819/95/EC of the Parliament and of the Council of 14 Mar. 1995. establishing the Community Action Programme SOCRATES (1995) O.J. L87/10.
91. Commission. Proposal for a European Parliament and Council Decision establishing the Community action programme “Socrates” (1994) O.J. C66/3. The Commission also referred to integration and equality of opportunity as goals of the Action on migrants' education.
92. Proposal, amended by Parliament (1994) O.J. C128/479. The Parliament also questioned the use of both Arts. 126 and 127 EC at the legal basis for the decision, being of the opinion that the programme dealt only with Art.126 issues. The common position version reinstated the dual legal basis.
93. Council. Common Position (EC) No.33-94 (1994) O.J. C244/51.
94. Parliament, second reading amendments (1994) O.J. C323/50
95. Commission, Opinion on European Parliament's Amendments. COM (94) 502 Final.
96. Appel. COM, at pp.67–70.
97. Commission, COM, at p. 18.