Nixon's Southern Strategy Revisited

Journal of Policy History

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 207-238

  Kotlowski, Dean J ^a  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 85011761593     PISSN: 08980306     EISSN: 15284190     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0898030600005613     Document Type: Article

References (210)

1. See Rowland Evans Jr. and Robert D. Novak, Nixon in the White House: The Frustra - tion of Power (New York, 1971), 133-64
2. Jonathan Schell, The Time of Illusion (New York, 1975), 40-49, 77-84
3. Leon E. Panetta and Peter Gall, “Bring Lis Together”: The Nixon Team and the Civil Rights Retreat (Philadelphia, 1971)
4. Kevin P. Phillips, The Emerging Republican Majority (New Rochelle, N.Y. 1969).
5. For skeptical views of the importance of southern politics to the making of Nixon's civil rights policy, see “Mr. Nixon and the South,” Wall Street Journal, 3 September 1969, 14
6. “‘Strategy’ Myth Belied,” Portland Oregonian, 8 April 1970
7. Folder: School Desegregation, Box 111, Charles W. Colson Files, White House Special Files, Richard M. Nixon Presidential Materials, National Archives, College Park, Maryland
8. Reg Murphy and Hal Gulliver, The Southern Strategy (New York, 1971), 3.
9. Historians who have accepted the southern strategy argument include Peter N. Carroll, It Seemed Like Nothing Happened: America in the 1970s (New Brunswick, N.J. 1982), 38-43
10. Dewey W. Grantham, Recent America: The United States Since 1945 (Arlington Heights, ILL. 1987), 325
11. Dewey W. Grantham, The Life and Death of the Solid South: APolitical History (Lexington, Ky. 1988), 177-79
12. Robert Weisbrot, Freedom Bound: A History of America's Civil Rights Movement (New York, 1990), 282-85
13. John Morton Blum, Years of Discoid: American Politics and Society, 1961-1974 (New York, 1991), 332-41, 409
14. Alvy L. King, “Richard Nixon, Southern Strategies, and Desegregation of Public Schools,” in Richard M. Nixon: Politician, President, Administrator, ed. Leon Friedman and William F. Levantrosser (Westport, Conn. 1991), 143-58
15. Michael Schaller, Virginia Scharf, and Robert D. Schulzinger, Present Tense: The United States Since 1945 (Boston, 1992), 404-6
16. Harvard Sitkoff, The Struggle for Black Equality, 1954-1992 (New York, 1993), 212-23
17. Dewey W. Grantham, The South in Modern America: A Region at Odds (New York, 1994), 282-86.
18. Herbert S. Parmet, Richard Nixon and His America (Boston, 1990), 602-5
19. Hugh Davis Graham, The Civil Rights Era: Origins and Development of National Policy, 1960-1972 (New York, 1990), 301-65
20. Hugh Davis Graham, “The Incoherence of Civil Rights Policy in the Nixon Administration,” in Richard M. Nixon, ed. Friedman and Levantrosser, 168.
21. For other studies that play down the importance of southern politics in the making of Nixon's civil rights policies, see John Edward Wilz, Democracy Challenged: The United States Since World War 11 (New York, 1990), 282-83.
22. Tom Wicker, One of Us: Richard Nixon and the American Dream (New York, 1991), 505
23. John Robert Greene, The Limits of Power: The Nixon and Ford Administrations (Bloomington, Ind. 1992), 41-47
24. Joan Hoff, Nixon Reconsidered (New York, 1994), 80
25. Numan V. Bartley, The New South, 1945-1980 (Baton Rouge, La. 1995).
26. For an early interpretation of Nixon's “vacillation” between enforcing civil rights and “appeasing” white southerners, see George Brown Tindall, The Disruption of the Solid South (Athens, Ga. 1972), 69, and
27. George Brown Tindall, “Southern Strategy: A Historical Perspective,” North Carolina Historical Review 48 (April 1971): 126-41.
28. Dan T. Carter, George Wallace, Richard Nixon, and the Transformation of American Politics—Thirteenth Charles Edmondson Lectures (Waco, Tex. 1992), 27–45
29. and The Politics of Rage: George Wallace, The Origins of the New Conservatism, and the Transformation of American Politics (New York, 1995).
30. Graham, Civil Rights Era, 301–21
31. Hoff, Nixon Reconsidered, 50–76
32. Wicker, One of Us, 484–507.
33. William Safire, Before the Fall: An Inside View of the Pre-Watergate White House (New York, 1975), 97-106
34. Raymond Price, With Nixon (New York, 1977), 29.
35. H. R. Haldeman, “Remarks at the Sixth Annual Presidential Conference: Richard M. Nixon,” in Watergate and Afterward, ed. Leon Friedman and William F. Levantrosser (Westport, Conn. 1992), 320-21.
36. Nixon biographer Stephen E. Ambrose explained his role as chronicling Nixon's complexities rather than explaining them. Stephen E. Ambrose, Nixon, II, The Triumph of a Politician, 1962-1972 (New York, 1989), 9-10.
37. Lewis Chester, Godfrey Hodgson, and Bruce Page, An American Melodrama: The Presidential Campaign of 1968 (New York, 1969), 448
38. “Thurmond Promotes Nixon's Cause Deep in Wallace Country,” New York Times, 13 October 1968, 77.
39. Theodore H. White, The Making of the President 1968 (New York, 1970), 279
40. Harry S. Dent Jr. The Prodigal South Returns to Power (New York, 1978), 97-99
41. Richard M. Nixon, RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon (New York, 1978), 304-5
42. Strom Thurmond Interview with Walter DeVries, 1 February 1974, Oral History A-166
43. Harry S. Dent Jr. Interview with Jack Bass, 22 February 1974, Oral History A-147, pp. 25–26, SOHP.
44. Jonathan Rieder, “The Rise of the ‘Silent Majority,’” in The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, 1930-1980, ed. Steve Fraser and Gary Gerstle (Princeton, 1989), 243-68.
45. For studies and accounts that de-emphasize Nixon's appeals to the South (especially the deep South), see Hoff, Nixon Reconsidered, 79
46. Graham, Civil Rights Era, 303
47. Nixon's campaign manager in 1968, John N. Mitchell Interview with A. James Reichley, 18 September 1969, p. 3, Box 2, A. James Reichley Interview Transcripts, Gerald R. Ford Library, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
48. Richard M. Nixon Handwritten Notes, 8 July 1968
49. Richard M. Nixon Collection, Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University, Stanford, California
50. “Nixon Scores U.S. Method of Enforcing Integration,” New York Times, 13 September 1968, 1, 50
51. “Republican Nominee Richard Nixon Interviewed on CBS’ ‘Face the Nation,”’ 27 October 1968, Audio Recording, Buffalo and Erie County Public Library, Buffalo, New York.
52. Richard M. Scammon and Ben J. Wattenberg, The Real Majority (New York, 1970), 200-211
53. Frederick C. LaRue quoted in Nixon: An Oral History of His Presidency, ed. Gerald S. Strober and Deborah Hart Strober (New York, 1994), 24.
54. Richard A. Watson, The Presidential Contest (New York, 1984), 86
55. White, The Making of the President 1968, 545–47.
56. Dean J. Kotlowski, “Trial By Error: Nixon, the Senate, and the Haynsworth Nomination,” Presidential Studies Quarterly 26 (Winter 1996): 71-91
57. Press Release, “George Harrold Carswell Nominated Associate Justice, United States Supreme Court,” 19 January 1970, Folder: Ex 51/A, Box 4, FG 51/A—Federal Government—Supreme Court of the United States, White House Central Files, Nixon Presidential Materials; Greene, The Limits of Power, 40-41.
58. “Agnew Aiding GOP Strategy in South,” Montgomery Advertiser, 9 November 1969, 12A
59. “Nixon's Answer to Wallace,” Richmond News-Leader, 14 November 1969, 18
60. “G.O.P. Aided by Agnew Surges in South,” New York Times, 7 December 1969, 1, 60.
61. John D. Ehrlichman Meeting Notes, 4 August 1970, PNWH, Part 3: John D. Ehrlichman Notes of Meetings with the President, Fiche 17.
62. Haldeman Meeting Notes, 11 July 1970, PNWH: 5, Fiche 69.
63. H. R. Haldeman Diary, 15 April 1971, The Haldeman Diaries: Inside the Nixon White House, ed. H. R. Haldeman (Santa Monica, Calif. 1994), CD-ROM.
64. Haldeman Diary, 17 and 29 January 1971
65. “Nixon Seeking a New Image,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 21 March 1971, B-3
66. John Ehrlichman, Witness to Power: The Nixon Years (New York, 1982), 235-36.
67. African Americans within the administration felt that their advice was not solicited on political matters.
68. See Memorandum, “The Black Vote in 1972,” 29 September 1971, Folder: [CF] PL [Political Affairs) 1/1/71-8/31/71 (1971-741, Box 46, Confidential Files, Nixon Presidential Materials.
69. Nixon Handwritten Comment on Memo, Dent to Nixon, 3 February 1969, PNWH,6: A, Fiche 7.
70. “Southern Aide to Nixon: Harry Shuler Dent,” New York Times, 29 February 1969, 29
71. “If It's GOP Politics, See Harry Dent, ”Memphis Press-Scimitar, 12 November 1969, 4
72. Memo, Haldeman to Dent and Harlow, 13 February 1969, Folder: Memoranda—February 1969, Box 49, Haldeman Files, Nixon Presidential Materials
73. Memo, Dent to Mitchell, 7 July 1969, Folder: Southern G.O.P. 1, Box 8, Dent Files, Nixon Presidential Materials
74. Memo, Dent to Dwight Chapin and Ehrlichman, 13 August 1969, Folder: Republican Personnel—Dent Harry—August-December 1969, Box 204, RNC Series, Morton Papers
75. Memo, Haldeman to Dent, 23 February 1971, Folder: Harry Dent—February 1971, Box 73, Haldeman Files, Nixon Presidential Materials. On the advisers who handled Nixon's domestic policy, see Hoff, Nixon Reconsidered, 15-144.
76. Phillips, Emerging Republican Majority, 461–74.
77. Haldeman Meeting Notes, 8 January 1970, PNWH: 5, Fiche 14.
78. News Clipping, “Justice Department Aide Will Become a Columnist,” No Date, Folder: Republican Personnel—President's Cabinet—Mitchell—John—N. Box 26, RNC Series, Morton Papers.
79. Nixon Handwritten Comment on Kevin Phillips Column, 25 September 1970, PNWH, 6:A, Fiche 97; Memo, Brown to Ehrlichman, 12 October 1970, Action Memo P839, Box 42, Staff Secretary Files, Nixon Presidential Materials.
80. Haldeman Meeting Notes, 8 January 1970, PNWH: 5, Fiche 14.
81. Nixon Handwritten Comments on Memo, Ehrlichman to Nixon, 21 October 1970, PNWH, 6:A, Fiche 101.
82. David S. Broder, “‘Newest’ Nixon Worries Conservatives,” Detroit News, 24 January 7 1971, 3-E.
83. “American Dream or Republican Nightmare?” and “The Nixon Plan: Solution or Socialism,” The Republican Battle Line (August 1969), Folder: Presidential/President Nixon, Box 184, RNC Series, Morton Papers.
84. Haldeman Diary, 21 February 1969.
85. Memo, Nixon to Haldeman, 18 May 1971, Folder: Patrick J. Buchanan—May 1971, Box 78, Haldeman Files, Nixon Presidential Materials.
86. Gerald R. Ford quoted in Nixon, ed. Strober and Strober, 114. 54- Sallyanne Payton Interview with author, 27 July 1994, Ann Arbor, Michigan. For a similar view, see Stephen Bull quoted in Nixon, ed. Strober and Strober, 77-78.
87. While some of Nixon's harshest critics will question this statement, there is evidence that he considered the issue of dependency on welfare to be important. Moynihan's memoranda on the subject would not have captured Nixon's attention otherwise. See Hoff, Nixon Reconsidered, 115–44
88. “Nixon Gives Views on Aid to Negroes and the Poor,” New York Times, 20 December 1967, p. 22
89. “Nixon on Racial Accommodation,” Time, May 3, 1968, 21
90. Payton Interview with author, 27 July 1994
91. “The Administration's Strategy: A Sharpening of Lines,” Los Angeles Times, 24 November 1969, pt. II, p. 7
92. Richard Wilson, “Nixon and Integration: Consolidating a Majority,” Detroit News, 11 March 1970, 15B.
93. “The President's News Conference of September 26, 1969,” Public Papers of the Presidents: Richard M. Nixon (1969) (Washington, D.C. 1971), 750.
94. Haldeman Diary, 28 April 1969; The Haldeman diaries contain additional negative remarks from Nixon about African Americans. See “National Report: Haldeman Diaries Reveal Nixon Fed Up with Blacks During His White House Tenure,” Jet, 13 June 1994, 12.
95. Haldeman Diary, 7 October 1971.
96. Fact Sheet, “Richard M. Nixon's Public Record on Civil Rights Measures,” n.d. Folder: Jackie Robinson, Box 649
97. General Correspondence, Richard M. Nixon Pre- Presidential Papers, National Archives—Pacific Southwest Region, Laguna Niguel, California. On Nixon's support of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960, see Letter, Nixon to Roy Wilkins, 10 May 1957, Memo, Robert H. Finch to “AW,” 3 February 1960, and “Wilkins Praises Nixon on Rights,” New York Times, 21 June 1960—all in Folder: Roy Wilkins, Box 820, General Correspondence, Nixon Pre-Presidential Papers, National Archives—Pacific Southwest Region; “News Conference Excerpts/Richard M. Nixon,” 15 February 1960, Papers of the Republican Party, Part II, Reel 2; On the Civil Rights Act of 1964
98. see “Back Rights Bill, Nixon Urges G.O.P.” New York Times, 16 June 1964, p. 22
99. On the Voting Rights Act, see “Senate's Leaders Seek Voting Bill,” New York Times, March 11, 1965, 19, and
100. “Be Firm on Rights, Nixon Urges Party,” New York Times, 14 March 1965, 67
101. On the Fair Housing Act of 1968, see Letter, Clarence Mitchell to Nixon, 22 March 1968, Folder: Civil Rights, Box 44
102. Robert T. Hartmann Papers, Ford Library and “House G.O.P. Eases Rights Bill Stand,” New York Times, 21 March 1968, 28.
103. Hoff, Nixon Reconsidered, 78
104. Wilz, Democracy Challenged, 444.
105. “Text of Nixon's Address to the Republican Club Dinner Here,” New York Times, 14 February 1956, 18
106. “Nixon Brands Rockefeller a Party ‘Divider’ as GOP Quarrels over Defeat,” New York Times, 6 November 1964, 25
107. “Nixon Asks G.O.P. to Unite in South,” New York Times, 30 September 1966, 37.
108. Raymond Price and H. R. Haldeman quoted in Nixon, ed. Strober and Strober, 113.
109. Scholars who have accepted this argument include Stephen E. Ambrose, “Remarks Before a High School Colloquium,” in Richard M. Nixon, ed. Friedman and Levantrosser, 40
110. Jonathan Aiken, Nixon: A Life (Washington, D.C. 1994), 72.
111. “Nixon Terms Bias a Curb on Science,” New York Times, 17 October 1957, 6.
112. Richard M. Nixon, “Report to the President on Trip to Africa,” 5 April 1957, Folder: Nixon, Richard M. 1953-1957, Box 28, Administrative Series, Ann Whitman File, Dwight D. Eisenhower Papers, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kansas.
113. Nixon Handwritten Comment on Memo, Ehrlichman to Nixon, 18 July 1970,PNWH, 6:A, Fiche 85. On Nixon's duplicity, see Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Packaging the Presidency: A History and Criticism of Presidential Campaign Advertising (New York, 1992), 256.
114. “White House Pattern Seen in Desegregation,” Los Angeles Times, 3 December 1969, pt 1-A, p. 2.
115. See Steven F. Lawson, “Mixing Moderation with Militancy,” in The Johnson Years: LBJ at Home and Abroad, vol. 3, ed. Robert A. Divine (Lawrence, Kan. 1994), 82-83.
116. Hoff, Nixon Reconsidered, 84.
117. Memorandum on Meeting with Attorney General John N. Mitchell, 18 February 1969, Folder: Justice Department 1969, Box D61, Leadership Conference on Civil Rights DEAN J. KOTLOWSKI 233 (LCCR) Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
118. “Relax Guidelines—HEW Counsel,” Charlotte Observer, 23 March 1969, 9A
119. “Wilkins Warns of Peril to School Guidelines,” Washington Star, 21 June 1969, 2
120. Haldeman Diary, 15 February 1969.
121. Nixon Handwritten Comment on News Summary, March 1969, PNWH, 6:B, Fiche 3.
122. Haldeman Meeting Notes, 17 February 1969, PNWH: 5, Fiche 2.
123. Haldeman Meeting Notes, 26 March 1969, PNWH: 5, Fiche 2.
124. Memo, Haldeman to Ehrlichman, 12 May 1969, Folder: Memos—John Ehrlichman (May 1969), Box 50, Haldeman Files, Nixon Presidential Materials.
125. John D. Ehrlichman, Memorandum of Meeting Between the President and Secretary Robert H. Finch, 15 May 1969, Folder: Ehrlichman Chronological File [27 November 1968-16 July 1969] [4 of 5], Box 50, Ehrlichman Files, Nixon Presidential Materials.
126. Haldeman Meeting Notes, 6 June 1969, PNWH: 5, Fiche 5.
127. Press Release, “School Desegregation Statement by the Department of Justice and Department of Health, Education and Welfare,” 3 July 1969, Folder: 1969 Southern GOP 1, Box 8, Dent Files, Nixon Presidential Materials.
128. “Wilkins Blasts School Desegregation Decision,” Los Angeles Times, 4 July, 1969, pt. I, p. 18.
129. “Thurmond Is Right to Be Cautious in Applauding Desegregation Policy,” Washington Post, 9 July 1969, 19.
130. “U.S. Files School Suits in North, South,” Washington Star, 8 July 1969, 3
131. “U.S. Steps Up Drive to Integrate Schools,” Los Angeles Times, 9 July 1969, pt. 1, 14
132. “Nixon Vows to Shift to School Suits,” New York Times, 11 July 1969, 1, 23.
133. “Federal Fund Cutoffs Ordered for 3 Southern Districts,” Los Angeles Times, 8 July 1969, 1
134. “Nixon and Desegregation: Deeds Belie Words,” Detroit News, 14 July 1969, 16- A
135. “Third of South's Negroes Due in Integrated Schools,” Baltimore Sun, 20 August 1969, 1
136. “Dixie School Pace Surprises HEW,” Washington Post, 24 August 1969, 2
137. “Desegregated Schools for Va. Negroes Double in Year,” Washington Post, 23 August 1969, p. Bl
138. “Nixon's Strategy for Schools Set,” New York Times, 17 September 1969, 18
139. “Nixon School Integration Aims—Retreat or Progress?” Detroit News, 28 September 1969, 13-B
140. “Rights Chief Defends Position: Strong Integration Push Pledged,” Washington News, 8 October 1969, 20.
141. “Dixie Moderates Pleased: Nixon School Policies Anger Deep South,” WashingtonNews, 4 September 1969, 14–100. Constituent Letter to Morton, 21 March 1970, Folder: Civil Rights/Minorities McCarthy-White, Box 219, RNC Series, Morton Papers. For similar letters
142. Memo, Dent to Nixon, 26 June 1969, Folder: HU 2-1 Education—Schooling States and Territories—Executive—Beginning-12/31/70, Box 13, HU-Human Rights, Central Files, Nixon Presidential Materials; A. James Reichley, Conservatives in an Age of Change: The Nixon and Ford Administrations (Washington, D.C. 1981), 92-94; On two separate occasions, Nixon gave in to pressure from Stennis. See Memo, Harlow to Staff Secretary, 14 July 1969, PNWH, Part 2: The President's Meeting File, 1969-1974, Fiche 69- 6-22 and Memo, Harlow to Staff Secretary, 25 August 1969, PNWH: 2, Fiche 69-7-20.
143. Reichley, Conservatives in an Age of Change, 9.
144. “Finch Asks Time for School Plan,” Washington Post, 21 August 1969, 28.
145. George R. Metcalf, From Little Rock to Boston: The History of School Desegregation (Westport, Conn. 1983), 41–49
146. J. Harvie Wilkinson, From Brown to Bakke: The Supreme Court and School Desegregation, 1954-1978 (New York, 1979), 118-27
147. Congressional Quarterly, Nixon: The First Year of His Presidency (Washington, D.C. 1970), 49-50.
148. Wicker, One of Us, 505–506.
149. Haldeman Diary, October 1970.
150. “Nixon Vows to Enforce Edict on Desegregation,” New York Times, 31 October 1969, 1.
151. Haldeman Meeting Notes, 19 February 1970, PNWH: 5, Fiche 16; Haldeman Diary, 19 February 1970.
152. Ehrlichman Meeting Notes, 4 August 1970, PNWH: 3, Fiche 17; Haldeman Meeting Notes, 4 August 1970, PNWH: 5, Fiche 28.
153. Ehrlichman Meeting Notes, 19 March 1970, PNWH: 3, Fiche 13.
154. Haldeman Diary, 20 February 1970; Later, Nixon reminded aides to “play [the] center strategy right down the middle.” Haldeman Meeting Notes, 3 June 1970, PNWH: 5, Fiche 24.
155. Nixon Handwritten Comment on News Summary, 19 January 1970, PNWH,6:B, Fiche 22.
156. Memo, Haldeman to Nixon, 4 August 1970, Folder: Memos to the President 1970, Box 138, Haldeman Files, Special Files, Nixon Presidential Materials.
157. “Nixon Declares Schools Neutral,” Baltimore Sun, 25 March 1970, 9
158. “Title of Message Reflects Its Tone,” Washington Star, 24 March 1970, 1.
159. See also A. James Reichley Interviews with Leonard Garment (19 October 1977), Bryce Harlow (3 November 1977), and
160. Ray Price (2 March 1978), Box 1, Reichley Interview Transcripts.
161. Ehrlichman Meeting Notes, 19 March 1970, PNWH: 3, Fiche 13.
162. Haldeman Meeting Notes, 4 August 1970, PNWH: 5, Fiche 28.
163. Haldeman Diary, 20 February 1970.
164. Memo, Hullin to Brown, 24 February 1970, Folder: Ehrlichman Chronological File [2 February 1970-20 April 1970] 2 of 4], Box 52, Ehrlichman Files, Nixon Presidential Materials.
165. Memo, Ehrlichman to Cole, 3 March 1970, Folder: Ehrlichman Chronological File [2 February 1970-20 April 1970] [2 of 4], Box 52, Ehrlichman Files, Nixon Presidential Materials.
166. Memo, Nixon to Haldeman, Ehrlichman, and Henry A. Kissinger, 2 March 1970, Folder: P Memos 1970, Box 229, Haldeman Files, Nixon Presidential Materials.
167. Memo, Dent to Harlow, 14 May 1970, Folder: 1970 Harlow, Box 3, Dent Files, Nixon Presidential Materials.
168. Haldeman Meeting Notes, 4 February 1970, PNWH: 5, Fiche 15
169. “Ousted Civil- Rights Official Lashes Out at White House Aides,” Seattle Times, 1 March 1970, A-20 and
170. Letter, G. Paul Jones to Dent, 7 May 1969, Folder: 1969 School Compliance File—May- December [3 of 3], Box 7, Dent Files, Nixon Presidential Materials.
171. Haldeman Meeting Notes, 27 February 1970, PNWH: 5, Fiche 17.
172. Ehrlichman Meeting Notes, 13 August 1970, PNWH: 3, Fiche 18.
173. Price quoted in Nixon, ed. Strober and Strober, 113.
174. George P. Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State (New York, 1993), 1046.
175. Price, With Nixon, 209.
176. Haldeman Meeting Notes, 8 August 1970, PNWH: 5, Fiche 28.
177. Memo, Harlow to Staff Secretary, 20 August 1970, Folder: HU 2-1 Education- Schooling—Executive 8/1/70-8/31/70, Box 9, HU-Human Rights, Central Files, Nixon Presidential Materials.
178. Ehrlichman Meeting Notes, 28 July 1970, PNWH: 3, Fiche 17.
179. Memo, Haldeman to Ehrlichman, 29 June 1970, Folder: HRH Staff Memos— May/June 1970, Box 60, Haldeman Files, Nixon Presidential Materials.
180. Memo, Gray to Cabinet Committee on Education, 29 June 1970, Folder: Cabinet Committee on School Desegregation, Box 3, Romney Post-Gubernatorial Papers.
181. Ehrlichman Meeting Notes, 13 August 1970, PNWH: 3, Fiche 18.
182. Leonard Interview, 31 October 1977, Box 2, Reichley Interview Transcripts; U.S. Civil Rights Commission quoted in Joseph M. Samuels, “Busing, Reading, and Self in New Haven,” Integrated Education, 10 (November-December 1972): 28.
183. Paul M. Rilling, “Have Time and Reality Overtaken the Southern Strategy.7” Interplay 3 (August 1970): 34-38.
184. Thurmond Oral History, 1 February 1974, 15, SOHP.
185. Memo, Larry A. Jobe to Maurice H. Stans, 2 June 1971, Folder: Minority Business Enterprise Office of January-September 1971, Box 67, Commerce Department Files, Maurice H. Stans Papers, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul.
186. “Nixon Cheered in South; Assails North on Race,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 26 May 1971, 6A; Haldeman Diary, 25 May 1971.
187. “ ‘72 Democratic Hopes Brighten in South,” Detroit News, 30 August 1971, 6-B.
188. Murphy and Gulliver, Southern Strategy, 228–29.
189. Haldeman Meeting Notes, 25 November 1970, PNWH: 5, Fiche 37.
190. Haldeman Meeting Notes, 7 May 1970, PNWH: 5, Fiche 23.
191. Stephan Lesher, George Wallace:American Populist (Reading, Mass. 1994), 442.
192. Carter, George Wallace, Richard Nixon, 42–43
193. Blum, Politics of Discord, 417–21.
194. Haldeman Diary, 20 July 1972
195. Carter, George Wallace, Richard Nixon, 42–44
196. Lesher, George Wallace, 461–62.
197. Grantham, South in Modem America, 284–85.
198. Carter, Politics of Rage, 465–68
199. William C. Berman, America's Right Turn- From Nixon to Bush (Baltimore, 1994), 5-20
200. Mary C. Brennan, Turning Right in the Sixties: TheConservative Capture of the GOP (Chapel Hill, N.C. 1995), 120-37
201. Thomas Byrne Edsall and Mary D. Edsall, Chain Reaction: The impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics (New York, 1991), 74-98
202. Russell Baker, “He Filled a Vacuum (editorial on Louis Farrakhan's Million Man March),” New York Times, 17 October 1995, A15
203. Kenneth O’Reilly, Nixon'sPiano: Presidents and Racial Politics from Washington to Clinton (New York, 1995), 277-329
204. Joseph A. Aistrup, The Southern Strategy Revisited: Republican Top-Down Advancement in the South (Lexington, Ky. 1996), 32-37.
205. Michael Kazin, The Populist Persuasion: An American History (New York, 1995), 251.
206. Memo, Nixon to Leonard Hall, Robert Finch, and James Bassett, 7 September 1960, Folder 79: Memos from RN, Box 12, Finch Private Papers.
207. Haldeman Diary, 19 September 1972.
208. Sallyanne Payton, “Remarks at the Sixth Annual Presidential Conference: Rich#x0027;ard M. Nixon,” in Richard M. Nixon, ed. Friedman and Levantrosser, 183.
209. Martin Luther King Jr. Why We Can't Wait (New York, 1964), 84-85. 194
210. Roger Wilkins, “Remarks at the Sixth Annual Presidential Conference: Richard M. Nixon,” in Richard M. Nixon, ed. Friedman and Levantrosser, 187.