The struggle for official recognition of ‘displaced’ group memories in Post-Soviet Estonia

Past in the Making: Historical Revisionism in Central Europe After 1989

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 221-245

  Wulf, Meike ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85011738843     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (97)

1. D. Levy, "The Future of the Past: Historiographical Disputes and Competing Memories in Germany and Israel." History and Theory 38, No. 1, (1999): 51-66, 66.
2. J. Rüsen and F. Jäger "Erinnerungskultur" [Memory culture] in Deutschland TrendBuch. Fakten und Orientierungen [Germany book of trends: facts and orientations], K.-R. Korte and W. Weidenfeld, eds., (Opladen: Leske & Budrich, 2001), pp. 397-428, 399;
3. J. Rüsen, "Was ist Geschichtskultur? Überlegungen zu einer neuen Art, über Geschichte nachzudenken" [What is historical culture?], in Historische Faszination. Geschichtskultur Heute [Historical Fascination], J. Rüsen, K. Füßmann, et al., eds., (Köln: Böhlau Verlag, 1994), pp. 3-25.
4. J. Rüsen and F. Jäger, "Erinnerungskultur," p. 406;
5. Nicola Gallernano, "History and the Public Use of History," F. Bedarida, ed., The social responsibility of the historian, Diogenes Library, No. (Oxford-New York: Berghahn Books, 1994): 85-102;
6. K.-G. Karlsson, Historia som vapen: Historiebruk och samhällsupplösning i Sovjetunionen och dess efterföljarstater 1985-1995 (History as Wappen) (Stockholm: Natur och Kultur, 1999), pp. 57, 218-232;
7. Karlsson, K.-G. "History in Swedish Politics-the ‘Living History’ Project," in European History: Challenges for a Common Future, A. Pok and J. Rüsen, et al., eds., (Hamburg: Körber Stiftung, 2002), pp. 145-162;
8. K.-G. Karlsson, U. Zander, et al. Echoes of the Holocaust: Historical Cultures in Contemporary Europe (Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 2003).
9. E. Menasse, Der Holocaust vor Gericht: Der Prozess um David Irving [The Holocaust in court. The case of David Irving] (Berlin: Siedler Verlag, 2000).
10. Levy, "The Future of the Past," pp. 62-63.
11. Levy, "The Future of the Past," p. 65.
12. S. J. Cohen, Politics without a Past. The Absence of History in Postcommunist Nationalism. (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1999), p. 2.
13. T. Todorov, "The Abuses of Memory," Common Knowledge 5 (1996): 6-26, 15.
14. Gallerano, "History and the Public Use," p. 85.
15. T. H. Ilves, "Estonia and the State of Change in European security," a paper delivered at Chatham House (London: 4 May 1999).
16. E. Wolfrum, Geschichtspolitik in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Der Weg zur bundesrepublikanischen Erinnerung 1948-1990 (The politics of history in the FRG: The path to a memory of the Federal Republic of Germany 1948-1990) (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1999), pp. 13-38.
17. Gallerano, "History and the Public Use," p. 100.
18. www.okupatsioon.ee.
19. R. J. Misiunas, "Soviet Historiography on World War II and the Baltic States, 1944-1974" in The Baltic States in Peace and War 1917-1945, eds., V. S. Vardys and R. Misiunas (University Park - London: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1978), pp. 173-196.
20. Eva-Clarita Onken, "Revisionismus schon vor der Geschichte: Aktuelle lettische Kontroversen um die Judenvernichtung und Kollaboration 1941-1944" [Revisionism prior to history: current Latvian controversies on the Holocaust and collaboration 1941-1944], Galut-Nordost, Sonderheft 1 (special issue) (1998).
21. M. Laar, and T. Kelam, et al., "International Conference on Crimes of Communism" Tallinn 14.06.00 (www.isamaaliit.ee/isamaa2/eng_4_2.html).
22. www.tartu.ee/linnamuuseum.
23. M. Tarm, "The Gift: An American of Estonian Descent Funds a new Museum that Recounts a Nation’s Tragedy-and her own," in Baltic City Paper (September 2003), 12.
24. Todorov, "The Abuses of Memory," pp. 16-19.
25. H. Arendt, Elemente und Ursprünge totaler Herrschaft [The origins of totalitarianism, 1951] (Munich: Pieper, 1986);
26. D. Beyrau, "Nationalsozialistisches Regime und das Stalin-System. Ein riskanter Vergleich." [National Socialism and Stalinism: A precarious comparison.] Osteuropa 50, No. 6 (2000): 709-729;
27. E. Nolte, The Three Faces of Fascism (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1965);
28. S. Creuzberger and I. Mannteufel, et al., "Kommunismus und Terror. Das "Schwarzbuch des Kommunismus"-Hauptthesen und Argumente" [Communism and Terror: The "Blackbook of Communism"-main theses and arguments]. Osteuropa 50, No. 6 (2000): 583-584;
29. Dan Diner, ed., Ist der Nationalsozialismus Geschichte? Zu Historisierung und Historikerstreit [Is National Socialism history? About historization and the historians’ debate] (Frankfurt: S. Fischer, 1988).
30. Todorov, "The Abuses of Memory," pp. 16-19.
31. E. Zuroff, "Misleading Comparisons of the 20th-century Tragedies" in The Baltic Times (19 February 2004);
32. E. Zuroff, "Lifting the Shadow of a Bloody Past" in The Baltic Times (4 March 2004).
33. See the Commission’s homepage, www.historycommission.ee.
34. E. Zuroff, Beruf: Nazijäger. Die Suche mit dem langen Atem: Die Jagd nach den Tätern des Völkermordes [Profession: Nazi hunter. A search that requires a long breath: hunting for the perpetrators of the Holocaust] (Freiburg: Ahriman-Verlag, 1996), pp. 318-321;
35. R. Kruus, ed., People be Watchful! (Tallinn: Estonian State Publishing House, 1962).
36. S. Toth, "Cursory Nazi probe rejected," in The Baltic Times (25-31 July 2002): 3.
37. "Wiesenthal Center ad left unprinted," in The Baltic Times (30 January 2003).
38. BNS "Juudikeskus peab Eestit kehvaks natsiuurijaks" [The Jewish Centre considers Estonia to be a bad Nazi researcher] in Postimees (20 April 2001).
39. "Estonia gets Low Marks in Nazi Hunting" in The Baltic Times, (1 May 2003);
40. BNS "Reinsalu disputes Nazi-hunt findings," in The Baltic Times, (31 August 2003).
41. Maripuu, Meelis "Kollaboration und Widerstand in Estland 1940-1944" [Collaboration and resistance in Estonia 1940-1944], a paper presented at the conference on ‘Reichskommissariat Ostland. Collaboration and Resistance during the Holocaust,’ Stockholm & Uppsala, Sweden, (18-21 April 2002).
42. Cohen, Politics without a Past, pp. 11f.
43. J. M. De Thomas, "Past, Present and Future," in Eesti Päevaleht, (28 May 2002) http://estonia.usembassy.gov/holocaust_eng.php.
44. "Estonian government puzzled at US ambassador’s Holocaust statement." in Leta Daily News Review (30 May 2002).
45. "Lieber braun statt rot?" [Better Brown than Red?] in Newsletter of the Swiss Baltic Chamber of Commerce (Tallinn: 27 October 2000).
46. K. Brüggemann, "Von der Renationalisierung zur Demontage nationaler Helden. Oder: Wie schreibt man estnische Geschichte?" [From re-nationalization to the demolition of national heroes: Or how does one write Estonian history?], Osteuropa 7 (2001): 810-819.
47. Vardys and Misiunas, eds., Baltic States.
48. Eva-Clarita Onken, "The Politics of Finding Historical Truth: Reviewing Baltic History Commissions and their Work," Journal of Baltic Studies 38, No. 1 (2007).
49. T. Savi, "Statement of the President of the Riigikogu on the Occupation Regime in Estonia" in Euro University. The Monthly Survey of the Baltic and Post-Soviet Politics, No. 7 (109) (2001/2): 3-4.
50. E. Sarv, "Our Duty of Remembering," a paper delivered at an International Conference on Crimes of Communism (Tallinn, 14 June 2000): 36.
51. www.isamaaliit.ee/isamaa2/eng_4_2.html.
52. "Veterans: Views from the East." in BBC News Week (9 May 2005) (See http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/Europe/4530273.stm).
53. BNS, "History Buff Building SS Legion Museum in Pärnu," in The Baltic Times (3 June 2004);
54. Agence France-Presse, "Plans halted for WWII memorial," in The Baltic Times (25-31 July 2002), 3;
55. Melanie O’Connell, "Pärnu to Commemorate Freedom Fighters Again," in The Baltic Times (31 August 2003).
56. A. Gunter, "Monumental Needs and Rethinking Estonia’s past," in The Baltic Times (10 June 2004).
57. BBC, "Estonia Unveils Nazi War Monument," in BBC News World Online Edition (20 August 2004).
58. A. Gunter, "Riot Police Help Remove Controversial WWII Monument," in The Baltic Times (9 September 2004).
59. M. Kolb, "Looking for the Truth Behind Lihula," in The Baltic Times (27 April 2005).
60. "State Removes Controversial Monument by Force," in The Baltic Times (02.09.04).
61. Välisministeerium (Estonian Foreign Ministry), "Press Release: Statement by Foreign Minister Ojuland Concerning the Lihula Monument," (3 September 2004).
62. "State Removes Controversial Monument by Force," in The Baltic Times (2 September 2004).
63. A. Gunter, "Estonia Sets its History Straight," in The Baltic Times (1 November 2004);
64. Kolb "Looking for the truth;" From Wire Reports "Controversy Erupts Around Historical Commission," in The Baltic Times (18 May 2005).
65. M. Huang, "Doing it Half Right," in Central Europe Review 1, No. 2 (5 July 1999).
66. M. Shafir, "Analysis: Estonian War Veterans Provoke Russian Reaction," in Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) (22 July 2004).
67. BNS, "Freedom Fighters Demand Historical Clarification," in The Baltic Times (8 July 2004).
68. Staff and wire reports "Freedom Fighters Appeal for Help, Evaluation of WWII Events," in The Baltic Times (5 August 2004).
69. J. Postcom Staff, "Estonia Plans to Unveil Memorial to SS Veterans," in Jerusalem Post, Online Edition (22 May 2004).
70. "Tallinn decides against unveiling monument to Estonian Nazi troops," in Estos in the News, Itar-Tass (27 April 2005).
71. S. Stepanov, "Victory Day Opens Old Wounds," in The Baltic Times [16 May 2002].
72. U. Seaver and Küllike Rooväli "Pärnu sai SS-vormis ‘Euroopa vaduse kaitsja’ bareljeefi," [Pärnu got a memorial plaque for the "protector of Europe’s freedom" dressed in SS uniform] in Postimees (23 July 2002);
73. U. Seaver and M. Ojakivi "Pärnu võttis SSvormis sõduriga ausamba maha," [Pärnu removed the statue of the soldier in SS uniform] in Postimees (24 July 2002).
74. Gunter, "Riot Police."
75. S. L. Myers, "Debate Renewed: Did Moscow Free Estonia or Occupy it?" in The New York Times [25 January 2007] See www.bafl.com/news.
76. J. Tanner, "War monument in Estonia vandalized," in Seattle Post-Intelligencer (9 May 2005);
77. "Candle Vigil Throws Kind Light on Bitter Monument," in The Baltic Times (15 September 2004).
78. J. Alas, "May 9 Protestors Call for Removing Bronze Soldier Statue," in The Baltic Times (10 May 2006);
79. Joel Alas, "Brawl Breaks Out in Shadow of the Bronze Memorial." in The Baltic Times (24 May 2006).
80. Joel Alas, "Coalition Split over Bronze Soldier," in The Baltic Times [17 January 2007].
81. J. Vosswinkel, "Der 8. Mai 1945. Wo Russen Täter waren" (8 May 1945. Where Russians were the Perpetrators), in Die Zeit (4 May 2005), 19.
82. Agence France-Presse, "Russia slams removal of WWII memorial," in The Washington Times (22 January 2007).
83. TBT staff, "Russian Foreign Minister Opposes Sanctions Against Estonia," in The Baltic Times (30 January 2007).
84. From Wire Reports, "Russian-speaking NGOs to Hold Roundtable on Bronze Soldier," in The Baltic Times (7 June 2006).
85. M. Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations (New York: Basic Books, 2000).
86. D. Rodin, War and Self-Defense, (Oxford: OUP, 2003).
87. O. Bartov, Mirrors of Destruction: War, Genocide, and Modern Identity (Oxford: OUP 2000): 39.
88. P. Reichel, Politik mit der Erinnerung: Gedächtnisorte im Streit um die nationalsozialistische Vergangenheit [Politics of remembrance: Sites of memory in the battle over the Nazi past] (Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1999).
89. "Grave Mistakes," in The Baltic Times (17 January 2007).
90. J. Alas, "Free Speech Questioned as Estonia Prepares to Ban Soviet, Nazi Symbols," in The Baltic Times (6 December 2006).
91. V. Socor, "Bronze Soldier Set to Leave Tallinn as Last Soviet Soldier," in Eurasia Monitor Daily, Jamestown Foundation (12 January 2007).
92. M. Halbwachs, La topographie legendaire des évangiles en Terre Seinte. Étude de mémoire collective [The Legendary Topography of the Gospels in the Holy Land], (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1941);
93. M. Halbwachs, La Mémoire collective, (1950) [Collective memory] (New York: Harper & Row, 1980);
94. M. Halbwachs, Les cadres sociaux de la mémoire [Social frames of memory] (Paris: Librairie Felix Alcan, 1925);
95. P. Nora, Zwischen Geschichte und Gedächtnis [Between history and memory] (Berlin: Wagenbach, 1990);
96. P. Nora, ed., Realms of Memory: Rethinking the French Past, Conflicts and Divisions, Vol. I, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996);
97. P. Nora, ed., Realms of Memory: The Construction of the French Past, Traditions, Vol. II, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997).