Population Pressure, Social Change, Culture and Malawi's Pattern of Fertility Transition

African Studies Review

Volumn 40, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 173-208

  Kalipeni, Ezekiel ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85011531636     PISSN: 00020206     EISSN: 15552462     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/525161     Document Type: Article

References (107)

1. Abernethy, V.D. 1994. “Optimism and Overpopulation” Atlantic Monthly. 274/6: 84–92.
2. African Development Bank. 1992. African Development Report 1992. Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire: Development Research and Policy Department, African Development Bank.
3. Beaver, S.E. 1975. Demographic Transition Theory Reinterpreted. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
4. Boeder, R.B. 1973. “The Effects of Labor Migration on Rural Life in Malawi,” Rural Africana. 20: 37–46.
5. Bongaarts, J., Frank, O., and Lesthaeghe, R. 1990. “The Proximate Determinants of Fertility,” in Ascaddi, G.T.F., Johnson-Ascadi, G., and Bulatao, R. A. (eds.) Population Growth and Reproduction in Sub-Saharan Africa: Technical Analyses of Fertility and its Consequences. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Symposium.
6. Boserup, E. 1981. Population and Technological Change: A Study of Long-Term Trends. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
7. Brockerhoff, M. and Yang, X. S. 1994. “Impact of Migration on Fertility in sub-Saharan Africa,” Social Biology. 41/1-2: 19–43
8. Browne, A.W. and Barrett, H. R. 1991. “Female Education in sub-Saharan Africa: The Key to Development?“ Comparative Education. 27/3: 275-85.
9. Brundtland, G.H. 1994. “Empowering Women: The Solution to a Global Crisis,” Environment. 36/10: 16–25.
10. Caldwell, J.C. and Caldwell, P. 1987. “The Cultural Context of High Fertility in sub-Saharan Africa,” Population and Development Review. 13/3: 409-37.
11. Caldwell, J.C., and Caldwell, P. 1990. “Kinship Forms, Female Autonomy and Fertility: What are the Connections?” Unpublished Paper.
12. Caldwell, J.C., Orubuloye, I. O., and Caldwell, P. 1992. “Fertility Decline in Africa: A New Type of Transition,” Population and Development Review. 18/2: 211-42.
13. Chilivumbo, A. 1975. “Malawi: Cultural Consequences of Population Growth,” in The Consequences of Population Change: A Report on a Seminar Held in Bucharest, Romania, 14–17 August, 1974. Washington, D.C.: The Center for the Study of Man, Smithsonian Institution.
14. Chinguwo, R.P.M. 1987. “Component Variations in Rural-Urban Fertility in Malawi,” in Studies in African and Asian Demography, CDC Annual Seminar 1986. Cairo: Research Monograph Series No. 16. Cairo: Cairo Demographic Center.
15. Chipande, G. 1988. “The Impact of Demographic Changes on Rural Development in Malawi,” in Ronald, D. L. (ed.) Population, Food and Rural Development. London: Clarendon Press.
16. Cleland, J. 1993. “Equity, Security and Fertility: A Reaction to Thomas,” Population Studies. 47: 345-52.
17. Cleland, J., and Wilson, C. 1987. “Demand Theories of The Fertility Transition: An Iconoclastic View,” Population Studies. 41: 5–30.
18. Cleland, J., and van Ginneken, J. 1988. “Maternal Education and Child Survival in Developing Countries: The Search for Pathways of Influence,” Social Science and Medicine. 27: 1357–68.
19. Cleland, J., Onuoha, N. C., and Timaeus, I. M. 1994. “Fertility Change in sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of the Evidence,” in Locoh, T. and Hertich, V. (eds.) The Onset of Fertility Transition in sub-Saharan Africa. Liege: Ordinal Editions.
20. Cleveland, D. 1986. “The Political Economy of Fertility Regulation: The Kusasi of Savanna West Africa (Ghana),” in Handwerker, P. (ed.) Culture and Reproduction: An Anthropological Critique of Demographic Transition Theory. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
21. Cochrane, S. 1981. “The Relationship Between Education and Fertility,” in Ware, H. (ed.) Women, Education and Modernization of the Family in West Africa. Canberra: Department of Demography, The Australian National University.
22. Coleman, G. 1973. “International Labor Migration from Malawi,” Journal of Social Science. 2: 31–46.
23. Coward, J. 1986. “The Analysis of Regional Fertility Patterns,” in Woods, R. and Rees, P. (eds.) Population Structures and Models. London: Allen and Unwin.
24. Danaher, K. 1985. Myths of African Hunger. San Francisco: Institute for Food and Development Policy.
25. Davison, Jean. 1993. “Tenacious Women: Clinging to Banja Household Production in the Face of Changing Gender Relations in Malawi,” Journal of Southern African Studies. 19/3: 405-15
26. DeLancey, V. 1981. “Wage Earner and Mother: Compatibility of Roles on a Cameroon Plantation,” in Ware, H. (ed.) Women, Education and Modernization of the Family in West Africa. Canberra: Department of Demography, The Australian National University.
27. Demographic Unit. 1987. The Value of Children and Child Spacing Practices in Malawi: Report of a Workshop. Zomba: University of Malawi.
28. Ekouevi, K. and Adepoju, A. 1995. “Adjustment, Social Sectors, and Demographic Change in sub-Saharan Africa,” Journal of International Development. 7/1: 47–59.
29. Foggin, P.M. 1983. “Spatial Analysis of Factors Relating to Family Planning in Thailand,” Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography. 4/1: 11–24.
30. Frank, O. 1983. “Infertility in sub-Saharan Africa: Estimates and Implications,” Population and Development Review. 9/1: 137-44.
31. Freedman, R. 1979. “Theories of Fertility Decline: A Reappraisal,” in Hauser, P. M. (ed.) World Population and Development: Challenges and Prospects. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.
32. Greenhalgh, S. 1990. “Towards a Political Economy of Fertility,” Population and Development Review. 1/3: 455-86.
33. Hammel, E. 1990. “A Theory of Culture for Demography,” Population and Development Review. 16/3: 85–106.
34. Haupt, A. and Kane, T. T. 1991. Population Handbook. Washington, D.C.: Population Reference Bureau.
35. Helitzer-Allen, D. 1994. An Investigation of Community Based Communication Networks of Adolescent Girls in Rural Malawi for HIV/STD Prevention Messages. Washington, D.C.: International Center for Research on Women.
36. Helitzer-Allen, D. 1996. (forthcoming.) “Beliefs and Practices During Pregnancy in a Bantu Community in Malawi,” in Kalipeni, E. and Thiuri, P. (eds.) Cultural and Demographic Aspects of Health Care in Contemporary sub-Saharan Africa. Langley Park, Maryland: International Association of Africanist Scholars Publishers, Inc.
37. Hermalin, A. 1975. “Regression Analysis of Areal Data,” in Chandrasekharan, C. and Hermalin, A. (eds.) Measuring the Effect of Family Planning Programs on Fertility. Dolhain, Belgium: International Union for the Scientific Study of Population.
38. Hervitz, H.M. 1985. “Selectivity, Adaptation, or Disruption? A Comparison of Alternative Hypotheses on the Effects of Migration on Fertility: The Case of Brazil,” International Migration Review. 19 (Summer):293–313.
39. International Conference on Population and Development 1994. 1995. Population and Development Programme of Action Adopted at the International Conference on Population and Development, Cairo, 5-13 September 1994. New York: United Nations, Dept. for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis (ST/ESA/SER.A/149).
40. Jain, A. K. 1985. “The Impact of Development and Population Policies on Fertility in India,” Studies in Family Planning. 16/4: 181-89.
41. Jones, H. 1990. Population Geography. London: Paul Chapman.
42. Kalipeni, E. 1992. “Population Redistribution in Malawi Since 1964,” Geographical Review. 82/1: 13–28.
43. Kalipeni, E. 1993. “Determinants of Infant Mortality in Malawi: A Spatial Perspective,” Social Science and Medicine. 37/2: 183-98.
44. Kalipeni, E. 1994. “Population Growth and Environmental Degradation in Malawi,” in Kalipeni, E. (ed.) Population Growth and Environmental Degradation in Southern Africa. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
45. Kalipeni, E. 1995a. “The Fertility Transition in Africa,” Geographical Review. 85/2: 287–301.
46. Kalipeni, E. 1995b.(forthcoming) “Contained Urban Growth in Post-independence Malawi,” African Journal of Political Economy.
47. Kalipeni, E. 1995c.“The AIDS Pandemic in Malawi: A Somber Reflection,” 21st Century Afro Review. 1(2):73–110.
48. Kalipeni, E. 1996.“Demographic Response to Environmental Pressure in Malawi,” Population and Environment. 17/4: 285–308.
49. Kalipeni, E. 1997 (forthcoming). “Condom Promotion in Malawi: A Critical Review,” African Rural and Urban Studies.
50. Kalipeni, E., and Zulu, E. 1993. “Gender Differences in Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Modern and Traditional Methods of Child Spacing in Malawi,” Population Research and Policy Review. 12: 103–21.
51. Kelley, A. and Nobbe, C. 1990. “Kenya at the Demographic Turning Point?” World Bank Discussion Paper No. 107. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
52. Knodel, J., Havanon, N., and Pramualratana, A. 1984. “Fertility Transition in Thailand: A Qualitative Analysis,” Population and Development Review. 10/2: 297–328.
53. Landale, N.S. 1994. “Migration and the Latino Family: The Union Formation Behavior of Puerto Rican Women,” Demography. 31: 133–57.
54. Langford, A. 1981. “Fertility Change in Sri Lanka Since the War: An Analysis of the Experience of Different Districts,” Population Studies. 35: 285–306.
55. Larson, U. and Menken, J. 1991. “Individual-Level Sterility: A New Method of Estimation with Application to sub-Saharan Africa,” Demography. 28: 229–47.
56. Lee, B.S. 1992. “The Influence of Rural-Urban Migration on Migrant's Fertility Behavior in Cameroon,” International Migration Review. 26 (Winter):1416-47.
57. Lee, B.S., and Färber, S. C. 1985. “The Influence of Rapid Rural-Urban Migration on Korean National Fertility Levels,” Journal of Development Economics. 17 (Jan./2.): 47–71.
58. Lesthaeghe, R. and Jolly, C. 1995. “The Start of the Sub-Saharan Fertility Transition: Some Answers and Many Questions,” Journal of International Development. 7/1: 25–45.
59. Lesthaeghe, R. and Jolly, C., Ohadike, O., Kocker, J., and Page, H. P. 1981. “Child Spacing and Fertility in sub-Saharan Africa: An Overview of Issues,” in Page, H. and Lesthaeghe, R. (eds.) Child Spacing in Tropical Africa: Traditions and Change. London: Academic Press.
60. Lockwood, M. 1995. “Development Policy and the African Demographic Transition: Issues and Questions,” Journal of International Development. 7/1: 1–23.
61. Malawi Government. 1992. Child Spacing Policy and Contraceptive Use. Lilongwe: Ministry of Health.
62. Government, Malawi. 1993. The Malawi National Family Planning Strategy: 1994-1998. Lilongwe: Office of the President and Cabinet.
63. Malawi Ministry of Health, the AIDS Control Programme. 1993. A Report of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) and Human bnmuno-Deficiency Virus (HIV) Seroprevalence Survey in Rural Antenatal Women in Malawi. Lilongwe: Ministry of Health.
64. Malawi Ministry of Health, 1989. Reference Tables for the Health Information System. Lilongwe: Ministry of Health.
65. Mandala, E.C. 1990. Work and Control in a Peasant Economy. Madison: Wisconsin University Press.
66. Mason, K.O. 1987. “The Impact of Women's Social Position on Fertility in Developing Countries,” Sociological Forum. 1: 718–45.
67. McDonald, P. 1985. “Social Organization and Nuptiality in Developing Societies,” in Cleland, J., Bobcraft, J., and Dinesen, B. (eds.) Reproductive Change in Developing Countries: Insights from the World Fertility Survey. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
68. McFalls, J. 1991. “Population: A Lively Introduction,” Population Bulletin. 46/2 (10):1–50.
69. McFalls, J., and McFalls, M. 1984. Disease and Fertility. New York: Academic Press.
70. Meekers, D. 1991. Report on the IUSSP Seminar on the Course of Fertility Transition in sub-Saharan Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe, 19-22 November 1991. IUSSP Papers No. 31. Liege, Belgium: International Union for the Scientific Study of Population.
71. Mhloyi, M. 1992. “Fertility Transition in Zimbabwe.” Paper presented at the International Union for Scientific Study of Population Conference on the Course of Fertility Transition in sub-Saharan Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe, 1992.
72. Miotti, P., Dallebetta, G. A., Chiphangwi, J. D., Liomba, G., and Saah, J. A. 1992. “A Retrospective Study of Childhood Mortality and Spontaneous Abortion in HIV-1 Infected Women in Urban Malawi,” International Journal of Epidemiology. 21/4: 792–99.
73. Mlia, J. R. N. and Kalipeni, E. 1987. “Population Growth and National Development in Malawi,” Malaysian Journal of Tropical Geography. 15: 39–48.
74. M'manga, W. R. and Srivastava, M. L. 1991. Socio-economic and Demographic Determinants of Family Size in Malawi: A Multivariate Analysis. Zomba: Demographic Unit, University of Malawi.
75. Namanja, G. B., Sokal, D., Dallebetta, G., and Chimera, B. 1993. A Preliminary Report of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) and Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus (HIV) Seroprevalence Survey in Rural Antenatal Women in Malawi. Lilongwe: The AIDS Control Programme, Ministry of Health, and Research Triangle Park, NC: AIDSTECH, Family Health International.
76. National Statistical Office. 1984. Malawi Population Census 1977: Analytical Report, Vol. I. Zomba: Government Printer.
77. National Statistical Office. 1986. Report of Seminar on the Analysis of the 1977 Malawi Population Census and Its Utilization in Development Planning. Zomba: National Statistical Office.
78. National Statistical Office. 1987a. Malawi Demographic Survey 1982. Zomba: Government Printer.
79. National Statistical Office. 1987b. Malawi Family Formation Survey 1984. Zomba: Government Printer.
80. National Statistical Office. 1991. Malawi Population and Housing Census 1987: Summary of Results. Zomba: Government Printer.
81. National Statistical Office. 1994. Malawi Demographic and Health Survey 1992. Zomba: Malawi National Statistical Office.
82. National Family Welfare Council of Malawi (NFWCM). 1992. Profile of Child Spacing Providers in Malawi. Lilongwe: NFWCM.
83. O'Connor, A. 1991. Poverty in Africa: A Geographical Approach. London: Belhaven Press.
84. Onuoha, N.C. and Timaeus, I. M. 1995. “Has a Fertility Transition Begun in West Africa?” Journal of International Development. 7/1: 93–116.
85. Orubuloye, I.O. 1995. “The Demographic Situation in Nigeria and Prospects for Fertility Transition,” Journal of International Development. 7/1: 135–44.
86. Pachai, B. 1972. “State and Churches in Malawi During the Early Protectorate Rule,” Malawi Journal of Social Science. 1: 7–20.
87. Peters, G.L. and Larkin, R.P. 1989. Population Geography: Problems, Concerns and Prospects. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co.
88. Phiri, K.M. 1983. “Some Changes in the Matrilineal Family System Among the Chewa of Malawi Since the Nineteenth Century,” Journal of African History. 24: 247–54.
89. Rangeley, W.H.J. 1948. “Notes on Cewa Tribal Law,” The Nyasaland Journal. 1/3: 1–51.
90. Robinson, W.C. and Harbison, S. F. 1995. “The Fertility Decline in Kenya,” Journal of International Development. 7/1: 25–45.
91. Schoffeleers, M. 1968. The Lower Shire Valley of Malawi: Its Ecology, Population Distribution, Ethnic Divisions, and Systems of Marriage. Limbe: Montfort Press.
92. Shreeniwas, S. 1994. “Population in its Social Context,” International Social Science Journal. 46/3: 197–217.
93. Sindima, H.J. 1992. The Legacy of Scottish Missionaries in Malawi. Lewiston, New York: Mellen Press.
94. Stock, R. 1995. Africa South of the Sahara: A Geographic Interpretation. New York: Guilford Press.
95. Sonko, S. 1994. “Fertility and Culture in sub-Saharan Africa: A Review,” International Social Science Journal. 46/3: 397–413.
96. Teitelbaum, M. S. 1975. “Relevance of Demographic Transition Theory for Developing Countries,” Science. 188: 420–25.
97. Timpunza, M.E.S. 1987. Women's Oral Poetry as a Social Strategy in Malawi. Bloomington: Department of Folklore, Indiana University, Ph.D. Dissertation.
98. Torrey, B. and Way, P. 1990. “Seroprevalence of HIV in Africa, Winter, 1990,” CIR Staff Paper 55. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Bureau of the Census.
99. United Nations. 1983. Relationships Between Fertility and Education: A Comparative Analysis of World Fertility Survey Data for Twenty-two Developing Countries. New York: United Nations.
100. van de Walle, E. and Foster, A. D. 1990. “Fertility Decline in Africa: Assessment and Prospects,” World Bank Technical Paper No. 125. Washington, D.C.: Africa Technical Department Series, World Bank.
101. van de Walle, E. and Knodel, J. 1980. “Europe's Fertility Transition: New Evidence and Lessons for Today's Developing World,” Population Bulletin. 34/6: 3–41.
102. Visaria, L. and Visaria, P. 1995. “India's Population in Transition,” Population Bulletin. 50/3.
103. Way, P. and Stanecki, K. 1991. “The Demographic Impact of an AIDS Epidemic on an African Country,” CIR Staff Paper 58. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of the Census.
104. Weeks, J.R. 1994. Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues. Belmont, CA.: Wadsworth Publishing Co.
105. White, M.J., Moreno, L., and Guo, S. 1995. “The Interrelation of Fertility and Geographic Mobility in Peru: A Hazards Model Analysis,” International Migration Review. 29 (Summer):492–514.
106. World Bank. 1992. Malawi: Population Sector Study: Volume 1—Main Report. Washington D.C.: World Bank, Population and Human Resources Division, Southern Africa Department.
107. Zulu, E. M. 1995.(forthcoming.) “Regional Variations in Customs, Practices and Attitudes Related to Child Bearing in Malawi,” Studies in Family Planning.