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Volumn 56, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 315-328

Statuta sunt stricte interpretanda? Statutes and the common law: A continental prespective

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EID: 85011519534     PISSN: 00081973     EISSN: 14692139     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0008197300081344     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (25)

References (149)
  • 1
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    • Omnia statuta juri commune Romanorum adversa sunt strictae interpretationis, et ad unguem sicut iacent, et loquuntur, accipienda
    • Omnia statuta juri commune Romanorum adversa sunt strictae interpretationis, et ad unguem sicut iacent, et loquuntur, accipienda: Riccius, Zuverlassiger Entwurff von Stadt-Geselzen oder Statutis (1740)
    • (1740) Zuverlassiger Entwurff von Stadt-Geselzen oder Statutis
    • Riccius1
  • 3
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    • De Usu et Authoritate Juris Civilis Romanorum in Dominiis Principum Christianorum Libri duo, 1648
    • Statuta cum Juri Romano derogant esse strictissima interpretanda, et non extendi posse ad Casus in iisdem non expressos Cap. 2
    • Statuta cum Juri Romano derogant esse strictissima interpretanda, et non extendi posse ad Casus in iisdem non expressos: Arthur Duck, De Usu et Authoritate Juris Civilis Romanorum in Dominiis Principum Christianorum Libri duo, 1648, Lib. II, Cap. 2, n. 17
    • Lib , vol.II , Issue.17
    • Duck, A.1
  • 4
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    • Romisches Recht als gemeineuropaisches Recht bei Arthur Duck
    • as quoted by Walter Wilhelm
    • as quoted by Norbert Horn, Romisches Recht als gemeineuropaisches Recht bei Arthur Duck, in: Walter Wilhelm (ed), Studien zur europaischen Rechtsgeschichte (1972), p. 177.
    • (1972) Studien zur europaischen Rechtsgeschichte , pp. 177
    • Horn, N.1
  • 5
    • 85011455104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statuta terrarum … maiori parte consistunt [in] sic volo sic iubeo quam in modulari ratione 1327–1400
    • Statuta terrarum … maiori parte consistunt [in] sic volo sic iubeo quam in modulari ratione: Baldus de Ubaldis (1327–1400), Super usibus feudalibus
    • Super usibus feudalibus
    • de Ubaldis, B.1
  • 6
    • 85011512879 scopus 로고
    • Zur romanistischen Auslegung von Rezeptionsgesetzen: Fichards Noten zur Frankfurter Reformation von 1509
    • as quoted by
    • as quoted by Helmut Coing, Zur romanistischen Auslegung von Rezeptionsgesetzen: Fichards Noten zur Frankfurter Reformation von 1509, (1936) 56 Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftungfur Rechtsgeschichte (Romanistische Abteilung) 269.
    • (1936) 56 Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftungfur Rechtsgeschichte (Romanistische Abteilung) , pp. 269
    • Coing, H.1
  • 7
    • 0002063390 scopus 로고
    • [Sed iste leges municipales…] sicut umbra lunatica evanescunt, quoniam ad similitudinem lunae crescunt et decrescunt secundum arbitrium conditorum: Boncompagno of Signa (d. 1235), as quoted by (tr.: Lydia G. Cochrane)
    • [Sed iste leges municipales…] sicut umbra lunatica evanescunt, quoniam ad similitudinem lunae crescunt et decrescunt secundum arbitrium conditorum: Boncompagno of Signa (d. 1235), as quoted by Manlio Bellomo, The Common Legal Past of Europe 1000–1800 (1995), p. 85 (tr.: Lydia G. Cochrane).
    • (1995) The Common Legal Past of Europe 1000–1800 , pp. 85
    • Bellomo, M.1
  • 10
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    • For a general account, now available in English, see translated by Tony Weir
    • For a general account, now available in English, see Franz Wieacker, A History of Private Law in Europe translated by Tony Weir (1995)
    • (1995) A History of Private Law in Europe
    • Wieacker, F.1
  • 11
    • 85011521046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • cf. also the work by as quoted above
    • cf. also the work by Bellomo, as quoted above, n. 4.
    • , Issue.4
    • Bellomo1
  • 12
    • 0003569260 scopus 로고
    • A point particularly emphasised by (“Perhaps the most distinctive characteristic of the Western legal tradition is the coexistence and competition within the same community of diverse jurisdictions and diverse legal systems”
    • A point particularly emphasised by Harold J. Berman, Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition (1983) (“Perhaps the most distinctive characteristic of the Western legal tradition is the coexistence and competition within the same community of diverse jurisdictions and diverse legal systems”: p. 10).
    • (1983) Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition , pp. 10
    • Berman, H.J.1
  • 13
    • 79952253405 scopus 로고
    • Die privatrechtlichen Rechtsquellen des Usus modernus
    • in: Dieter Simon (ed.)
    • Wolfgang Wiegand, Die privatrechtlichen Rechtsquellen des Usus modernus, in: Dieter Simon (ed.), Aklen des 26. Deutschen Rechtshistorikerlages (1987), p. 239.
    • (1987) Aklen des 26. Deutschen Rechtshistorikerlages , pp. 239
    • Wiegand, W.1
  • 16
    • 85011442504 scopus 로고
    • Generally on the topic of Medieval statute law, see sqq
    • Generally on the topic of Medieval statute law, see Helmut Coing, Europäisches Privatrecht, vol. I (1985), pp. 105 sqq.
    • (1985) Europäisches Privatrecht , vol.I , pp. 105
    • Coing, H.1
  • 17
    • 85011489948 scopus 로고
    • Statutarrecht
    • cols. 1922 sqq. For a survey of the most important city statutes of Northern Italy
    • Reiner Schulze, Statutarrecht, in: Handwörterbuch zur deutschen Rechtsgeschichte, vol. IV (1990), cols. 1922 sqq. For a survey of the most important city statutes of Northern Italy
    • (1990) Handwörterbuch zur deutschen Rechtsgeschichte , vol.IV
    • Schulze, R.1
  • 20
    • 85011531494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • above sqq
    • Coing (n. 9 above) pp. 137 sqq.
    • , Issue.9 , pp. 137
    • Coing1
  • 23
    • 85011528362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • above p. 101
    • Wieacker (n. 6 above) p. 57, p. 101
    • , Issue.6 , pp. 57
    • Wieacker1
  • 24
    • 33646799693 scopus 로고
    • Conring, das deutsche Recht und die Rechtsgeschichte
    • Beilräge zu Leben und Werk in: Michael Stolleis (ed.) sqq
    • Klaus Luig, Conring, das deutsche Recht und die Rechtsgeschichte, in: Michael Stolleis (ed.), Hermann Conring (1606–1681), Beilräge zu Leben und Werk (1983), pp. 360 sqq.
    • (1983) Hermann Conring (1606–1681) , pp. 360
    • Luig, K.1
  • 26
    • 85011432751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cf.
    • Cf. Pap. D. 50, 17, 80
    • Pap. D , vol.50 , Issue.17 , pp. 80
  • 27
    • 85011508566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 5
    • Paul. D. 32, 99, 5.
    • , vol.32 , pp. 99
    • Paul, D.1
  • 28
    • 85011465500 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cf, e.g. n. 1 above
    • Cf, e.g., Trusen (n. 1 above) p. 111.
    • Trusen1
  • 31
    • 85011483919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • n. 5 above For all details, see sqq., 145 sqq., 153 sqq
    • For all details, see Engelmann (n. 5 above) pp. 139 sqq., 145 sqq., 153 sqq.
    • Engelmann1
  • 32
    • 85011465505 scopus 로고
    • Interpretatieproblemen voor de codihcatie
    • Cf. also sqq
    • Cf. also Willem Zwalve, Interpretatieproblemen voor de codihcatie, in: Liber memorialis François Laurent (1989), pp. 447 sqq.
    • (1989) Liber memorialis François Laurent , pp. 447
    • Zwalve, W.1
  • 33
    • 84952824167 scopus 로고
    • Ius commune und Statutarrecht in Christoph Besolds Consilia Tubigensia
    • For an example, see sqq
    • For an example, see Hermann Lange, Ius commune und Statutarrecht in Christoph Besolds Consilia Tubigensia, in: Festschrift für Max Kaser (1976), pp. 638 sqq.
    • (1976) Festschrift für Max Kaser , pp. 638
    • Lange, H.1
  • 34
    • 79952264340 scopus 로고
    • Das Reichskammergericht im Rechtsleben des 16. Jahrhunderts
    • But see also, concerning the 16th century practice of the Reichskammergericht, the remarks by sq
    • But see also, concerning the 16th century practice of the Reichskammergericht, the remarks by Bernhard Diestelkamp, Das Reichskammergericht im Rechtsleben des 16. Jahrhunderts, in: Rechtsgeschichte als Kultur-geschichte: Festschrift fur Adalbert Erler (1976), pp. 469 sq.
    • (1976) Rechtsgeschichte als Kultur-geschichte: Festschrift fur Adalbert Erler , pp. 469
    • Diestelkamp, B.1
  • 35
    • 85011517985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • above and, concerning the territorial courts sqq., pp. 40 sqq
    • and, concerning the territorial courts, Luig (n. 15 above) pp. 35 sqq., pp. 40 sqq.
    • , Issue.15 , pp. 35
    • Luig1
  • 36
    • 85011441535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • above
    • Wieacker (n. 6 above) p. 106.
    • , Issue.6 , pp. 106
    • Wieacker1
  • 37
    • 85011488428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • above
    • Wieacker (n. 6 above) p. 35.
    • , Issue.6 , pp. 35
    • Wieacker1
  • 38
    • 85011483916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • above p. 276 (from where the metaphor is taken)
    • Coing (n. 3 above) p. 269, p. 276 (from where the metaphor is taken)
    • , Issue.3 , pp. 269
    • Coing1
  • 39
    • 85011487078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • above
    • Sbriccoli (n. 5 above) p. 410
    • , Issue.5 , pp. 410
    • Sbriccoli1
  • 40
    • 85011531115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • above
    • Trusen (n. 1 above) p. 98.
    • , Issue.1 , pp. 98
    • Trusen1
  • 41
    • 85011531120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • above
    • Engelmann (n. 5 above) p. 146
    • , Issue.5 , pp. 146
    • Engelmann1
  • 42
    • 85011446082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • above Many statutes contained specific rules enjoining judges not to interpret the provisions of the statute freely or even to interpret them at all
    • Sbriccoli (n. 5 above) p. 406. Many statutes contained specific rules enjoining judges not to interpret the provisions of the statute freely or even to interpret them at all
    • , Issue.5 , pp. 406
    • Sbriccoli1
  • 43
    • 85011483515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • above cf. sqq. The latter type of clause was usually taken by the learned jurists to prohibit a “frivolous” interpretation Nam per dicta verba solum frivola interpretatio videtur remota, in the words of Bartolus
    • cf. Engelmann (n. 5 above) pp. 145 sqq. The latter type of clause was usually taken by the learned jurists to prohibit a “frivolous” interpretation Nam per dicta verba solum frivola interpretatio videtur remota, in the words of Bartolus
    • , Issue.5 , pp. 145
    • Engelmann1
  • 44
    • 85011441525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • cf. above
    • cf. Engelmann (n. 5 above) p. 150.
    • , Issue.5 , pp. 150
    • Engelmann1
  • 45
    • 85011432874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For details concerning what was called “sindicatus”
    • For details concerning what was called, oddly, “Syndikatsprozess” (“sindicatus”)
    • Syndikatsprozess
    • oddly1
  • 46
    • 85011519397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • above see sqq., pp. 514 sqq
    • see Engelmann (n. 5 above) pp. 467 sqq., pp. 514 sqq.
    • , Issue.5 , pp. 467
    • Engelmann1
  • 48
    • 85011480711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • above
    • Sbriccoli (n. 5 above) p. 407.
    • , Issue.5 , pp. 407
    • Sbriccoli1
  • 49
    • 85011443799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Harbert's Case
    • 1584 b
    • Harbert's Case, (1584) 3 Co. Rep. 13 b
    • 3 Co. Rep , pp. 13
  • 50
    • 84900311894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Has the Common Law a Future?
    • at as quoted by sqq
    • as quoted by Jack Beatson, Has the Common Law a Future? [1997] C.L.J. 291, at pp. 299 sqq.
    • (1997) C.L.J , vol.291 , pp. 299
    • Beatson, J.1
  • 54
    • 84923019139 scopus 로고
    • The Common Lawyer's Philosophy of Legislation
    • as quoted by
    • as quoted by Roderick Munday, The Common Lawyer's Philosophy of Legislation, in: (1983) 14 Rechtstheorie 193.
    • (1983) 14 Rechtstheorie , pp. 193
    • Munday, R.1
  • 56
    • 84881245291 scopus 로고
    • Statutory Interpretation in the United Kingdom
    • D. Neil MacCormick & Robert S. Summers
    • Zenon Bankowski & D. Neil MacCormick, Statutory Interpretation in the United Kingdom, in: D. Neil MacCormick & Robert S. Summers (eds.), Interpreting Statutes: A Comparative Study (1991), p. 361.
    • (1991) Interpreting Statutes: A Comparative Study , pp. 361
    • Bankowski, Z.1    Neil MacCormick, D.2
  • 57
    • 85011483971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • above
    • Harbert's Case (n. 25 above).
    • Harbert's Case , Issue.25
  • 58
    • 85011440567 scopus 로고
    • For a statement of the traditional English doctrine on statute interpretation, in the light of comparative law, see sqq
    • For a statement of the traditional English doctrine on statute interpretation, in the light of comparative law, see Wolfgang Fikentscher, Methoden des Rechts in vergleichender Darstellung, vol. II (1975), pp. III sqq.
    • (1975) Methoden des Rechts in vergleichender Darstellung , vol.II , pp. III
    • Fikentscher, W.1
  • 59
    • 27144549758 scopus 로고
    • For a comprehensive “code” drawn up by a professional English legislative draftsman, see 2nd ed
    • For a comprehensive “code” drawn up by a professional English legislative draftsman, see F.A.R. Bennion, Statutory Interpretation, 2nd ed. (1992).
    • (1992) Statutory Interpretation
    • Bennion, F.A.R.1
  • 60
    • 85011432876 scopus 로고
    • Sir Rupert Cross, Statutory Interpretation, 3rd ed. by sqq
    • Sir Rupert Cross, Statutory Interpretation, 3rd ed. by John Bell & Sir George Engle (1995), pp. 44 sqq.
    • (1995) , pp. 44
    • Bell, J.1    Engle, G.2
  • 61
    • 85011432566 scopus 로고
    • Stock v. Frank Jones (Tipton) Ltd., [1978] ICR 347 (354).
    • (1978) ICR , vol.347 , Issue.354
  • 62
    • 85011495104 scopus 로고
    • the brief discussion and the references
    • Cf, e.g. sq
    • Cf, e.g., the brief discussion and the references in (1993) 1 Zeitschrift fur Europaisches Privatrecht 6 sq.
    • (1993) 1 Zeitschrift fur Europaisches Privatrecht , pp. 6
  • 63
    • 85011504460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • above Concerning England cf, e.g. sqq
    • Concerning England cf, e.g., Beatson (n. 25 above) pp. 299 sqq.
    • , Issue.25 , pp. 299
    • Beatson1
  • 64
    • 85011484306 scopus 로고
    • Cf.
    • Cf. Lord Esher, M.R., R. v. Judge of the City of London Court, [1892] 1 Q.D. 273 (290).
    • (1892) 1 Q.D , vol.273 , Issue.290
  • 65
    • 84968661326 scopus 로고
    • Konkurrierende Strategien und Interessen: Das Irrtumserfordernis im Bereicherungsrecht des common law
    • Cf. the analysis by sqq
    • Cf. the analysis by Peter Birks, Konkurrierende Strategien und Interessen: Das Irrtumserfordernis im Bereicherungsrecht des common law, (1993) 1 Zeitschrift fur Europaisches Privatrecht 554 sqq.
    • (1993) 1 Zeitschrift fur Europaisches Privatrecht , pp. 554
    • Birks, P.1
  • 66
    • 85011443692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • above
    • Cross (n. 34 above) p. 10.
    • , Issue.34 , pp. 10
    • Cross1
  • 67
    • 85011523695 scopus 로고
    • [1993] A.C. 593.
    • (1993) A.C , pp. 593
  • 68
    • 85011523696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • above pp. 309 sqq
    • Beatson (n. 25 above) p. 301, pp. 309 sqq.
    • , Issue.25 , pp. 301
    • Beatson1
  • 69
    • 85011463793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • above It has been reinforced, traditionally, by the so-called “mischief-rule”; for its classic statement, see sq
    • It has been reinforced, traditionally, by the so-called “mischief-rule”; for its classic statement, see Cross (n. 34 above) pp. 11 sq.
    • , Issue.34 , pp. 11
    • Cross1
  • 73
    • 0009315888 scopus 로고
    • 6th ed. For an authoritative statement, cf. sqq
    • For an authoritative statement, cf. Karl Larenz, Methodenlehre der Rechtswissenschaft, 6th ed. (1991), pp. 320 sqq.
    • (1991) Methodenlehre der Rechtswissenschaft , pp. 320
    • Larenz, K.1
  • 79
    • 85079303601 scopus 로고
    • Statutory Interpretation in the Federal Republic of Germany
    • D. Neil MacCormick & Robert S. Summers In English sqq
    • In English: Robert Alexy & Ralf Dreier, Statutory Interpretation in the Federal Republic of Germany, in: D. Neil MacCormick & Robert S. Summers (eds), Interpreting Statutes: A Comparative Study (1991), pp. 73 sqq.
    • (1991) Interpreting Statutes: A Comparative Study , pp. 73
    • Alexy, R.1    Dreier, R.2
  • 80
    • 85011447622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On both of them, see above
    • On both of them, see Alexy (n. 48 above) p. 294
    • , Issue.48 , pp. 294
    • Alexy1
  • 81
    • 85011482887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • above sq
    • Alexy & Dreier (n. 48 above) pp. 87 sq.
    • , Issue.48 , pp. 87
    • Alexy1    Dreier2
  • 82
    • 26444466581 scopus 로고
    • Civil Code and Civil Law
    • On the ius commune preceding the enactment of the BGB as a point of reference for understanding, interpreting, and developing the law, see sqq
    • On the ius commune preceding the enactment of the BGB as a point of reference for understanding, interpreting, and developing the law, see Reinhard Zimmermann, Civil Code and Civil Law, (1994/1995) 1 Columbia Journal of European Law 89 sqq.
    • (1994) 1 Columbia Journal of European Law , pp. 89
    • Zimmermann, R.1
  • 83
    • 85011484296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • above See sqq
    • See Larenz (n. 48 above) pp. 339 sqq.
    • , Issue.48 , pp. 339
    • Larenz1
  • 84
    • 85011446654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • above sqq
    • Alexy & Dreier (n. 48 above) pp. 110 sqq.
    • , Issue.48 , pp. 110
    • Alexy1    Dreier2
  • 86
    • 85011507891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • above For details, see sqq
    • For details, see Larenz (n. 48 above) pp. 366 sqq.
    • , Issue.48 , pp. 366
    • Larenz1
  • 87
    • 62849122688 scopus 로고
    • The Casus Omissus: A Pre-History of Statutory Analogy
    • The history of the device of statutory analogy has recently been traced by sqq
    • The history of the device of statutory analogy has recently been traced by Hans W. Baade, The Casus Omissus: A Pre-History of Statutory Analogy, (1994) 20 Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce 45 sqq.
    • (1994) 20 Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce , pp. 45
    • Baade, H.W.1
  • 88
    • 85011440494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • above sqq., pp. 151 sqq., pp. 162 sqq
    • Raisch (n. 48 above) pp. 139 sqq., pp. 151 sqq., pp. 162 sqq.
    • , Issue.48 , pp. 139
    • Raisch1
  • 89
    • 85011496973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • above sqq
    • Larenz (n. 48 above) pp. 366 sqq.
    • , Issue.48 , pp. 366
    • Larenz1
  • 90
    • 33845296089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An Introduction to German Legal Culture
    • Werner Ebke & Matthew W. Finkin On the role, and significance, of case law under the German Civil Code, see sqq
    • On the role, and significance, of case law under the German Civil Code, see Reinhard Zimmermann, An Introduction to German Legal Culture, in: Werner Ebke & Matthew W. Finkin (eds.), Introduction to German Law (1996), pp. 16 sqq.
    • (1996) Introduction to German Law , pp. 16
    • Zimmermann, R.1
  • 93
    • 85011482877 scopus 로고
    • Gesetz und Recht-Die Rechtsquellen im demokratischen Rechtsstaat
    • § 61, nn. 35 sqq. Josef Isensee & Paul Kirchhof Cf, e.g. sqq
    • Cf, e.g., Fritz Ossenbühl, Gesetz und Recht-Die Rechtsquellen im demokratischen Rechtsstaat, in: Josef Isensee & Paul Kirchhof (eds.), Handbuch des Staatsrechts der Bundesrepublik 4.(hyphen), vol. III (1988), § 61, nn. 35 sqq. (pp. 298 sqq.).
    • (1988) Handbuch des Staatsrechts der Bundesrepublik 4.(hyphen) , vol.III , pp. 298
    • Ossenbühl, F.1
  • 94
    • 26444481505 scopus 로고
    • Codification: History and Present Significance of an Idea
    • For details, see sqq
    • For details, see Reinhard Zimmermann, Codification: History and Present Significance of an Idea, (1995) 3 European Review of Private Law 95 sqq.
    • (1995) 3 European Review of Private Law , pp. 95
    • Zimmermann, R.1
  • 96
    • 85011487990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • above
    • Baker (n. 26 above) p. 240.
    • , Issue.26 , pp. 240
    • Baker1
  • 98
    • 85011443725 scopus 로고
    • A Discourse upon the Exposicion and Understandinge of Statutes (1942), as well as the recent discussion by Baade
    • see sqq., 74 sqq
    • see Samuel E. Thome (ed.), A Discourse upon the Exposicion and Understandinge of Statutes (1942), as well as the recent discussion by Baade, (1994) 20 Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce 65 sqq., 74 sqq.
    • (1994) 20 Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce , pp. 65
    • Thome, S.E.1
  • 99
    • 85011483365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • above sq
    • Baker (n. 26 above) pp. 239 sq.
    • , Issue.26 , pp. 239
    • Baker1
  • 101
    • 85011480691 scopus 로고
    • I would suspect, however, that it has even survived until far into the 18th century. The narrowly literalist approach could then be seen as an emanation of the positivism culminating in the 19th century. The tightening up of the doctrine of stare decisis also dates from this period. Cf. also sqq who argues that the equitable approach towards the interpretation of statutes was abandoned “in the wake of the Glorious Revolution but almost a century thereafter”
    • I would suspect, however, that it has even survived until far into the 18th century. The narrowly literalist approach could then be seen as an emanation of the positivism culminating in the 19th century. The tightening up of the doctrine of stare decisis also dates from this period. Cf. also Baade, (1994) 20 Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce 83 sqq. (who argues that the equitable approach towards the interpretation of statutes was abandoned “in the wake of the Glorious Revolution but almost a century thereafter”).
    • (1994) 20 Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce , pp. 83
    • Baade1
  • 102
    • 85011497024 scopus 로고
    • Regulae generales de interpretatione etiam ad statuta hodierna extendi debent Halae Lib. I, Tit. Ill, 24. The same view had been adopted by his father Paulus Voet in his influential treatise De statutis
    • Regulae generales de interpretatione etiam ad statuta hodierna extendi debent: Johannes Voet, Commentarius ad Pandectas, vol. I, Halae (1776), Lib. I, Tit. Ill, 24. The same view had been adopted by his father Paulus Voet in his influential treatise De statutis.
    • (1776) Commentarius ad Pandectas , vol.I
    • Voet, J.1
  • 104
    • 85011531007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • above D. 1, 3, 17. For a discussion, and further references, see sqq
    • D. 1, 3, 17. For a discussion, and further references, see Law of Obligations (n. 39 above) pp. 702 sqq.
    • Law of Obligations , Issue.39 , pp. 702
  • 105
    • 85011531011 scopus 로고
    • cf. also 622 sqq. (on the related issue of contract interpretation); and see, most recently sqq
    • cf. also 622 sqq. (on the related issue of contract interpretation); and see, most recently, Baade, (1994) 20 Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce 46 sqq.
    • (1994) 20 Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce , pp. 46
    • Baade1
  • 106
    • 27344452256 scopus 로고
    • Interpretation and Legal Reasoning in Roman Law
    • sqq
    • Peter Stein, Interpretation and Legal Reasoning in Roman Law, (1995) 70 Chicago-Kent Law Review 1539 sqq.
    • (1995) 70 Chicago-Kent Law Review , pp. 1539
    • Stein, P.1
  • 108
    • 84880461146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • LV-236
    • De oratore 1, LV-236
    • De oratore , pp. 1
  • 110
    • 85011447033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • De officiis. 1, X-33.
    • De officiis , vol.1 , pp. X-33
  • 111
    • 85011440517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • above See sqq., p. 705
    • See Law of Obligations (n. 39 above) pp. 148 sqq., p. 705.
    • Law of Obligations , Issue.39 , pp. 148
  • 112
    • 85011477010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • above Iul. D. 14, 6, 14. For other cases, see sqq., p. 705
    • Iul. D. 14, 6, 14. For other cases, see Law of Obligations (n. 39 above) pp. 179 sqq., p. 705.
    • Law of Obligations , Issue.39 , pp. 179
  • 113
    • 85011440508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • above For a detailed account of the development, see sqq., pp. 41 sqq., pp. 70 sqq
    • For a detailed account of the development, see Raisch (n. 48 above) pp. 24 sqq., pp. 41 sqq., pp. 70 sqq.
    • , Issue.48 , pp. 24
    • Raisch1
  • 114
    • 85011484371 scopus 로고
    • sqq. These maxims of the ius commune also appear to have informed the equitable approach to statutory interpretation in early modern England and may thus have inspired authors like Coke and Plowden (cf. nn. 62 sqq. above)
    • Baade, (1994) 20 Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce 53 sqq. These maxims of the ius commune also appear to have informed the equitable approach to statutory interpretation in early modern England and may thus have inspired authors like Coke and Plowden (cf. nn. 62 sqq. above)
    • (1994) 20 Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce , pp. 53
    • Baade1
  • 117
    • 85011528079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • above quoting Chief Justice Stone
    • Beatson (n. 25 above) p. 313, quoting Chief Justice Stone.
    • , Issue.25 , pp. 313
    • Beatson1
  • 118
    • 0345930486 scopus 로고
    • Roman Law, Common Law. and Civil Law
    • Teleological interpretation of statutes like the senatus consultum Vellaeanum or Macedonianum within a system that was built up through the discussion and decision of cases. On the similarities between classical Roman law and English common law, see sqq
    • Teleological interpretation of statutes like the senatus consultum Vellaeanum or Macedonianum within a system that was built up through the discussion and decision of cases. On the similarities between classical Roman law and English common law, see Peter G. Stein, Roman Law, Common Law. and Civil Law. (1992) 66 Tulane Law Review 1591 sqq.
    • (1992) 66 Tulane Law Review , pp. 1591
    • Stein, P.G.1
  • 123
    • 85011507852 scopus 로고
    • Jan Schröder, Das Verhältnis von Rechtdogmatik und Gesetzgebung in der neuzeitlichen Privatrechtsgeschichte (am Beispiel des Privatrechts)
    • Okko Behrends & Wolfram Henckel Cf. sqq
    • Cf. Jan Schröder, Das Verhältnis von Rechtdogmatik und Gesetzgebung in der neuzeitlichen Privatrechtsgeschichte (am Beispiel des Privatrechts), in: Okko Behrends & Wolfram Henckel (eds.), Gesetzgebung und Dogmatik, Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, vol. 178 (1989), pp. 43 sqq.
    • (1989) Gesetzgebung und Dogmatik, Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen , vol.178 , pp. 43
  • 127
    • 85011446980 scopus 로고
    • Das Privatrecht im ‘Allgemeinen Landrecht für die preussischen Staaten’ von 1794
    • For recent evaluations of the Prussian Code, see sqq
    • For recent evaluations of the Prussian Code, see Klaus Luig, Das Privatrecht im ‘Allgemeinen Landrecht für die preussischen Staaten’ von 1794, (1994) 194 Archiv für die civilistische Praxis 521 sqq.
    • (1994) 194 Archiv für die civilistische Praxis , pp. 521
    • Luig, K.1
  • 128
    • 84888225569 scopus 로고
    • Die janusköpfige Kodifikation-Das preussische Allgemeine Landrecht (1794) und die europäische Rechtsgeschichte
    • sqq
    • Gerhard Dilcher, Die janusköpfige Kodifikation-Das preussische Allgemeine Landrecht (1794) und die europäische Rechtsgeschichte, (1994) 2 Zeitschrift für Europäisches Privatrecht 446 sqq.
    • (1994) 2 Zeitschrift für Europäisches Privatrecht , pp. 446
    • Dilcher, G.1
  • 130
    • 84864262760 scopus 로고
    • Kommentier- und Auslegungsverbot
    • See, generally cols. 963 sqq
    • See, generally, Hans-Jürgen Becker, Kommentier- und Auslegungsverbot, in: Handwörterbuch zur deutschen Rechtsgeschichte, vol. II (1978), cols. 963 sqq.
    • (1978) Handwörterbuch zur deutschen Rechtsgeschichte , vol.II
    • Becker, H.-J.1
  • 131
    • 85011446995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • above passim
    • Hübner (n. 86 above) passim.
    • , Issue.86
    • Hübner1
  • 133
    • 85011433013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • above In England, Lord Evershed described the task of the courts in intepreting statutes as “spiritually sterilising”
    • Sbriccoli (n. 5 above) p. 411. In England, Lord Evershed described the task of the courts in intepreting statutes as “spiritually sterilising”
    • , Issue.5 , pp. 411
    • Sbriccoli1
  • 134
    • 85011440886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • cf. above
    • cf. Beatson (n. 25 above) p. 299.
    • , Issue.25 , pp. 299
    • Beatson1
  • 135
    • 84985376674 scopus 로고
    • Adjudication and interpretation in the common law: a century of change
    • In England, the idea of the courts and the law schools working in a partnership has been gaining ground; see referring, in particular, to Lord Goffs Maccabean Lecture of 1983 entitled “In Search of Principle”
    • In England, the idea of the courts and the law schools working in a partnership has been gaining ground; see Peter Birks, Adjudication and interpretation in the common law: a century of change, (1994) 14 Legal Studies 166, referring, in particular, to Lord Goffs Maccabean Lecture of 1983 entitled “In Search of Principle”.
    • (1994) 14 Legal Studies , pp. 166
    • Birks, P.1
  • 138
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    • Unjustified Enrichment: The Modern Civilian Approach
    • On their significance, see sqq
    • On their significance, see Reinhard Zimmermann, Unjustified Enrichment: The Modern Civilian Approach, (1995) 15 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 406 sqq.
    • (1995) 15 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies , pp. 406
    • Zimmermann, R.1
  • 139
    • 84881696826 scopus 로고
    • They are discussed, over a span of more than 100 pages, in sqq
    • They are discussed, over a span of more than 100 pages, in Dieter Reuter & Michael Martinek, Ungerechtfertigte Bereicherung (1983), pp. 387 sqq.
    • (1983) Ungerechtfertigte Bereicherung , pp. 387
    • Reuter, D.1    Martinek, M.2
  • 141
    • 85011440925 scopus 로고
    • For an overview, see sqq
    • For an overview, see (1994) 2 Restitution Law Review 31 sqq.
    • (1994) 2 Restitution Law Review , pp. 31
  • 142
    • 85011499304 scopus 로고
    • See, e.g. 3rd ed $ 181, nn. 15 sqq. (restriction), 21 sqq. (extension)
    • See, e.g., Karl-Heinz Schramm, Münchener Kommentar zum Bürgerlichen Geselzbuch, vol. I, 3rd ed. (1993), $ 181, nn. 15 sqq. (restriction), 21 sqq. (extension).
    • (1993) Münchener Kommentar zum Bürgerlichen Geselzbuch , vol.I
    • Schramm, K.-H.1
  • 143
    • 0345347811 scopus 로고
    • The style of legislative drafting in England corresponds to the narrow techniques of statutory interpretation; for criticism see, for instance sqq
    • The style of legislative drafting in England corresponds to the narrow techniques of statutory interpretation; for criticism see, for instance, Tony Honoré, The Quest for Security: Employees, Tenants, Wives (1982), pp. 118 sqq.
    • (1982) The Quest for Security: Employees, Tenants, Wives , pp. 118
    • Honoré, T.1
  • 145
    • 0003993772 scopus 로고
    • Even today, the approach to legislative drafting is very different from the one adopted in Germany
    • P.S. Atiyah & R. Summers, Form and Substance in Anglo-American Law (1987), p. 323. Even today, the approach to legislative drafting is very different from the one adopted in Germany.
    • (1987) Form and Substance in Anglo-American Law , pp. 323
    • Atiyah, P.S.1    Summers, R.2
  • 146
    • 0005822606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tax Law: Rules or Principles?
    • This does not only apply to technical fields like tax (for which see sqq but also to central areas of private law. Thus, at the SPTL conference the Law Commission presented its Draft Bill relating to contracts for the benefit of third parties (“An Act to make provision for the enforcement of a contract in certain circumstances by a person who is not a party to the contract; and for connected purposes”). This Draft Bill regards it as necessary, for instance, to provide that the court may dispense with the consent of the third party to the cancellation or variation of a contract if he is mentally incapable of giving his consent (clause 2(4)(b))
    • This does not only apply to technical fields like tax (for which see John Avery Jones, Tax Law: Rules or Principles? (1996) 17 Fiscal Studies 63 sqq.) but also to central areas of private law. Thus, at the SPTL conference the Law Commission presented its Draft Bill relating to contracts for the benefit of third parties (“An Act to make provision for the enforcement of a contract in certain circumstances by a person who is not a party to the contract; and for connected purposes”). This Draft Bill regards it as necessary, for instance, to provide that the court may dispense with the consent of the third party to the cancellation or variation of a contract if he is mentally incapable of giving his consent (clause 2(4)(b)).
    • (1996) 17 Fiscal Studies , pp. 63
    • Avery Jones, J.1
  • 147
    • 53149139397 scopus 로고
    • 3rd ed For a brief summary in English on the “constitutionalisation” of private law, see sqq
    • For a brief summary in English on the “constitutionalisation” of private law, see Basil Markesinis, A Comparative Introduction to the German Law of Torts, 3rd ed. (1994), pp. 27 sqq.
    • (1994) A Comparative Introduction to the German Law of Torts , pp. 27
    • Markesinis, B.1
  • 148
    • 84909599913 scopus 로고
    • Grundrechte im Privatrecht
    • see, recently sqq
    • see, recently, Johannes Hager, Grundrechte im Privatrecht, 1994 Juristenzeitung 373 sqq.
    • (1994) Juristenzeitung , pp. 373
    • Hager, J.1
  • 149
    • 84923014243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Die Selbstbehauptung des Privatrechts gegen¨ber dem Grundgesetz
    • sqq
    • Uwe Diederichsen, Die Selbstbehauptung des Privatrechts gegen¨ber dem Grundgesetz, 1997 Jura 57 sqq.
    • (1997) Jura , pp. 57
    • Diederichsen, U.1


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