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1
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0006053093
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Carrier Sanctions and International Law
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For introduction of carrier sanctions legislation see
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For introduction of carrier sanctions legislation see E. Feller, “Carrier Sanctions and International Law” (1989) 1 I.J.Ref.L. 50–53;
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I.J.Ref.L.
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Feller, E.1
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3
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84889146905
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Gradual Abolition of Checks at Common Borders
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Convention applying the Schengen Agreement of 14 June 1985 on the. Ten EU member States are party to the Convention; Denmark, Finland and Sweden have observer status along with non-EU members Iceland and Norway; the remaining EU members (Ireland and the UK) are not involved.
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Convention applying the Schengen Agreement of 14 June 1985 on the Gradual Abolition of Checks at Common Borders (1991) 30 I.L.M. 84–150. Ten EU member States are party to the Convention; Denmark, Finland and Sweden have observer status along with non-EU members Iceland and Norway; the remaining EU members (Ireland and the UK) are not involved.
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I.L.M.
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4
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85022691998
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Visas and Control of External Borders of the Member States
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EU immigration ministers reached political agreement on the Draft Convention in June 1991, although this text was not published. The text of.a revised Draft Convention proposed by the European Commission in December 1993 is given in (1993–94), 19 July
-
EU immigration ministers reached political agreement on the Draft Convention in June 1991, although this text was not published. The text of.a revised Draft Convention proposed by the European Commission in December 1993 is given in Visas and Control of External Borders of the Member States (1993–94) H.L. 78, 19 July 1994, pp. 46–54.
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H.L.
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5
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77957176450
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The Immigration (Carriers' Liability) Act 1987: Its Implications for Refugees and Airlines
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A. Ruff, “The Immigration (Carriers' Liability) Act 1987: Its Implications for Refugees and Airlines” (1989) 1 IJ.Ref.L. 481.
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IJ.Ref.L.
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Ruff, A.1
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6
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85022612482
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and U.N.T.S. 267.
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189 U.N.T.S. 150 and 606 U.N.T.S. 267.
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U.N.T.S.
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7
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84864081852
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including in particular Annex 9.
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15 U.N.T.S. 295 including in particular Annex 9.
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U.N.T.S.
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8
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0342896938
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E.T.S. 5.
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213 U.N.T.S. 221, E.T.S. 5.
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U.N.T.S.
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11
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0344205804
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1995: The Report of the Glidewell Panel (1996), p.
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Glidewell Panel, The Asylum and Immigration Bill 1995: The Report of the Glidewell Panel (1996), p.3.
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The Asylum and Immigration Bill
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Panel, G.1
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85022662717
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Non-Refoulement, Access to Procedures, and Responsibility for Determining Refugee Claims
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See also, 386.
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See also R. Marx, “Non-Refoulement, Access to Procedures, and Responsibility for Determining Refugee Claims” (1995) 71 J.Ref.L. 386.
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Marx, R.1
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13
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85022665329
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The immediate spur to this proposal has been the arrival of over 800 people claiming asylum in the three months up to the end of February
-
Introducing the legislation in 1987, the then Home Secretary Hurd said: col.705 (16 Mar.).
-
Introducing the legislation in 1987, the then Home Secretary Hurd said: “The immediate spur to this proposal has been the arrival of over 800 people claiming asylum in the three months up to the end of February”: H.C. Hansard, Vol. 112, col.705 (16 Mar. 1987).
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(1987)
H.C. Hansard
, vol.112
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14
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84937300249
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How the International System Copes with Involuntary Migration: Norms, Institutions and State Practice
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T. J. Farer, “How the International System Copes with Involuntary Migration: Norms, Institutions and State Practice” (1995) 17 H.R.Q. 72, 89.
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H.R.Q.
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Farer, T.J.1
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16
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84972200185
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The United Nations and Former Yugoslavia
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R. Higgins, “The United Nations and Former Yugoslavia” (1993) 69 Int.Affairs 465;
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(1993)
Int.Affairs
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Higgins, R.1
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17
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0008049950
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Safety Zones and International Protection: A Dark Grey Area
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K. Landgren, “Safety Zones and International Protection: A Dark Grey Area” (1995) 7 IJ.Ref.L. 436;
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(1995)
IJ.Ref.L.
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Landgren, K.1
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18
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0442276074
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Presence ergo Protection? UNPROFOR, UNHCR and ICRC in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina
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E. D. Mooney, “Presence ergo Protection? UNPROFOR, UNHCR and ICRC in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina”, IJ.Ref.L., p. 407;
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IJ.Ref.L.
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Mooney, E.D.1
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19
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0345673042
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Transcending Boundaries: Temporary Protection and Burden Sharing in Europe
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J. Thorburn, “Transcending Boundaries: Temporary Protection and Burden Sharing in Europe”, IJ.Ref.L., p. 459;
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IJ.Ref.L.
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Thorburn, J.1
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20
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Refugee Flows as Grounds for International Action
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A. Dowty and G. Loescher, “Refugee Flows as Grounds for International Action” (1996) 21 Int.Security 43.
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Dowty, A.1
Loescher, G.2
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22
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0442307596
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Restricting the Flow of Asylum-Seekers in Belgium, Denmark, the Federal Republic of Germany, and the Netherlands: New Challenges to the Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and the European Convention on Human Rights
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M. Fullerton, “Restricting the Flow of Asylum-Seekers in Belgium, Denmark, the Federal Republic of Germany, and the Netherlands: New Challenges to the Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and the European Convention on Human Rights” (1988) 29 VaJ.I.L. 92–93.
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Fullerton, M.1
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23
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85022623873
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ILPA memorandum
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ILPA memorandum, (1993–1994) H.L. 78
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(1993)
H.L.
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24
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85022654796
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Entry into the United Kingdom
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(1994–95), 15 Feb. p.
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House of Commons, National Audit Office, Entry into the United Kingdom (1994–95) H.C. 204, 15 Feb. 1995, p.3.
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25
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85022680559
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Administrative Delays in the Immigration and Nationality Department
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Minutes of Evidence, p. 30, q.5.
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Administrative Delays in the Immigration and Nationality Department (1989–1990) H.C. 319, Minutes of Evidence, p. 30, q.5.
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(1989)
H.C.
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26
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85022664316
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Delays in the Immigration and Nationality Department
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(1992–93), 15 Feb. Minutes of Evidence, p.32.
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Delays in the Immigration and Nationality Department (1992–93) H.C. 320, 15 Feb. 1993, Minutes of Evidence, p.32.
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H.C.
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27
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85022711771
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The ‘Wrong’ Passengers who Cost £30m
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10 July.
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“The ‘Wrong’ Passengers who Cost £30m”, Independent, 10 July 1991.
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(1991)
Independent
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28
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85022671793
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H.L.
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(1993–94), 19 July, para.63.
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(1993–94) H.L. 78, 19 July 1994, Minutes of Evidence, p. 18, para.63.
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29
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85022642503
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BA ‘Kidnaps’ Three Asylum-Seekers
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6 May
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“BA ‘Kidnaps’ Three Asylum-Seekers”, Observer, 6 May 1990;
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(1990)
Observer
-
-
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30
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-
85022686908
-
BA ‘Flies Suspect Entrants’
-
7 May.
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“BA ‘Flies Suspect Entrants’”, Guardian, 7 May 1990.
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(1990)
Guardian
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31
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85022602275
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156 Refugees Questioned after ‘Flight from Iraq’
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4 Oct.
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“156 Refugees Questioned after ‘Flight from Iraq’”, Daily Telegraph, 4 Oct. 1990;
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(1990)
Daily Telegraph
-
-
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32
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85022634066
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'Asylum' Flight Held at Gatwick
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4 Oct.
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“'Asylum' Flight Held at Gatwick”, Guardian, 4 Oct. 1990;
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(1990)
Guardian
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-
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33
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85022727444
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Airlines Face Fines Over ‘Refugees’
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4 Oct.
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“Airlines Face Fines Over ‘Refugees’”, Independent, 4 Oct. 1990.
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(1990)
Independent
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-
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34
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85022668859
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Lone Child Turned Away Because Airline Feared Fine
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3 July.
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“Lone Child Turned Away Because Airline Feared Fine”, Guardian, 3 July 1991.
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(1991)
Guardian
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36
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85022636498
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Airline in Secret Check on Blacks
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10 Nov.
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“Airline in Secret Check on Blacks”, Independent, 10 Nov. 1995;
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(1995)
Independent
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-
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37
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85022631130
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Black, British and Under Scrutiny
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10 Nov.
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“Black, British and Under Scrutiny”, Independent, 10 Nov. 1995;
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(1995)
Independent
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38
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84889220098
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BA Says Sorry to Black Family
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11 Nov.
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“BA Says Sorry to Black Family”, Independent, 11 Nov. 1995;
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(1995)
Independent
-
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39
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85022710259
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BA Chief Apologises for Copying of ‘Ethnic Passport’
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11 Nov.
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“BA Chief Apologises for Copying of ‘Ethnic Passport’”, Financial Times, 11 Nov. 1995;
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(1995)
Financial Times
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-
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40
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85022663938
-
Second Complaint over BA Checks
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14 Nov.
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“Second Complaint over BA Checks”, Independent, 14 Nov. 1995.
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(1995)
Independent
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41
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85022644294
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B A Pays Tens of Thousands in Racism Claim
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9 Oct.
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“B A Pays Tens of Thousands in Racism Claim”, Guardian, 9 Oct. 1996.
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(1996)
Guardian
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43
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85022635065
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1163 on the arrival of asylum seekers at European airports, 23 Sept. 1991.
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Parliamentary Assembly, Rec. 1163 (1991) on the arrival of asylum seekers at European airports, 23 Sept. 1991.
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(1991)
Parliamentary Assembly
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45
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85022731071
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359–360.
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R. v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p. Yassine and Others [1990] 1 M.M.A.R. 354, 359–360.
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(1990)
M.M.A.R.
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46
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85022703266
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R. v. Yabu Hurerali Naillie and R. v. Rajaratnam Kanesarajah [1993] A.C. 674, 680.
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(1993)
A.C.
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47
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85022673058
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(May Interview with volunteer who worked with Equilibre, a charity assisting refugees at Moscow airport, London, Mar. 1996. Telephone interview with UNHCR officer in Moscow, May 1996. See also '), Infra Part VII for analysis of State obligations towards refugees under international law.
-
Interview with volunteer who worked with Equilibre, a charity assisting refugees at Moscow airport, London, Mar. 1996. Telephone interview with UNHCR officer in Moscow, May 1996. See also Lawyers' Committee for Human Rights, Commitments without Compliance: Refugees in the Russian Federation (May 1996), pp. 15–16. Infra Part VII for analysis of State obligations towards refugees under international law.
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Committee for Human Rights, Commitments without Compliance: Refugees in the Russian Federation
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Lawyers1
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49
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84911208038
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(Mar See e.g. the question of Turkey's treatment of non-European asylum seekers or of Greek asylum law, which considers applicants only if they have come directly from their country of origin. See)
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See e.g. the question of Turkey's treatment of non-European asylum seekers or of Greek asylum law, which considers applicants only if they have come directly from their country of origin. See Amnesty International (British Section), Turkey—Selective Protection: Discriminatory Treatment of Non-European Refugees and Asylum-Seekers (Mar. 1994)
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Turkey—Selective Protection: Discriminatory Treatment of Non-European Refugees and Asylum-Seekers
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50
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Is Turkey Lifting the ‘Geographical Limitation’? The November 1994 Regulations on Asylum in Turkey
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K. Kirisci, “Is Turkey Lifting the ‘Geographical Limitation’? The November 1994 Regulations on Asylum in Turkey” (1996) 8 I.J.Ref.L. 293–318;
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I.J.Ref.L.
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, pp. 293-318
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Kirisci, K.1
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53
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0347473617
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Refugee Law in Greece
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and more generally
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and more generally M. Stavropoulou, “Refugee Law in Greece” (1994) 6 I.J.Ref.L. 53–62.
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I.J.Ref.L.
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Stavropoulou, M.1
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54
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85022662957
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November See
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See Guidance Notes, November 1987;
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(1987)
Guidance Notes
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56
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85022716684
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OJ. No.1618, Action No.C17406, Ontario Court of Appeal, Toronto, 25 July 1994.
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R. v. Deutsche Lufthansa Aktiengesellschaft (1994) OJ. No.1618, Action No.C17406, Ontario Court of Appeal, Toronto, 25 July 1994.
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Lufthansa Aktiengesellschaft
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57
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85022640706
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col.308 (9 May).
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H.L. Hansard, Vol. 572, col.308 (9 May 1996).
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H.L. Hansard
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59
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85022658566
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cols. 300–311 (9 May). Letter to author from British Airways government and industry affairs facilitation manager, 28 Jan. 1997.
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H.L. Hansard, Vol. 572, cols. 300–311 (9 May 1996). Letter to author from British Airways government and industry affairs facilitation manager, 28 Jan. 1997.
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H.L. Hansard
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Entry into the United Kingdom
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(1994–95), 21 June, p.x.
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H.C.
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61
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Fortress Europe and (Extra-Communitarian) Refugees: Co-operation in Sealing off the External Borders
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H. U. Jessurun D'Oliveira, “Fortress Europe and (Extra-Communitarian) Refugees: Co-operation in Sealing off the External Borders”, in Schemers et al.
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Schemers et
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Jessurun D'Oliveira, H.U.1
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62
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77957174942
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The Schengen Information System: An Inequitable Data Protection Regime
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There are, however, data protection and civil liberties issues associated with such a development. The 1981 Council of Europe Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data, to which the UK is a party, addresses some of these issues, but some of the concerns raised in connection with the Schengen Information System are also relevant here. See
-
There are, however, data protection and civil liberties issues associated with such a development. The 1981 Council of Europe Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data, to which the UK is a party, addresses some of these issues, but some of the concerns raised in connection with the Schengen Information System are also relevant here. See S. Mahmood, “The Schengen Information System: An Inequitable Data Protection Regime” (1995) 7 IJ.Ref.L. 179–200;
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Mahmood, S.1
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84927029445
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The Schengen Information System: Privacy and Legal Protection
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in Schermers et al., and
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B. Schattenberg, “The Schengen Information System: Privacy and Legal Protection”, in Schermers et al., IJ.Ref.L., pp. 43–51, and
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IJ.Ref.L.
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Schattenberg, B.1
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64
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0010023243
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Data Exchange, Privacy and Legal Protection especially regarding Aliens
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in
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P. Boeles, “Data Exchange, Privacy and Legal Protection especially regarding Aliens”, in IJ.Ref.L., pp. 52–57.
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IJ.Ref.L.
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Boeles, P.1
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65
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85022614679
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Human Rights and Free Movement of Persons: The Role of the European Commission and Court of Human Rights
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in Schermers et al.
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H. G. Schermers, “Human Rights and Free Movement of Persons: The Role of the European Commission and Court of Human Rights”, in Schermers et al., IJ.Ref.L.
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IJ.Ref.L.
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Schermers, H.G.1
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66
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85022623567
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House of Lords Select Committee on the European Communities, Community Policy on Migration
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H.L.
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85022671024
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Home Affairs Sub-Committee on Race Relations and Immigration, Refugees
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17 Dec. 1994, Minutes of Evidence, p.71, para. 24.
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Home Affairs Sub-Committee on Race Relations and Immigration, Refugees (1984–1985) H.C. 72-iv. 17 Dec. 1994, Minutes of Evidence, p.71, para. 24.
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H.C.
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-
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68
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85022635381
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(the latter case concerned an application made in Dec.).
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Tekle v. Visa Officer Prague [1986] Imm.A.R. 71–74 (the latter case concerned an application made in Dec. 1983).
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(1983)
Imm.A.R.
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70
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85022639311
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(1991) 301. L.M. 425;
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L.M.
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71
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85022709617
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(1990) 2 I.J.Ref.L. 3, 469.
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I.J.Ref.L.
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72
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85022685755
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Vol. 40562–40563, 4065840659, 40744; (1996), Vol.42, pp.40972, 41057, 41067.
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Keesing's Record of World Events (1995), Vol. 41, pp. 40523, 40562–40563, 4065840659, 40744; (1996), Vol.42, pp.40972, 41057, 41067.
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Keesing's Record of World Events
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73
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85022705623
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Directorate Minutes of Evidence presented by, F, European Commission, H.L. 78
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Minutes of Evidence presented by W. de Lobkowicz, Head of Unit (external frontier controls, immigration and asylum), Directorate F, European Commission, H.L. 78
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Head of Unit (external frontier controls, immigration and asylum)
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de Lobkowicz, W.1
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75
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85022715719
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(5 However, asylum seekers are generally returned to the last safe country through which they passed rather than to the first country reached. See, Dec.), p.
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However, asylum seekers are generally returned to the last safe country through which they passed rather than to the first country reached. See Amnesty International UK, A Briefing on the Asylum and Immigration Bill (5 Dec. 1995), p.ll.
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A Briefing on the Asylum and Immigration Bill
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80
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85022687014
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See also on internally displaced persons;
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See also UNHCR Executive Committee Conclusion 75(XLV) 1994 on internally displaced persons;
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UNHCR Executive Committee Conclusion
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, Issue.XLV
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82
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0347784250
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The Legal Basis of International Jurisdiction to Act with Regard to the Internally Displaced
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The UN Secretary-General appointed a Representative on Internally Displaced Persons, Francis Deng, in July 1992. See
-
The UN Secretary-General appointed a Representative on Internally Displaced Persons, Francis Deng, in July 1992. See R. Plender, “The Legal Basis of International Jurisdiction to Act with Regard to the Internally Displaced” (1994) 6 I.J.Ref.L. 345–361;
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I.J.Ref.L.
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, pp. 345-361
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Plender, R.1
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84
-
-
85022627713
-
-
Further, Art.27 reads: Although the 1969 Vienna Convention postdates the 19S1 Geneva Convention, the former's provisions can be seen as applicable to the latter in so far as they are declaratory of customary international law.
-
Further, Art.27 reads: “A party may not invoke the provisions of its internal law as justification for its failure to perform a treaty.” Although the 1969 Vienna Convention postdates the 19S1 Geneva Convention, the former's provisions can be seen as applicable to the latter in so far as they are declaratory of customary international law.
-
A party may not invoke the provisions of its internal law as justification for its failure to perform a treaty.
-
-
-
85
-
-
85022711169
-
Brief Amicus curiae in Haitian Refugee Center, Inc. v. Gracey
-
See also, 8 July 1985, pp. 23 et seq., quoted in.
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See also UNHCR, Brief Amicus curiae in Haitian Refugee Center, Inc. v. Gracey, 8 July 1985, pp. 23 et seq., quoted in (1994) 6 I.J.Ref.L. 109.
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I.J.Ref.L.
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86
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A right to Asylum in Europe
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258. In the case of asylum seekers affected by carriers' liability, “the stage preceding determination” must logically extend from the border of the State from which the individual is seeking asylum to the point where this “determination” is made.
-
C. Tomuschat, “A right to Asylum in Europe” (1992) 13 H.R.LJ. 257, 258. In the case of asylum seekers affected by carriers' liability, “the stage preceding determination” must logically extend from the border of the State from which the individual is seeking asylum to the point where this “determination” is made.
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H.R.LJ.
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Tomuschat, C.1
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90
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85022723224
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R. v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p. Robert Denzil Sritharan and Benet Marianayagam [1993] Imm.A.R. 184–186.
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Imm.A.R.
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91
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85022645864
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See also features on the case in
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See also features on the case in (1994) 35 Harv.I.LJ. 1–57;
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Harv.I.LJ.
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92
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(1994) 6 I.J.Ref.L. 69–109;
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93
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The ‘Haiti Paradigm’ in United States Human Rights Policy
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H. Honju Koh, “The ‘Haiti Paradigm’ in United States Human Rights Policy” 103 Yale LJ. 2391 (1994)
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(1994)
Yale LJ.
, vol.103
, pp. 2391
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Honju Koh, H.1
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94
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0347193297
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Refugees, the Courts and the New World Order
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H. Honju Koh, “Refugees, the Courts and the New World Order” Utah Law Rev. 3, 999 (1994).
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(1994)
Utah Law Rev.
, vol.3
, pp. 999
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Honju Koh, H.1
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95
-
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85022601450
-
-
The Haitian Interdiction Case 1993 Brief Amicis curiae presented by the Officeof the UNHCR and reprinted in (emphasis added).
-
The Haitian Interdiction Case 1993 Brief Amicis curiae presented by the Officeof the UNHCR and reprinted in (1994) 6 IJ.Ref.L. 86 (emphasis added).
-
(1994)
IJ.Ref.L.
, vol.6
, pp. 86
-
-
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96
-
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84882000284
-
Extraterritoriality in Human Rights
-
(in N. A. Neuwahl and A. Rosas (Eds))
-
P. Torremans, “Extraterritoriality in Human Rights”, in N. A. Neuwahl and A. Rosas (Eds), The European Union and Human Rights (1995), pp. 295–296.
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(1995)
The European Union and Human Rights
, pp. 295-296
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Torremans, P.1
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97
-
-
85022623410
-
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Art.l4(l) guarantees the “right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution”. The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action adopted by the World Conference on Human Rights reaffirmed this right in June 1993 (UN Doc.A/CONF.157/24 (part 1) 13 Oct. 1993).
-
(1949) 49 A.J.I.L. Supp. 127. Art.l4(l) guarantees the “right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution”. The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action adopted by the World Conference on Human Rights reaffirmed this right in June 1993 (UN Doc.A/CONF.157/24 (part 1) 13 Oct. 1993).
-
(1949)
A.J.I.L. Supp.
, vol.49
, pp. 127
-
-
-
100
-
-
85022628750
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Status of the Universal Declaration in Customary International Law
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Buenos See generally, Aires
-
See generally “Status of the Universal Declaration in Customary International Law”, International Law Association Report of the 66th Conference, Buenos Aires (1995), pp. 537–549.
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(1995)
International Law Association Report of the 66th Conference
, pp. 537-549
-
-
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103
-
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0005123410
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Jus Dispositivum and Jus Cogens in International Law
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A. Verdross, “Jus Dispositivum and Jus Cogens in International Law” (1966) 60 A.J.I.L. 59.
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(1966)
A.J.I.L.
, vol.60
, pp. 59
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-
Verdross, A.1
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104
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85022673969
-
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International Law Association, A.J.I.L., p.547.
-
A.J.I.L.
, pp. 547
-
-
-
105
-
-
0343071768
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General Assembly Resolutions Revisited (Forty Years Later)
-
(U.N.G.A. Res.2312(XXII).) For the status of G.A. resolutions generally see
-
(U.N.G.A. Res.2312(XXII).) For the status of G.A. resolutions generally see B. Sloan, “General Assembly Resolutions Revisited (Forty Years Later)” (1987) 58 B.Y.I.L. 39.
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(1987)
B.Y.I.L.
, vol.58
, pp. 39
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Sloan, B.1
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106
-
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85022661907
-
-
B.Y.I.L., p.143.
-
B.Y.I.L.
, pp. 143
-
-
-
107
-
-
85022678722
-
non-refoulement has now come to be characterized as a peremptory norm of international law
-
(Geneva Report of UNHCR 40 UNGAOR Supp. (No.12), p.6, UN Doc.A/40/12 (1985). UNHCR) conclusion 5 (“[non-refoule-ment] is imperative in regard to refugees. as a rule of jus cogens”).
-
Report of UNHCR 40 UNGAOR Supp. (No.12), p.6, UN Doc.A/40/12 (1985) (“non-refoulement has now come to be characterized as a peremptory norm of international law”). Cartagena Declaration on Refugees (Geneva, UNHCR, 1984) conclusion 5 (“[non-refoule-ment] is imperative in regard to refugees. as a rule of jus cogens”).
-
(1984)
Cartagena Declaration on Refugees
-
-
-
108
-
-
85022600116
-
-
and
-
Torture Committee cases Matumbo v. Switzerland (1994) H.R.LJ. 164–168 and
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(1994)
H.R.LJ.
, pp. 164-168
-
-
-
109
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85022633519
-
-
3, 122 and
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(1994) 11.H.R.R. 3, 122–129 and
-
(1994)
H.R.R.
, pp. 11-129
-
-
-
110
-
-
85022664746
-
-
and
-
Khan v. Canada (1994) H.R.LJ. 426–432 and
-
(1994)
H.R.LJ.
, pp. 426-432
-
-
-
111
-
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85022641796
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(1995) 21.H.R.R. 2, 337–347
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(1995)
H.R.R.
, pp. 21-347
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-
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112
-
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0442322583
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Non-Refoulement and ‘Humanitarian Refugees’: Customary International Law or Wishful Thinking?
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K. Hailbronner, “Non-Refoulement and ‘Humanitarian Refugees’: Customary International Law or Wishful Thinking?” (1986) 26 VaJ.l.L. 857.
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(1986)
VaJ.l.L.
, vol.26
, pp. 857
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-
Hailbronner, K.1
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113
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84926273627
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Drohende Folterung als Asylgrund und Grenze für Aus-lieferung und Ausweisung
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J. Frowein and R. Kühner, “Drohende Folterung als Asylgrund und Grenze für Aus-lieferung und Ausweisung” (1983) 43 Z.a.¨.R.V. 537, 558.
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(1983)
Z.a.¨.R.V.
, vol.43
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Frowein, J.1
Kühner, R.2
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114
-
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0345693255
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Custom as a Source of International Law
-
See e.g.
-
See e.g. M. Akehurst, “Custom as a Source of International Law” (1974–1975) 47 B.Y.B.I.L. 1, 38–42;
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(1974)
B.Y.B.I.L.
, vol.47
, Issue.1
, pp. 38-42
-
-
Akehurst, M.1
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115
-
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84896942462
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The Consent of States and the Sources of Law of Nations
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P. E. Corbett, “The Consent of States and the Sources of Law of Nations (1925)6 B.Y.B.I.L. 20.
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(1925)
B.Y.B.I.L.
, vol.6
, pp. 20
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Corbett, P.E.1
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116
-
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43149096109
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The History of the Comprehensive Plan of Action
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S. A. Bronée, “The History of the Comprehensive Plan of Action” (1993) 5 IJ.Ref.L. 534;
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(1993)
IJ.Ref.L.
, vol.5
, pp. 534
-
-
Bronée, S.A.1
-
117
-
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0037698777
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The Origins and Effects of ‘Humane Deterrence’ Policies in SouthEast Asia
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(in G. Loescher and L. Monahan (Eds)), p.
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D. McNamara, “The Origins and Effects of ‘Humane Deterrence’ Policies in SouthEast Asia”, in G. Loescher and L. Monahan (Eds), Refugees and International Relations (1989), p.123.
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(1989)
Refugees and International Relations
, pp. 123
-
-
McNamara, D.1
-
119
-
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85022739672
-
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R. v. Chief Immigration Officer, ex p. Bibi [1976] 1 W.L.R. 979, 984.
-
(1976)
W.L.R.
, vol.1
-
-
-
120
-
-
85022633377
-
-
See also, 207;
-
See also R. v. Home Secretary, ex p. Bhajan Singh [1976] Q.B. 198, 207;
-
(1976)
Q.B.
, pp. 198
-
-
-
121
-
-
85022617009
-
-
Amies v. Inner London Education Authority [1977] 2 All E.R. 100, 103.
-
(1977)
All E.R.
, vol.2
-
-
-
122
-
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80053257741
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Garland v. British Rail [1983] 2 A.C. 751, 771.
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(1983)
A.C.
, vol.2
-
-
-
123
-
-
85022600953
-
-
See also (High Court of the Justiciary)
-
See also Mortensen v. Peters 1906 14 S.L.T. 227–235 (High Court of the Justiciary)
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(1906)
S.L.T.
, vol.14
, pp. 227-235
-
-
-
124
-
-
84972305677
-
-
where Lord Atkin ruled: “International law has no validity save in so far as its principles are accepted and adopted by our domestic law. On any judicial issue [the courts] seek to ascertain what the relevant rule is and, having found it, they will treat it as incorporated into the domestic law, so far as it is not inconsistent with rules enacted by statutes.”
-
Chung Chi Cheung v. R. [1939] A.C. 160, 167–168 where Lord Atkin ruled: “International law has no validity save in so far as its principles are accepted and adopted by our domestic law. On any judicial issue [the courts] seek to ascertain what the relevant rule is and, having found it, they will treat it as incorporated into the domestic law, so far as it is not inconsistent with rules enacted by statutes.”
-
(1939)
A.C.
, vol.160
, pp. 167-168
-
-
-
125
-
-
85022675701
-
-
For exposition of the doctrines of “incorporation” and “transformation” concerning the place of international law in English courts see
-
For exposition of the doctrines of “incorporation” and “transformation” concerning the place of international law in English courts see Lord Denning MR in Trendtex Trading Corporation v. Central Bank of Nigeria [1977] Q.B. 529, 553–554.
-
(1977)
Q.B.
, vol.529
, pp. 553-554
-
-
-
126
-
-
33645106064
-
-
761762. He also warned against incorporation of the Convention “by the back door”.
-
R. v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p. Brind [1991] 1 A.C. 696, 761762. He also warned against incorporation of the Convention “by the back door”.
-
(1991)
A.C.
, vol.1
, pp. 696
-
-
-
127
-
-
85022671943
-
-
990. (This case went on to the European Court of Human Rights under the name of Vilvara-jah, infra n.219.)
-
R. v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p. Sivakumaran [1988] 1 A.C. 958, 990. (This case went on to the European Court of Human Rights under the name of Vilvara-jah, infra n.219.)
-
(1988)
A.C.
, vol.1
, pp. 958
-
-
-
128
-
-
85022627861
-
-
Home Office Sub-Committee on Race Relations and Immigration (1984–1985) H.C. 72ii
-
(1984)
H.C.
, pp. 72ii
-
-
-
129
-
-
31144441753
-
-
532. In this case the rejection of three asylum applications was upheld but that of a fourth, by Mr Musisi, was quashed on the grounds that there had been a defect in the decision-making process.
-
R. v. Home Secretary, ex p. Bugdaycay [1987] 1 A.C. 514, 532. In this case the rejection of three asylum applications was upheld but that of a fourth, by Mr Musisi, was quashed on the grounds that there had been a defect in the decision-making process.
-
(1987)
A.C.
, vol.1
, pp. 514
-
-
-
130
-
-
85022646005
-
-
R. v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p. Chahal [1995] 1 W.L.R. 526.
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(1995)
W.L.R.
, vol.1
, pp. 526
-
-
-
131
-
-
85022607664
-
Judge Neill ruled
-
that “notwithstanding Article 33(2) of the Convention of 1951 the Secretary of State ought to balance the gravity of the risk to national security if the person concerned were to remain against all the other circumstances, including any compassionate circumstances and any likely risk of persecution if that person were deported”. Infra n.223 for ruling by the European Court of Human Rights on this case.
-
Judge Neill ruled, W.L.R., p.545, that “notwithstanding Article 33(2) of the Convention of 1951 the Secretary of State ought to balance the gravity of the risk to national security if the person concerned were to remain against all the other circumstances, including any compassionate circumstances and any likely risk of persecution if that person were deported”. Infra n.223 for ruling by the European Court of Human Rights on this case.
-
W.L.R.
, pp. 545
-
-
-
132
-
-
84972279249
-
English Law and the European Convention on Human Rights
-
esp. 599–605;
-
P. J. Duffy, “English Law and the European Convention on Human Rights” (1980) 291 C.L.Q. 585, esp. 599–605;
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(1980)
C.L.Q.
, vol.291
, pp. 585
-
-
Duffy, P.J.1
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133
-
-
84971971667
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The European Convention on Human Rights, Customary International Law and the Constitution
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A. J. Cunningham, “The European Convention on Human Rights, Customary International Law and the Constitution” (1994) 431 C.L.Q. 537.
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(1994)
C.L.Q.
, vol.431
, pp. 537
-
-
Cunningham, A.J.1
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134
-
-
84906163139
-
-
Diplock LJ in Salomon v. Commrs of Customs and Excise [1967] 2 Q.B. 116, 143.
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(1967)
Q.B.
, vol.2
-
-
-
135
-
-
85022727065
-
-
Arts. 5(1)(f) and 16 both specifically refer to aliens.
-
(Emphasis added.) Arts. 5(1)(f) and 16 both specifically refer to aliens.
-
Emphasis added.) Arts
-
-
-
136
-
-
84882408993
-
The Third Party Applicability or ‘Drittwirkung’ of the European Convention on Human Rights
-
(See, in F. Matscher and H. Petzold (Eds))
-
See E. A. Alkema, “The Third Party Applicability or ‘Drittwirkung’ of the European Convention on Human Rights”, in F. Matscher and H. Petzold (Eds), Protecting Human Rights: The European Dimension (1988), pp. 33–45;
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(1988)
Protecting Human Rights: The European Dimension
, pp. 33-45
-
-
Alkema, E.A.1
-
141
-
-
0002023294
-
The European Convention on Human Rights and the Notion of an Implied Right to de facto Asylum
-
who writes that “there is no right to asylum de jure” but “on the other hand, the discretion concerning negative decisions—like rejection, expulsion, extradition and refoulement of asylum-seekers—is restricted”.
-
T. Einarsen, “The European Convention on Human Rights and the Notion of an Implied Right to de facto Asylum” (1990) 2 I.J.Ref.L. 364, who writes that “there is no right to asylum de jure” but “on the other hand, the discretion concerning negative decisions—like rejection, expulsion, extradition and refoulement of asylum-seekers—is restricted”.
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(1990)
I.J.Ref.L.
, vol.2
, pp. 364
-
-
Einarsen, T.1
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142
-
-
84971995756
-
Applying the European Convention on Human Rights to Extradition: Opening Pandora's Box?
-
See also, 757.
-
See also C. Van den Wyngaert, “Applying the European Convention on Human Rights to Extradition: Opening Pandora's Box?” (1990) 391.C.L.Q. 757.
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(1990)
C.L.Q.
, vol.391
-
-
Van den Wyngaert, C.1
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144
-
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85022659336
-
-
The Commission found that the applicants had been “refused entry by the only State of which they were citizens—the United Kingdom [their having been citizens of the UK and colonies before the independence of Kenya and Uganda]—they had no other country to which they could make a claim for admission. Even if the United Kingdom did not directly cause the hardship [resulting from actions by the Kenyan and Ugandan governments which deprived Asians of their livelihood] they exposed the applicants to the possibility of it occurring” (para.206). The Commission also found violations of Arts.8 and 14 of the Convention.
-
(1994) 15 H.R.LJ. 215–232. The Commission found that the applicants had been “refused entry by the only State of which they were citizens—the United Kingdom [their having been citizens of the UK and colonies before the independence of Kenya and Uganda]—they had no other country to which they could make a claim for admission. Even if the United Kingdom did not directly cause the hardship [resulting from actions by the Kenyan and Ugandan governments which deprived Asians of their livelihood] they exposed the applicants to the possibility of it occurring” (para.206). The Commission also found violations of Arts.8 and 14 of the Convention.
-
(1994)
H.R.LJ.
, vol.15
, pp. 215-232
-
-
-
146
-
-
85022664519
-
Extradition and Expulsion under the European Convention on Human Rights: Reflections on the Soering Case
-
(See, in J. O'Reilly (Ed.))
-
See M. O'Boyle, “Extradition and Expulsion under the European Convention on Human Rights: Reflections on the Soering Case”, in J. O'Reilly (Ed.), Human Rights and Constitutional Law (1992), pp. 104–106;
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(1992)
Human Rights and Constitutional Law
, pp. 104-106
-
-
O'Boyle, M.1
|