Encountering Angelina grimké: Violence, identity, and the creation of radical community

Quarterly Journal of Speech

Volumn 82, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 55-73

  Browne, Stephen H ^a  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85011179048     PISSN: 00335630     EISSN: 14795779     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00335639609384140     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Richard Maxwell Brown, Strain of Violence: Historical Studies of American Violence and Vigilantism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975), 29
2. “State of the Country,” New York Herald, September 1, 1835, p. 2
3. George Thompson, quoted in Louis Ruchames, ed., The Abolitionists: A Collection of Their Writings (New York: G. P. Putman, 1963) 20.
4. For general studies of violence in American culture, see Brown; Hugh Davis Graham and Theodore Robert Gurr, eds., The History of Violence in America (New York: Praeger, 1969)
5. Richard Hofstadter and Michael Wallace, eds., American Violence: A Documentary History (New York: Knopf, 1970)
6. Thomas Rose, Violence in America: A Historical and Contemporary Reader (New York: Random House 1969). For period studies see especially Michael Feldberg, The Turbulent Era: Riot and Disorder in Jacksonian America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980)
7. Roger Lane, Policing the City: Boston, 1822-1885 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967)
8. Leonard L. Richards, “Gentlemen of Property and Standing”: Antiabolition Mobs in Jacksonian America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970)
9. Sam Bass Warner, Jr., The Private City: Philadelphia in Three Periods of its Growth, 2nd ed. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1987).
10. For the relationship between violence, culture, and language, see especially Dickson D. Bruce, Jr., Violence and Culture in the Antebellum South (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979).
11. Bruce, Violence and Culture, 211; Robert L. Scott and Donald K. Smith, “The Rhetoric of Confrontation,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 55 (1969): 7
12. Donald G. Mathews, “The Radicalism of the Abolitionists,” Agitation far Freedom: The Abolitionist Movement (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1972) 11.
13. Richard Leeman, The Rhetoric of Terrorism and Counterterrorism (New York: Greenwood Press, 1991) 18-19.
14. On the relationship between the sacred, the symbolic, and violence, see especially Rene Girard, Violence and the Sacred, trans. Patrick Gregory (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977)
15. James M. I. Williams, The Bible, Violence, and the Sacred: Liberation From the Myth of Sanctioned Violence (San Francisco: Harper San Francisco, 1991).
16. Angelina Grimke diary, September 30, 1835, Weld-Grimke Collection, William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan. All diary references are to this collection.
17. The text of Grimke's letter appeared first as a published letter in the Liberator, 19 September, 1835; Garrison eventually had the letter printed as a broadside under the heading Slavery and the Boston Riot. It is reprinted in harry Ceplair, ed., The Public Years of Sarah and Angelina Grimke: Selected Writings, 1835-1839 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989); for background and biographical treatment, see especially Gerda Lerner, The Grimly Sisters From South Carolina: Rebels Against Slavery (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967) 112-28.
18. See also Robert Abzug, Cosmos Crumbling: American Reform and the Religious Imagination (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994) 209-210
19. Katharine Du Pre Lumpkin, The Emancipation of Angelina Grimke (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1974), 78-87
20. for rhetorical studies see especially Ellen Reid Gold, “The Grimke Sisters and the Emergence of the Women’s Rights Movement,” Southern Speech Communication Journal 46 (1981): 341-360
21. Phyllis M. Japp, “Esther or Isaiah?: The Abolitionist-Feminist Rhetoric of Angelina Grimke,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 71 (1985): 335-348.
22. Recent studies examining the status and role of language in the antebellum era include Thomas Gustafson, Representative Words: Politics, Literature, and the American Language, 1776-1865 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992)
23. Daniel J. Mclnerney, The Fortunate Heirs of Freedom: Abolition and Republican Thought (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994)
24. David Reynolds, Beneath the American Renaissance: The Subversive Imagination in the Age of Emerson and Melville (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988).
25. Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, Within the Plantation Household: Black and White Women of the Old South (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988) 308
26. see also William H. and Jane H. Pease, The Web of Progress: Private Values and Public Styles in Boston and Charleston, 1828-1843 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985) 153-170; Grimke's childhood and early adulthood are extensively treated in Lerner, Grimke Sisters 1-111.
27. William Lloyd Garrison, “Appeal to Our Fellow Citizens,” Liberator, 22 August, 1835.
28. For important studies relating issues of gender, epistolary conventions, and Quaker activism, see Richard Bauman, Let Your Words be Few: Symbolism of Speaking and Silence Among Seventeenth-Century Quakers (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983)
29. Howard H. Brinton, Quaker Journals: Varieties of Religious Experience Among Friends (Wallingford, PA: Pendle Hill, 1972)
30. Elizabeth Potts Brown and Susan Mosher Stuard, eds., Witnesses for Change: Quaker Women Over Three Centuries (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1989), esp.
31. Nancy A. Hewitt, “The Fragmentation of Friends: The Consequences for Quaker Women in Antebellum America,” 93-108
32. Carol Edkins, "Quest for Community: Spiritual Autobiographies of Eighteenth-Century Quaker and Puritan Women in America,” Women’s Autobiography: Essays in Criticism ed. Estelle C. Jelinek (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1980) 39-52.
33. For more detailed examinations of this function in rhetorical discourse, see James Darsey, “The Legend of Eugene Debs: Prophetic Ethos as Radical Argument,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 74 (1988): 434-452
34. Margaret Zulick, “The Agon of Jeremiah: On the Dialogic Invention of Prophetic Ethos,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 78 (1992): 125-148.
35. Abzug, Cosmos Crumbling, 97; William W. Freehling, Prelude to Civil War: The Nullification Controversy in South Carolina, 1816-1836 (New York: Harper & Row, 1966).