Photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4 quantum dots in visible light: Effect of physicochemical modifications

Journal of Physical Chemistry C

Volumn 121, Issue 3, 2017, Pages 1982-1989

  Bandyopadhyay, Arkamita ^a   Ghosh, Dibyajyoti ^a   Kaley, Nisheal M ^a   Pati, Swapan K ^a  

^a JAWAHARLAL NEHRU CENTRE FOR ADVANCED SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH   (India)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY; ENERGY GAP; FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS; HYDROGEN; INFRARED DEVICES; LAYERED SEMICONDUCTORS; LIGHT; NANOCRYSTALS; PASSIVATION; PHOTOCATALYSTS; SEMICONDUCTOR DOPING; SOLAR CELLS; SOLAR POWER GENERATION; WIDE BAND GAP SEMICONDUCTORS;

ELECTRONIC NATURES; FUNCTIONALIZATIONS; HYDROGEN EVOLUTION REACTIONS; NEAR INFRARED LIGHT; PHOTOCATALYTIC ACTIVITIES; PHOTOCATALYTIC APPLICATION; PHYSICOCHEMICAL MODIFICATION; SOLAR-CELL APPLICATIONS;

SEMICONDUCTOR QUANTUM DOTS;

EID: 85010951272     PISSN: 19327447     EISSN: 19327455     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b11520     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Kärkäs, M. D.; Verho, O.; Johnston, E. V.; Åkermark, B. Artificial Photosynthesis: Molecular Systems for Catalytic Water Oxidation. Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 11863-12001.
2. Chen, X.; Shen, S.; Guo, L.; Mao, S. S. Semiconductor-Based Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation. Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 6503-6570.
3. Deng, D.; Novoselov, K.; Fu, Q.; Zheng, N.; Tian, Z.; Bao, X. Catalysis with Two-Dimensional Materials and Their Heterostructures. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2016, 11, 218-230.
4. Borgarello, E.; Kiwi, J.; Pelizzetti, E.; Visca, M.; Gratzel, M. Photochemical Cleavage of Water by Photocatalysis. Nature 1981, 289, 158-160.
5. Khaselev, O.; Turner, J. A. A Monolithic Photovoltaic-Photoelectrochemical Device for Hydrogen Production Via Water Splitting. Science 1998, 280, 425-427.
6. Ishikawa, A.; Takata, T.; Kondo, J. N.; Hara, M.; Kobayashi, H.; Domen, K. Oxysulfide Sm2ti2s2o5 as a Stable Photocatalyst for Water Oxidation and Reduction under Visible Light Irradiation (Λ≤ 650 Nm). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 13547-13553.
7. Narendranath, S. B.; Yadav, A. K.; Bhattacharyya, D.; Jha, S. N.; Devi, R. N. Photocatalytic H2 Evolution from Water-Methanol System by Anisotropic Infeo3 (Zno) M Oxides without Cocatalyst in Visible Light. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014, 6, 12321-12327.
8. Wang, X.; Maeda, K.; Thomas, A.; Takanabe, K.; Xin, G.; Carlsson, J. M.; Domen, K.; Antonietti, M. A Metal-Free Polymeric Photocatalyst for Hydrogen Production from Water under Visible Light. Nat. Mater. 2009, 8, 76-80.
9. Liu, A. Y.; Cohen, M. L. Prediction of New Low Compressibility Solids. Science 1989, 245, 841-842.
10. Ye, S.; Wang, R.; Wu, M.-Z.; Yuan, Y.-P. A Review on G-C3n4 for Photocatalytic Water Splitting and Co2 Reduction. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2015, 358, 15-27.
11. Cao, S.; Low, J.; Yu, J.; Jaroniec, M. Polymeric Photocatalysts Based on Graphitic Carbon Nitride. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 2150-2176.
12. Cao, S.; Yu, J. G-C3n4-Based Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Generation. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2014, 5, 2101-2107.
13. Ghosh, D.; Periyasamy, G.; Pandey, B.; Pati, S. K. Computational Studies on Magnetism and the Optical Properties of Transition Metal Embedded Graphitic Carbon Nitride Sheets. J. Mater. Chem. C 2014, 2, 7943-7951.
14. Zheng, Y.; Jiao, Y.; Chen, J.; Liu, J.; Liang, J.; Du, A.; Zhang, W.; Zhu, Z.; Smith, S. C.; Jaroniec, M.; Lu, G. Q.; Qiao, S. Z. Nanoporous Graphitic-C3n4@ Carbon Metal-Free Electrocatalysts for Highly Efficient Oxygen Reduction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 20116-20119.
15. Yin, S.; Han, J.; Zhou, T.; Xu, R. Recent Progress in G-C3n4 Based Low Cost Photocatalytic System: Activity Enhancement and Emerging Applications. Catal. Sci. Technol. 2015, 5, 5048-5061.
16. Azofra, L. M.; MacFarlane, D. R.; Sun, C. A Dft Study of Planar Vs. Corrugated Graphene-Like Carbon Nitride (Gc 3 N 4) and Its Role in the Catalytic Performance of Co 2 Conversion. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2016, 18, 18507-18514.
17. Liu, J.; Zhang, Y.; Lu, L.; Wu, G.; Chen, W. Self-Regenerated Solar-Driven Photocatalytic Water-Splitting by Urea Derived Graphitic Carbon Nitride with Platinum Nanoparticles. Chem. Commun. 2012, 48, 8826-8828.
18. Shi, H.; Chen, G.; Zhang, C.; Zou, Z. Polymeric G-C3n4 Coupled with Nanbo3 Nanowires toward Enhanced Photocatalytic Reduction of Co2 into Renewable Fuel. ACS Catal. 2014, 4, 3637-3643.
19. Lin, J.; Pan, Z.; Wang, X. Photochemical Reduction of Co2 by Graphitic Carbon Nitride Polymers. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2014, 2, 353-358.
20. Ong, W.-J.; Tan, L.-L.; Ng, Y. H.; Yong, S.-T.; Chai, S.-P. Graphitic Carbon Nitride (G-C3n4)-Based Photocatalysts for Artificial Photosynthesis and Environmental Remediation: Are We a Step Closer to Achieving Sustainability? Chem. Rev. 2016, 116, 7159.
21. Ma, X.; Lv, Y.; Xu, J.; Liu, Y.; Zhang, R.; Zhu, Y. A Strategy of Enhancing the Photoactivity of G-C3n4 Via Doping of Nonmetal Elements: A First-Principles Study. J. Phys. Chem. C 2012, 116, 23485-23493.
22. Liu, G.; Niu, P.; Sun, C.; Smith, S. C.; Chen, Z.; Lu, G. Q.; Cheng, H.-M. Unique Electronic Structure Induced High Photoreactivity of Sulfur-Doped Graphitic C3n4. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 11642-11648.
23. Zhang, Y.; Mori, T.; Ye, J.; Antonietti, M. Phosphorus-Doped Carbon Nitride Solid: Enhanced Electrical Conductivity and Photocurrent Generation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 6294-6295.
24. Zhou, Y.; Zhang, L.; Liu, J.; Fan, X.; Wang, B.; Wang, M.; Ren, W.; Wang, J.; Li, M.; Shi, J. Brand New P-Doped G-C3n4: Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity for H2 Evolution and Rhodamine B Degradation under Visible Light. J. Mater. Chem. A 2015, 3, 3862-3867.
25. Chen, J.; Hong, Z.; Chen, Y.; Lin, B.; Gao, B. One-Step Synthesis of Sulfur-Doped and Nitrogen-Deficient G-C3n4 Photocatalyst for Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution under Visible Light. Mater. Lett. 2015, 145, 129-132.
26. Guo, S.; Deng, Z.; Li, M.; Jiang, B.; Tian, C.; Pan, Q.; Fu, H. Phosphorus-Doped Carbon Nitride Tubes with a Layered Micro-Nanostructure for Enhanced Visible-Light Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 1830-1834.
27. Wang, K.; Li, Q.; Liu, B.; Cheng, B.; Ho, W.; Yu, J. Sulfur-Doped Gc 3 N 4 with Enhanced Photocatalytic Co 2-Reduction Performance. Appl. Catal., B 2015, 176-177, 44-52.
28. Kong, H. J.; Won, D. H.; Kim, J.; Woo, S. I. Sulfur-Doped G-C3n4/Bivo4 Composite Photocatalyst for Water Oxidation under Visible Light. Chem. Mater. 2016, 28, 1318-1324.
29. Ge, L.; Han, C.; Xiao, X.; Guo, L.; Li, Y. Enhanced Visible Light Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution of Sulfur-Doped Polymeric G-C3n4 Photocatalysts. Mater. Res. Bull. 2013, 48, 3919-3925.
30. Ye, L.; Wu, D.; Chu, K. H.; Wang, B.; Xie, H.; Yip, H. Y.; Wong, P. K. Phosphorylation of G-C3n4 for Enhanced Photocatalytic Co2 Reduction. Chem. Eng. J. 2016, 304, 376-383.
31. Ran, J.; Ma, T. Y.; Gao, G.; Du, X.-W.; Qiao, S. Z. Porous P-Doped Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets for Synergistically Enhanced Visible-Light Photocatalytic H2 Production. Energy Environ. Sci. 2015, 8, 3708-3717.
32. Ghosh, D.; Periyasamy, G.; Pati, S. K. Transition Metal Embedded Two-Dimensional C3n4-Graphene Nanocomposite: A Multifunctional Material. J. Phys. Chem. C 2014, 118, 15487-15494.
33. Sun, Y.; Li, C.; Xu, Y.; Bai, H.; Yao, Z.; Shi, G. Chemically Converted Graphene as Substrate for Immobilizing and Enhancing the Activity of a Polymeric Catalyst. Chem. Commun. 2010, 46, 4740-4742.
34. Zhou, Z.; Shen, Y.; Li, Y.; Liu, A.; Liu, S.; Zhang, Y. Chemical Cleavage of Layered Carbon Nitride with Enhanced Photoluminescent Performances and Photoconduction. ACS Nano 2015, 9, 12480-12487.
35. Wang, X.; Sun, G.; Li, N.; Chen, P. Quantum Dots Derived from Two-Dimensional Materials and Their Applications for Catalysis and Energy. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2016, 45, 2239-2262.
36. Wang, W.; Yu, J. C.; Shen, Z.; Chan, D. K. L.; Gu, T. G-C3n4 Quantum Dots: Direct Synthesis, Upconversion Properties and Photocatalytic Application. Chem. Commun. 2014, 50, 10148-10150.
37. Yamijala, S. S.; Mukhopadhyay, M.; Pati, S. K. Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Graphene Quantum Dots: A Computational Study. J. Phys. Chem. C 2015, 119, 12079-12087.
38. Yamijala, S. S.; Bandyopadhyay, A.; Pati, S. K. Structural Stability, Electronic, Magnetic, and Optical Properties of Rectangular Graphene and Boron Nitride Quantum Dots: Effects of Size, Substitution, and Electric Field. J. Phys. Chem. C 2013, 117, 23295-23304.
39. Wang, X.; Wang, L.; Zhao, F.; Hu, C.; Zhao, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Chen, S.; Shi, G.; Qu, L. Monoatomic-Thick Graphitic Carbon Nitride Dots on Graphene Sheets as an Efficient Catalyst in the Oxygen Reduction Reaction. Nanoscale 2015, 7, 3035-3042.
40. Wang, W. L.; Meng, S.; Kaxiras, E. Graphene Nanoflakes with Large Spin. Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 241-245.
41. Kuc, A.; Heine, T.; Seifert, G. Structural and Electronic Properties of Graphene Nanoflakes. Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 2010, 81, 085430.
42. Güttinger, J.; Stampfer, C.; Hellmüller, S.; Molitor, F.; Ihn, T.; Ensslin, K. Charge Detection in Graphene Quantum Dots. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 93, 212102.
43. Bandyopadhyay, A.; Yamijala, S. S.; Pati, S. K. Tuning the Electronic and Optical Properties of Graphene and Boron-Nitride Quantum Dots by Molecular Charge-Transfer Interactions: A Theoretical Study. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2013, 15, 13881-13887.
44. Yan, X.; Li, B.; Cui, X.; Wei, Q.; Tajima, K.; Li, L.-s. Independent Tuning of the Band Gap and Redox Potential of Graphene Quantum Dots. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2011, 2, 1119-1124.
45. Frisch, M.; Trucks, G.; Schlegel, H. B.; Scuseria, G.; Robb, M.; Cheeseman, J.; Scalmani, G.; Barone, V.; Mennucci, B.; Petersson, G.; et al. Gaussian 09, revision A. 02; Gaussian. Inc.: Wallingford, CT, 2009.
46. Heyd, J.; Scuseria, G. E. Efficient Hybrid Density Functional Calculations in Solids: Assessment of the Heyd-Scuseria-Ernzerhof Screened Coulomb Hybrid Functional. J. Chem. Phys. 2004, 121, 1187-1192.
47. Henderson, T. M.; Izmaylov, A. F.; Scalmani, G.; Scuseria, G. E. Can Short-Range Hybrids Describe Long-Range-Dependent Properties? J. Chem. Phys. 2009, 131, 044108.
48. Hummer, K.; Harl, J.; Kresse, G. Heyd-Scuseria-Ernzerhof Hybrid Functional for Calculating the Lattice Dynamics of Semiconductors. Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 2009, 80, 115205.
49. Grimme, S. Semiempirical Gga-Type Density Functional Constructed with a Long-Range Dispersion Correction. J. Comput. Chem. 2006, 27, 1787-1799.
50. Hutter, J.; Iannuzzi, M.; Schiffmann, F.; VandeVondele, J. CP2K: atomistic simulations of condensed matter systems. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Molecular Science 2014, 4, 15-25.
51. VandeVondele, J.; Krack, M.; Mohamed, F.; Parrinello, M.; Chassaing, T.; Hutter, J. Quickstep: Fast and Accurate Density Functional Calculations Using a Mixed Gaussian and Plane Waves Approach. Comput. Phys. Commun. 2005, 167, 103-128.
52. Goedecker, S.; Teter, M.; Hutter, J. Separable Dual-Space Gaussian Pseudopotentials. Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 1996, 54, 1703-1710.
53. Hartwigsen, C.; Gœdecker, S.; Hutter, J. Relativistic Separable Dual-Space Gaussian Pseudopotentials from H to Rn. Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 1998, 58, 3641.
54. Byrd, R. H.; Lu, P.; Nocedal, J.; Zhu, C. A Limited Memory Algorithm for Bound Constrained Optimization. SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing 1995, 16, 1190-1208.
55. Soler, J. M.; Artacho, E.; Gale, J. D.; García, A.; Junquera, J.; Ordejón, P.; Sánchez-Portal, D. The Siesta Method for Ab Initio Order-N Materials Simulation. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 2002, 14, 2745.
56. Grimme, S. Semiempirical Gga-Type Density Functional Constructed with a Long-Range Dispersion Correction. J. Comput. Chem. 2006, 27, 1787-1799.
57. Ivanov, A. S.; Miller, E.; Boldyrev, A. I.; Kameoka, Y.; Sato, T.; Tanaka, K. Pseudo Jahn-Teller Origin of Buckling Distortions in Two-Dimensional Triazine-Based Graphitic Carbon Nitride (G-C3n4) Sheets. J. Phys. Chem. C 2015, 119, 12008-12015.
58. Martin, D. J. Investigation into High Efficiency Visible Light Photocatalysts for Water Reduction and Oxidation; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2015; DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18488-3.
59. Du, A.; Sanvito, S.; Li, Z.; Wang, D.; Jiao, Y.; Liao, T.; Sun, Q.; Ng, Y. H.; Zhu, Z.; Amal, R.; Smith, S. C. Hybrid Graphene and Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanocomposite: Gap Opening, Electron-Hole Puddle, Interfacial Charge Transfer, and Enhanced Visible Light Response. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 4393-4397.
60. Liu, Q.; Zhang, J. Graphene Supported Co-G-C3n4 as a Novel Metal-Macrocyclic Electrocatalyst for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Fuel Cells. Langmuir 2013, 29, 3821-3828.
61. Topsakal, M.; Aktürk, E.; Ciraci, S. First-Principles Study of Two- and One-Dimensional Honeycomb Structures of Boron Nitride. Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 2009, 79, 115442.
62. Burke, A.; Schmidt-Mende, L.; Ito, S.; Grätzel, M. A Novel Blue Dye for near-Ir 'Dye-Sensitised'solar Cell Applications. Chem. Commun. 2007, 234-236.
63. Shalav, A.; Richards, B.; Trupke, T.; Krämer, K.; Güdel, H. Application of Nayf4: Er3+ up-Converting Phosphors for Enhanced near-Infrared Silicon Solar Cell Response. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 86, 013505.
64. Liu, J.; Liu, Y.; Liu, N.; Han, Y.; Zhang, X.; Huang, H.; Lifshitz, Y.; Lee, S.-T.; Zhong, J.; Kang, Z. Metal-Free Efficient Photocatalyst for Stable Visible Water Splitting Via a Two-Electron Pathway. Science 2015, 347, 970-974.
65. Chen, X.; Liu, Q.; Wu, Q.; Du, P.; Zhu, J.; Dai, S.; Yang, S. Incorporating Graphitic Carbon Nitride (G-C3n4) Quantum Dots into Bulk-Heterojunction Polymer Solar Cells Leads to Efficiency Enhancement. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2016, 26, 1719.
66. Kuila, T.; Bose, S.; Mishra, A. K.; Khanra, P.; Kim, N. H.; Lee, J. H. Chemical Functionalization of Graphene and Its Applications. Prog. Mater. Sci. 2012, 57, 1061-1105.
67. Zhou, J.; Yang, Y.; Zhang, C.-y. A Low-Temperature Solid-Phase Method to Synthesize Highly Fluorescent Carbon Nitride Dots with Tunable Emission. Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 8605-8607.
68. Yan, S.; Li, Z.; Zou, Z. Photodegradation of Rhodamine B and Methyl Orange over Boron-Doped G-C3n4 under Visible Light Irradiation. Langmuir 2010, 26, 3894-3901.
69. Wang, Y.; Li, H.; Yao, J.; Wang, X.; Antonietti, M. Synthesis of Boron Doped Polymeric Carbon Nitride Solids and Their Use as Metal-Free Catalysts for Aliphatic C-H Bond Oxidation. Chemical Science 2011, 2, 446-450.
70. Lide, D. R., Ed. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2004; Vol. 85.