Closing the npt loophole on exports of naval propulsion reactors

Nonproliferation Review

Volumn 6, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 108-114

  Moltz, James Clay ^a  

^a MONTEREY INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85010618344     PISSN: 10736700     EISSN: 17461766     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10736709808436740     Document Type: Article

References (23)

1. Igor Kudrik, “Russia helps India build nuclear submarine,” Bellona Foundation website, September 22, 1998 (http://www.bell0na.n0/e/russia/nfl/news/980917-2.htm).
2. see also mention of Russian admissions regarding nuclear assistance in “China should receive its third ‘Kilo’ by November,” Jane’s Defence Weekly, July 30, 1997, p. 16.
3. Reali Junior, “Europeans Fight for Space in Brazilian Arms Market” (in Portuguese), O Estado de Sao Paulo, August 7, 1997 (on-line version: http://www.estado.com.br), as abstracted in the Center for Nonproliferation Studies’ Nuclear Abstracts Database.
4. David Fischer, History of the International Atomic Energy Agency: The First Forty Years (Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency, 1997), p. 187.
5. George Bunn, U.S. participant in the NPT negotiations, telephone conversation with author, February 1998.
6. George Bunn, U.S. participant in the NPT negotiations, telephone conversation with author, pp. 272-273. The Netherlands was interested in nuclear submarines, according to Fischer.
7. Marie-France Desjardins and Tariq Rauf, “Opening Pandora’s Box? Nuclear-Powered Submarines and the Spread ofNuclear Weapons,” Aurora Papers 8 (Ottawa: the Canadian Centre for Arms Control and Disarmament, June 1988 [revised version]), p. 15.
8. Fischer, History of the International Atomic Energy Agency, p. 272.
9. International Atomic Energy Agency Information Circular (INFCIRC)/153 (Corrected), June 1972, Parti, No. 14 (“Non-Application of Safeguards to Nuclear Material to be used in Non-Peaceful Activities”), Items (a)(i), (a)(ii), and (b) (IAEA website: http://www.iaea.org/worIdatom/infcircs/infl53.html) (italics in original).
10. Fischer, History of the International Atomic Energy Agency, p. 273.
11. Desjardins and Rauf, “Opening Pandora’s Box?” p. 3.
12. Leonard S. Spector (with Jacqueline R. Smith), Nuclear Ambitions: The Spread of Nuclear Weapons, 1989-1990 (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press), p. 50.
13. “Russia to supply India with another ‘Kilo’ submarine,” Interfax (Moscow), June 11,1998.
14. “China should receive its third ‘Kilo’ by November,” p. 16.
15. On the U.S. provision of marketing licenses to two U.S. companies to compete in the Egyptian submarine tender, see Charles Meconis, “U.S. May Approve Submarine Exports,” Arms Trade News (April 1997), p. 1.
16. For a detailed account of these and other accidents on both sides, see Georgi Kostev, Nuclear Safety Challenges in the Operation and Dismantlement of Russian Nuclear Submarines (Moscow: Committee for Critical Technologies and Non-Proliferation, 1997), pp. 18-37.
17. Joris Janssen Lok, “Setting a collision course for nuclear catastrophe,” Jane’s Defence Weekly, March 13, 1993, p. 16 (Lok cites seven collisions from 1968-1987), two additional U.S.-Russian collisions (one in 1992 and one in 1993) are documented by Evgeniy Miasnikov in his commentary, “Collision of Two U.S. Nuclear Powered Submarines on March 19, 1998,” website of the Center for Arms Control, Energy, and Environmental Studies, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (http://www.armscontroI.ru/lat/subs/collisions/comm0319.htm).
18. CNN Jane’s Defence Weekly (Washington), March 19,1998.
19. Kudrik, “Russia helps India build nuclear submarine.”
20. Author’s interviews with officials in the U.S. State Department, the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, the Chinese Ministry of Defense, and the Russian Foreign Ministry (names withheld to protect anonymity requests), May-September 1998.
21. Lecture by Russian Duma member Alexei Arbatov, Monterey Institute of International Studies, Monterey, California, August 4, 1997.
22. Evgeniy Miasnikov, “Restricting Submarines—Beyond the MTCR: Nonproliferation and disarmament of nuclear-capable delivery systems,” website of the Center for Arms Control, Energy, and Environmental Studies, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (http://www.armscontroI.ru/subs.conventional/inesap0495.htm).
23. Meconis, “U.S. May Approve Submarine Exports,” p. 2.