Southerners who refused to sign the southern manifesto

The Historical Journal

Volumn 42, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 517-534

  Badger, Tony ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85010186592     PISSN: 0018246X     EISSN: 14695103     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0018246X98008346     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. Fulbright referred to ‘one of the most-respected and liberal-minded Southerners in the Senate’ who signed the Manifesto without reading it in an interview with Stewart Alsop, clipping, Washington Post, 8 Apr. 1956, box 71, J. William Fulbright papers, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. Carl Eliott Sr and Michael D'Orso, The cost of courage: the journey of an American congressman (New York, 1992), pp. 178–182.
2. Draft statement, n.d., box 48, Fulbright papers. Transcript, Columbia University oral history Program interview, 1970, pp. 28–9, copy in Brooks Hays papers, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville.
3. John Stennis, oral history interview, 17 June 1972
4. Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, Austin. Sanford P. Dyer, ‘Lyndon Johnson and the politics of civil rights, 1935–1960: the art of moderate leadership’ (Ph.D. thesis, Texas A and M, 1978), pp. 102–107.
5. Robert Dallek, Lone star rising: Lyndon Johnson and his times, 1908–1960 (New York, 1991), pp. 138–143, 496–7.
6. Robert Mann, The walls of Jericho: Lyndon Johnson, Hubert Humphrey and Richard Russell (New York, 1996), pp. 159–166.
7. Memo, George Reedy to Lyndon Johnson, 12 July 1956, box 423, office files of George Reedy, 1956–7
8. Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, Austin. There is no evidence that Russell was anxious to protect Walter George, even though politicians like Ross Bass, Albert Gore, and Paul Douglas appeared to accept that argument.
9. The success of the campaign to paint the Manifesto as designed purely for home consumption and therefore to restrain Northern criticism was noted by columnist Peter Edson, Birmingham Post-Herald, 26 Mar. 1956.
10. For Johnson's distaste at the divisive oratory, Dallas Morning News, 13 Mar. 1956.
11. For Russell's reaction, Charles J. Bloch to Richard B. Russell, 21 Mar. 1956, Russell to Arch Rowan, 27 Mar. 1956
12. Richard B. Russell papers, University of Georgia, Athens. Harry Byrd to E. H. Ramsey, 1 May 1956
13. Harry F. Byrd papers, University of Virginia, Charlottesville.
14. Beaumont Enterprise, 30 July 1956.
15. Austin-American, 1, 6, 13 Mar., 1, 3 Aug. 1956.
16. Franklin Jones to Wright Patman, 2 Feb. 1956, box 80A, Wright Patman to newspaper editors, n.d., speech notes, TV Speech, box 79C, Wright Patman s Congressional Record box 73A, Kenneth Simmons TV speech, n.d., Simmons for Congress News, box 73C
17. Simmons speeches, 29 June 1956, 19 July, 1956, box 80B
18. Wright Patman to R. B. Morrison, 23 Feb. 1956, Morrison to Patman, 7 Mar. 1956, box 80A
19. Patman press release, 23 Mar. 1956, box 79C, Wright Patman papers, Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, Austin. Two of the other Texas signers had views more like Martin Dies's. Right-wing views on states-rights, the economy, and subversion went alongside traditional views on race for John Dowdy and Clark Fisher. Even someone as conservative as W. R. ‘Bob’ Poage viewed Dowdy as a ‘perfectly honest and sincere reactionary’ and Fisher as an ‘extreme reactionary’. W. R. Poage, oral history interview, vol. 5, pp. 20–21, 23
20. W. R. Poage papers, Baylor Collection of Political Materials, Baylor University, Waco.
21. Jim Wright, Balance of power: presidents and Congress from the era of McCarthy to the age of Gingrich (Atlanta, 1996), pp. 19–30, 48.
22. Interview with Jim Wright, 18 Nov. 1996. James Wright to Jim Wright, 26 Feb. 1956, Jim Wright to Jim Wright, letter and statement 14 Mar. 1956, statement, 22 Mar. 1956, Wright to Jim Wright, 20 Apr. 1956, Wright to Jim Wright, 20 Apr. 1956, Jim Wright Collection, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth. (The anonymity of Wright's correspondents is a condition of citing material from these papers.) Stuart Long interview, Texas oral history Collection, Woodson Research Center, Rice University, Houston. The voluminous papers of Jack Brooks have been deposited at Lamar University, Beaumont, where they lie uncatalogued in their original boxes. I was kindly allowed to examine these but could turn up no material for 1956. Brooks was four days older than Wright, entered Law School at the same time, and was elected to Congress in 1954, backed by organized labour and the oil workers.
23. Albert Thomas to M. E. Walter, 12 Aug. 1937, box 15, Thomas biography, box 18, Albert Thomas papers, Woodson Research Center, Rice University.
24. Joe Kilgore interview, Sam Rayburn papers, Barker Center for American History, University of Texas, Austin. Interview with Jim Wright, 18 Nov. 1996.
25. Bruce Alger speech, 24 Sept. 1956, Bruce Alger papers, Dallas Public Library.
26. Bruce Alger oral history interview, East Texas State University and Dallas Public Library.
27. Interview with Jim Wright 18 Nov. 1996. Oral history interviews: O. C. Fisher, Frank Ikard, Joe Kilgore, George Mahon, J. R. Parten, Homer Thornberry, Rayburn papers.
28. Sam Rayburn to Miss M. R. Bruton, 3 July 1954, Rayburn papers. Wright, Balance of power, p. 54.
29. J. T. Rutherford, Allan Shivers oral history interviews, Rayburn papers. Jim Wright, You and your congressman (New York, 1976), pp. 107–109.
30. Austin-American, 8 Mar. 1956. Memorandum on campaign for control of Texas delegation, box 419.2, Reedy Office Files.
31. J. T. Rutherford to Jim Wright, 20 Mar. 1956
32. J. T. Rutherford to Wright, n.d., Larry King to Craig Raupe, 6 Aug. 1956
33. Wright papers. Jack Brooks to Charles B. Deane, 7 Aug. 1956
34. Charles B. Deane papers, Southern Baptist Historical Collection, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem. Henry Wade v Bruce Alger debate, Wade speech, 17 Sept. 1956, Alger papers.
35. Interview with Jim Wright, 18 Nov. 1996.
36. Beaumont Enterprise, 29 July 1956.
37. Poage oral history interview, vol. 3 p. 815, Poage papers.
38. New York Times 12 Mar., 3 Apr. 1956. Speech draft 1956, Estes Kefauver to P. L. Prattis, 19 May 1956, Kefauver to B. L. Fonville, 10 May 1956, Estes Kefauver papers, University of Tennessee, Knoxville.
39. Albert Gore to Mrs Talley, 12 Oct. 1954
40. Albert Gore papers, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro. James B. Gardner, ‘ Political leadership in a period of transition: Frank G. Clement, Albert Gore, Estes Kefauver and Tennessee politics, 1948–1956’ (Ph.D. thesis, Vanderbilt, 1978), pp. 500–670.
41. Interview with Albert Gore Sr, 1 Dec. 1990.
42. Albert Gore interview, 13 Mar. 1978, Southern Oral History Program, Southern Historical Collection, Chapel Hill. Interview with Albert Gore Sr, 1 Dec. 1990. Donald Davidson to Albert Gore, 1 2 Mar. 1956, Fred Childress to Gore, 12 Mar. 1956, Sims Crownover to Gore, 19 Apr. 1956, Gore papers.
43. Interview with Albert Gore Sr, 1 Dec. 1990.
44. Albert Gore to Pat Hughes, 12 Apr. 1956, Gore papers.
45. Nashville Tennessean, 13 Mar., 18 Mar. 1956.
46. Hugh Davis Graham, Crisis in print: desegregation and the press in Tennessee (Nashville, 1967), pp. 29–90.
47. Miss Jean Scraggs to Albert Gore, 28 Jan. 1956, Gore papers.
48. Spessard L. Holland to Mrs A. L. Anderson, 27 Mar. 1956, Spessard Holland papers, University of Florida, Gainesville.
49. Miami Herald, 8, 11 Mar. 1956.
50. Interview with Dante Fascell, 27 Feb. 1997.
51. Interview with Dante Fascell, 27 Feb. 1997.
52. Claudia Townsend, Dante Fascell: Democratic representative from Florida (Ralph Nader Congress papers, Citizens Look at Congress, 1972), p. 1.
53. Interview with Dante Fascell, 27 Feb. 1997.
54. Miami Herald, 11,12 Mar. 1956.
55. Taylor, Fascell, p. 9.
56. Raleigh News and Observer, 13 Mar. 1956.
57. Howard W. Smith was the congressional leader responsible for securing signatures from the North Carolina delegation. The successive lists in his papers show the order in which the North Carolina delegation signed up, Howard W. Smith papers, University of Virginia, Charlottesville.
58. Clipping, Henderson Times-News 14 Mar. 1956
59. Harold D. Cooley to H. Q. Dorsett, 13 Mar. 1956
60. Harold Dunbar Cooley papers, Southern Historical Collection, Chapel Hill.
61. Ralph J. Christian, ‘The Folger-Chatham congressional primary of 1946’, North Carolina Historical Review, 53 (1976), pp. 25–53.
62. Raleigh News and Observer, 18 May 1954.
63. Winston-Salem Journal, 18 May 1954.
64. Greensboro Daily News, 2 Sept. 1955.
65. Winston-Salem Journal, 12 Sept. 1955.
66. Comment, James L. Sundquist, 8 Apr. 1987.
67. John A. Long to Charles B. Deane, 23 Apr. 1956
68. John A. Lang papers, East Carolina Manuscript Collection, East Carolina University, Greenville.
69. Charles B. Deane to Walter Lambeth, 22 Oct. 1952, Deane papers.
70. Interview with Charles B. Deane Jr, 12 Sept. 1989.
71. Charles B. Deane to Fay Allen, 21 Nov. 1951, Deane papers.
72. Notes for schools and colleges [n.d.], notes, 22 Nov. 1956, Deane papers.
73. Charles B. Deane to Herman Hardison, 27 Mar. 1956, Deane papers.
74. Interview with Charles B. Deane Jr, 12 Sept. 1989.
75. Charles B. Deane to Mrs P. A. Wood, 28 July 1956, Lang papers.
76. Lewis Cannon to Charles B. Deane, 15 Mar. 1956, leaflet [n.d.]
77. Deane to James E. Griffin, 7 May 1956
78. J. B. Hood to Deane, 24 Apr. 1956
79. Nina Duke Wood to Deane, 26 July 1956, Deane papers.
80. Anon. to Thurmond Chatham [n.d.], Dallas Gwynn to Chatham, 24 Mar. 1956
81. I. F. Young to Chatham, 13 May 1956, Thurmond Chatham papers, North Carolina Division of Archives and History, Raleigh.
82. Debnam adverts, Cooley papers. Raleigh News and Observer, 17 Mar. 1956.
83. Memorandum, 19 Mar. 1956, Waldemar Eros Debnam papers, East Carolina Manuscript Collection, East Carolina University, Greenville.
84. L. van Noppen to Thurmond Chatham, 8 Mar. 1956, Ralph Scott adverts, Chatham papers. Greensboro Daily News, 10, 13 Apr. 1956.
85. Winston-Salem Journal, 19 Apr. 1956.
86. Ermine B. Hampton to Barbara Dearing [n.d.], Debnam adverts, Cooley papers. Raleigh News and Observer, 14 Mar, 6 Apr. 1956.
87. Anthony J. Badger, North Carolina and the New Deal (Raleigh, 1981), p. 89.
88. Harold Cooley to E. L. Cannon, 3 Apr. 1956
89. Nashville (NC) speech, 7 Apr. 1956
90. Henderson speech, 17 May 1956
91. WTVD speech, Cooley papers. Thurmond Chatham to Hiden Ramsay, 31 May 1956
92. Chatham to Ralph Howland, 5 June 1956, Chatham papers.
93. Interview with Frank Smith, 4 Nov. 1995.
94. Walter Jackson, ‘White Liberal intellectuals, civil rights, and gradualism, 1954–1960’, in Brian Ward and Tony Badger, eds, The making of Martin Luther King and the civil rights movement (London, 1996), pp. 96–114.
95. Numan Bartley, The New South, 1945–1980 (Baton Rouge, 1995), pp. 175–176.