Making dead men speak: Laudianism, print, and the works of lancelot andrewes, 1626–1642

The Historical Journal

Volumn 41, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 401-424

  McCullough, Peter ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 85010180142     PISSN: 0018246X     EISSN: 14695103     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0018246X9800781X     Document Type: Article

References (149)

1. Hugh Trevor-Roper, Archbishop Laud, 1573–1645 (2nd edn, London, 1965), pp. 29–31
2. Kevin Sharpe, Charles I: the personal rule (New Haven, 1993), p. 287
3. Nicholas Tyacke, ‘Archbishop Laud’, in Kenneth Fincham, ed., The early Stuart church (London, 1993), pp. 62–4
4. See also Julian Davies, The Caroline captivity of the church: Charles I and the remoulding of Anglicanism, 1625–1641 (Oxford, 1992), p. 60.
5. Buckeridge (1562?-1631) was appointed Laud's tutor at St John's College, Oxford, and the two men held the college presidency successively. Buckeridge was consecrated bishop of Rochester 1611 and translated to Ely 1631 (all biographical information unless otherwise cited is from Dictionary of National Biography (DNB)).
6. For the Jacobean Andrewes, see Peter Lake, ‘Lancelot Andrewes, John Buckeridge, and avant-garde conformity at the court of James I’, in Linda Levy Peck, ed., The mental world of the Jacobean court (Cambridge, 1990), 11 3–33
7. Peter McCullough, Sermons at court: politics and religion in Elizabethan and Jacobean preaching (Cambridge, 1998), 147–155.
8. For an attempt to redefine ‘Laudianism’ as ‘Carolinism’, see Davies, Caroline captivity, a view endorsed by Sharpe, Personal rule, 275–6, 284–6.
9. Davies's diagnosis of Laudianism as ‘the revival of patristic and scholastic doctrines of the Church’ seems as reductive as the opposed explanation by appeal to Arminian theology (Caroline captivity, 86).
10. More helpful is Lake's definition of Laudianism as ‘a coherent, distinctive and polemically aggressive vision of the Church, the divine presence in the world and the appropriate ritual response to that presence’. Peter Lake, ‘The Laudian style: order, uniformity and the pursuit of the beauty of holiness in the 1630s’, in Fincham, ed., Early Stuart church, 162.
11. Cf Anthony Milton. Catholic and reformed: the Roman and Protestant churches in English Protestant thought, 1600–1640 (Cambridge, 1995), 9.
12. Lancelot Andrewes, XCVI sermons (1629), sig. A2r, A4r.
13. sermons., sig. A2r.
14. Andrewes composed his first will (which does not survive) in Oct. 1625 with surviving codicils dated 1 May 1626 and a final will of 22 Sept. 1626. Although he made careful arrangements for the dispersal of his printed books, in none of the surviving documents does he mention his papers and manuscripts. The works of… Lancelot Andrewes, ed. J. P. Wilson and James Bliss (11 vols., Oxford, 1846–54), xi, xc–xciii.
15. For Andrewes and Laud, see n. 1, above; references to Andrewes in Laud's diary are collected in Works of …Andrewes, XI, xcv–xcix.
16. The letters of John Chamberlain Norman Egbert McClure (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1939), 1, 232–3, 11, p. 391.
17. John Buckeridge, ‘A sermon preached at the funeral of… Lancelot late lord bishop of Winchester’, appended to Andrewes, XCVI sermons, 22.
18. The works of the right reverend father in God William Laud… lord archbishop of Canterbury, ed. William Scott and James Bliss (9 vols., Oxford, 1847–60), in, 199–200.
19. W.W. Greg, A companion to Arber (Oxford, 1967), Montaigne to Conway, 22Jan. 1626, 72, 235–6.
20. Works… of William Laud, iv, p. 268.
21. Edward Arber, ed., A transcript of the registers of the company of stationers of London between 1554–1640 A.D. (Arber) (5 vols., London and Birmingham, 1875–94), IV, pp.: 68–69, 177, 179
22. Works of… William Laud, Laud to G. Vossius, 14 July 1629, VI, p. 266.
23. Letters of John Chamberlain, ii, pp. 309, 362–3.
24. Paul Morgan, ‘Warwickshire apprentices in the Stationers’ Company of London, 1563–1700′, Dugdale Society Occasional Papers, 25 (1978), pp. 20–21. My discussion of Laud and Badger draws on works in progress for a full trade biography of the Badgers. Dr D. F. McKenzie has given helpful guidance.
25. Based on the handlist in Katherine Pantzer, A short title catalogue of books printed in England… 1475–1640 (STC), III: A printers ‘and publishers ’index, p. 19.
26. Proceedings in parliament, 1628, ed. Mary Frear Keeler et al. (6 vols., New Haven, 1977–1983), v, pp. 628, 642.
27. Under parliamentary pressure, Charles suppressed Manwaring's book in June 1628, but pardoned the preacher from parliament's sentence of suspension from the ministry. See Davies, Caroline captivity, pp. 34–5
28. J. P. Sommerville, Politics and ideology in England, 16031640 (London, 1986), pp. 127–131.
29. Proceedings in parliament, III, pp. 408, 411–12.
30. Proceedings in parliament, III, pp. 151, 492, 506.
31. British Library (BL) MS Egerton 2553, undated royal warrant to Badger, June 1629, fo. 42.
32. William A. Jackson, Records of the court of the stationers's company 1602 to 1640 (London, 1957), p. 210.
33. Sheila Lambert, ‘The printers and the government, 1604–1637’, in Robin Meyers and Michael Harris, eds., Aspects of printing from 1600 (Oxford, 1987), pp. 4–5, 9–10.
34. Joseph Foster, Alumni Oxoniensis (4 vols., London, 1891–2), 1, p. 91
35. Baylie married Elizabeth, daughter of Dr John Robinson, Laud's half-brother (1668 monument to Elizabeth Baylie, vestry of St Mary Magdalene's Church, Oxford); Commons debates for 1629, ed. Wallace Notestein and Frances Helen Relf (Minneapolis, 1921), pp. 34–5, 122.
36. See also Nicholas Tyacke, Anti-Calvinists: the rise of English Arminianism, c. 1590–1640 (Oxford, 1987), pp. 136n, 183.
37. W. W. Greg, Licensers for the press, & c. to 164.0 (Oxford Bibliographical Society Publications, new ser., 10, Oxford, 1962), pp. 12–13.
38. See also Milton, Catholic and reformed, pp. 66, 71, 80, 239.
39. Lambert, ‘Printers and the government’, p. 5.
40. Giles Fleming, Magnificence exemplified (1634, for T. Alchorn)
41. Edward Boughen, A sermon preached at Saint Paul's crosse (1635), Two sermons (1635)
42. Thomas Turner, A sermon preached before the king at White-hall (1635)
43. Francis White, A treatise of the sabbath-day (3 edns, 1635–6)
44. John Browning, Concerning publicke-prayer, and the fasts of the church (1636)
45. John Featley, Obedience and submission (1636)
46. William Laud, A speech delivered in the Starr-chamber (1637)
47. Thomas Lawrence, A sermon preached before the kings maiesty (2 edns, 1637)
48. John Pocklington, Altare Christianum (2 edns, 1637)
49. White, An examination and confvtation (1637)
50. Laud, A relation of the conference betweene William Lawd, and M Fisher the Jesuite (2 edns, 1639)
51. James I, Basilikon doron (1640)
52. Joseph Hall, Episcopacie by divine right (1640, for N. Butter). For Laud and Islip, Leo Kirschbaum, Shakespeare and the stationers (Columbus, Ohio, 1955), pp. 82–85.
53. Jackson, Records, p. 256
54. STC, III, p. 19.
55. John Preston, The saints qualification (1633, 1634, 1637), The golden scepter (1638, 1639). In none of these ventures, however, was Badger the publishing bookseller, but only printer to others.
56. Laud, The history of the troubles and tryal of… William Laud, ed. Henry Wharton (1695), p. 236.
57. See G. M. Story, ‘The text of Lancelot Andrewes's sermons’, in D. I. B. Smith, ed., Editing seventeenth century prose (Toronto, 1972), p. 23.
58. Copy for the engraving ‘to be fixed with the workes’ was entered to Badger gratis on 1 Feb. 1632 (Arber, iv, p. 237).
59. See L. C. Martin, ed., Thepoems, English, Latin, and Greek, of RichardCrashaw (Oxford, 1957), pp. 163–164.
60. Martin, ed., Poems., of Richard Crashaw, p. xxi
61. Austin Warren, Richard Crashaw: a study in baroque sensibility (London, 1939), pp. 22–27.
62. For Laney and Tournay, see Milton, Catholic and reformed, pp. 72–7
63. for Wren, see Tyacke, Anti-Calvinists, pp. 48–9, 51–2, 57.
64. John Milton, ‘Elegia tertia. in obitum praesulis Wintoniensis’, in John Carey, ed., John Milton: complete shorter poems (London and New York, 1968), pp. 18–19.
65. This answers the questions raised by F. E. Barker, ‘Crashaw and Andrewes’, Times Literary Supplement, 1855 (21 Aug. 1937), p. 608.
66. Tyacke, ‘Archbishop Laud’, p. 62
67. Andrewes, XCVI sermons (3rd edn, 1635, sig. Sssss[i]v, Ttttt2r, Ttttt3v. With Buckeridge's death in 1633 revisions for the third edition presumably belong to Laud or his chaplains. Copy for the table was entered by Laud's chaplain Weekes on 16 April 1634 (Arber, iv, p. 291).
68. For the collapse of the state control of the press, see Michael Mendle, ‘De facto freedom, de facto authority: press and Parliament, 1640–1643’, Historical Journal, 38 (1995), pp. 307–32. The fifth and final edition of XCVI sermons appeared in 1661.
69. Andrewes, Concio latine habita, coram regia maiestate, V°. Augusti, MDCVI (1610); Two sermons (1610); Opvscvla, pp. 45–67 (with a separate title page).
70. See Works of… Lancelot Andrewes, v, p. 235; xi, p. lxiii.
71. Andrewes, XCVI sermons, sig. A2v, A4r.
72. Andrewes, XCVI sermons, p. 992.
73. Davies, Caroline captivity, pp. 27–30.
74. Richard Tedder, A sermon preached at Wimondham (1637), p. 12.
75. Cf. Andrewes, XCVI sermons, pp. 240, 719, 992.
76. Andrewes, XCVI sermons, pp. 710, 720
77. cf. Works of… William Laud, 11, p. 113.
78. Andrewes, A manual of the private devotions …of …Lancelot Andrewes, trans. Richard Drake (London, 1648), sig. A4v.
79. Other research shows that Laud and Buckeridge programmatically assigned the subtitle ‘before the kings majesty’ to many sermons in XCVI sermons not actually preached before James (McCullough, Sermons at court, pp. 152–3).
80. Andrewes, XCVI sermons, pt 2, pp. 25–38, 49–65, 67–85, 87–97, 129–42. Titles quoted are Laud's and Buckeridge's running titles.
81. Andrewes, The wonderfvll combate, pp. 64, 9.
82. The wonderfvll combate, pp. 17–18
83. Andrewes, XCVI sermons, pp. 209–210.
84. C. Gore, ‘Leo I’, in William Smith and Henry Wace, eds., A dictionary of Christian biography (3 vols., London, 1882), III, pp. 440–461.
85. Andrewes, XCVI sermons, p. 64
86. Daniel Price, The defence of trvth (1610), sig. ∗2r, pp. 223–224.
87. Andrewes, XCVI sermons, p. 477.
88. For the sermon's Jacobean context, see Lori Ann Ferrell, ‘Kneeling and the body politic’, in Donna B. Hamilton and Richard Strier, eds., Religion, literature and politics in post-Reformation England, 1540–1688 (Cambridge, 1996), pp. 70–92.
89. William Page, A treatise or iustification of bowing at the name ofIesus (Oxford, 1631), pp. 4–5
90. Giles Widdowes, The lawlesse kneelesse schismaticall pvritan (Oxford, 1631), pp. 3, 79
91. William Prynne, Certaine quæres propounded to the bowers at the name of Iesus (1636), sig. [Air], A1 v. Cf John Swan's later use of Andrewes -‘once also a maine pillar of Gods Church among us’ -to defend bowing in Profanomastix (1639), pp. 6–7, 50.
92. Alexander Read, A sermon preached… at Brentwood in Essex (1636), pp. 19–20
93. Robert Skinner, The speech of Dr Robert Skinner (1744), p. 17.
94. Andrewes, XCVI sermons, sig. A3v.
95. Reliquiæ sacræ carolinæ (1658), 11, p. 88.
96. Andrewes, XCVI sermons, pp. 702, 145.
97. Thomas Lawrence, Two sermons (1635), pt 1, p. 15.
98. Edward Boughen, Two sermons (1635), pp. 25–7
99. Andrewes, XCVI sermons, pt 2, p. 6.
100. Kenneth Fincham and Peter Lake, ‘The ecclesiastical policy of King James I’, Journal of British Studies, 24 (1985), p. 204.
101. Andrewes, XCVI sermons, pt 2, pp. 49–65
102. A. Collins, ed., Sidney papers (2 vols., 1746), 11, p. 185.
103. Sir John Harington, A supplie or addicion to the catalogue of bishops to theyeare 1608, ed. R. H. Miller (Potomac, MD, 1979), p. 140.
104. Bodl. MS Cherry 23, Ward to Ussher, n.d., pp. 181, 183.
105. Anthony Sparrow, A sermon concerning confession of sinnes, and the power of absolvtion (1637), p. 18.
106. Sparrow was Restoration bishop of Exeter and Norwich, and published Andrewes's church consecration service and notes on the liturgy in A rationale of the Book of Common-Prayer (1668). London, British Library, Harley MS 7019, p. 60.
107. Andrewes, XCVI sermons, p. 258.
108. Milton, Catholic and reformed, p. 65
109. Works of… William Laud, Laud to Vossius, 14 July 1629, vi, p. 266.
110. Andrewes, Opvscvla, pp. 31–3 ( ‘Concio… in synodo Provinciali’), pp. 45–67 ( ‘Concio Latine … V°. Augusti, MDCVI’), pp. 159–200 ( ‘Responsiones ad Petri Molinaei’); Strictvraæ: Or, a briefe answer to… Cardinall Perron's reply’ (appended to Opvscvla, separately paginated), pp. 2, 6–7
111. Peter Heylyn, Antidotum Lincolniense (1637), pt III, p. 8.
112. See M. M. Knappen, ‘The early puritanism of Lancelot Andrewes’, Church History, 2 (1933), pp. 95–104
113. a piece prone to exaggeration and an easy target for rejoinders by Paul Welsby, Lancelot Andrewes, 1555–1626 (London, 1958), pp. 20–9
114. Nicholas Lossky, Lancelot Andrewes the preacher, 1555–1626 (Oxford, 1991), pp. 11, 106.
115. A much-needed reassessment of Andrewes's theological evolution will be Tyacke, ‘Lancelot Andrewes and the myth of Anglicanism’, in Peter Lake and Michael Questier, eds., Conformity and orthodoxy in the English church, c. 1562–1642 (London, 1998).
116. Heylyn, Cyprianus anglicus (1668), p. 166. Heylyn's claim that an edition of the lectures appeared in Andrewes's lifetime cannot be substantiated. Cf the editors' claim to have respected Andrewes's wish to distance himself from some early writings: Opvscvla, sig. a[i]r.
117. Arber, iv, p. 199
118. Greg, Licensers, pp. 15–16. Garrett published three anonymous editions of the Patterne in 1630 (STC, nos. 603, 603.3, 603.5).
119. G. E. Briscoe Eyre, H. R. Plomer, and C. R. Rivington, A transcript of the registers of the worshipful company of stationers from 1640 to 1708 A.D. (3 vols., London, 1913–14) (Eyre and Rivington), 1, p. 16.
120. Two of the 1641 editions were printed by Richard Badger - either Laud's printer or his son of the same name. See Donald wing, Short-title catalogue of books printed in England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales and British America… 1641–1700 (2nd edn, 3 vols., New York, 1994) (Wing), 1, nos. A3145 and A3146.
121. Andrewes's manuscript, presumably that described in Garrett's copyright entry (Eyre and Rivington, I, p. 16) is described in the anonymous preface to Andrewes, The pattern of catechistical doctrine (1650), sig. ∗∗3v, ∗∗4r. Henry Burton boasted that variants in his own manuscript copy of the devotions showed Andrewes to be more sabbatarian than in the printed edition of 1630. Henry Burton, A briefe answer to a late treatise of the sabbath-day (Amsterdam, 1635), pp. 15–16.
122. cf J. Venn and J. A. Venn, eds., Alumni Cantabrigiensis…Part. I (4 vols., Cambridge, 1922–1927), 11, p. 455.
123. Attributed on stylistic evidence to Simon van de Passe. see D. Franken, L'æuvre gravé des van de Passe (Amsterdam, 1881), pp. 67–8
124. Freeman O'Donoghue and Henry Hake, Catalogue of engraved British portraits preserved in the Department of Prints and Drawings in the British Museum (6 vols., London, 1908), 1, p. 48.
125. Fincham and Lake, ‘Ecclesiastical policy’, pp. 198–202.
126. Catalogue of engraved British portraits preserved in the Department of Prints and Drawings in the British Museum, pp. 190–191.
127. McCullough, Sermons at a court, pp. 150–154; iv, 3
128. Davies, Caroline captivity, p. 20.
129. Cf. Fincham on the competing iconographies of episcopal churchmanship in Prelate as pastor, the episcopate of James I (Oxford, 1990), pp. 248–9, 293.
130. William Barlee, Prædestination… defended against post-Destination (1657), p. 190.
131. Barlee was responding to the latter-day Laudian Thomas Pierce's adulation for Andrewes and the ‘Saint Andrean order’ (p. 206) in Pierce's Correct copy of some notes concerning Gods decrees (1655), pp. 47, 56, 70.
132. H. C. Porter, Reformation and reaction in Tudor Cambridge (Cambridge, 1958), p. 396.
133. Andrewes, Morall law, sig. A4r.
134. Burton, A briefe answer, pp. 14–17
135. William Twisse, Of the morality of the fourth commandement (1641), p. 164.
136. Francis White, An examination and confvtation of a lawlesse pamphlet (1637), pp. 83–84.
137. Sheila Lambert, ‘Richard Montagu, Arminianism and censorship’, Past & Present, 124 (1989), p. 58.
138. For the importance attached to print publication by conformist Calvinists in the 1630s, see Amanda L. Calpern, ‘The Caroline church: James Ussher and the Irish dimension’, Historical Journal, 39 (1996), pp. 79–82.
139. Richard Baillie, The letters and journals of Robert Baillie, A.M., ed. David Laing (3 vols., Edinburgh, 1841–1842), 1, pp. 1–2
140. Ladensium … the Canterbvrians self-conviction (1641), sig. +3v-+4r.
141. John Pocklington, Altare christianum (1637), p. 109.
142. Bodl. MS Cherry 2, fo. 135v.
143. Baillie, Ladensium, p. 101.
144. John Donne, LXXX sermons (1640), ed. John Donne, who acknowledged Laud as the source of ‘ the encouragement I have had to give it this light ’ (sig. A3v). Ralph Brownrigg, Fourty sermons (1661), and Twenty-five sermons (1664), both ed. William Martyn; Mark Frank, A course of sermons for all the Sundays andfestivals throughout theyear (1672)
145. John Hacket, A century of sermons (1675), ed. Thomas Plume. Other similarities between these and the XCVI sermons prototype, including engravings, dedications, tables, half-titles, and running titles, are striking but too numerous to detail here.
146. Andrewes, Sermons, ed. G. M. Story (Oxford, 1967)
147. Nicholas Lossky, Lancelot Andrewes
148. T. S. Eliot's seminal essay ‘Lancelot Andrewes’ first appeared anonymously in the Times Literary Supplement, 1 286 (23 Sept. 1926), pp. 621–2, becoming the title essay in For Lancelot Andrewes, essays on style and order (London, 1928). The tradition continues with Marianne Dorman's excerpts and paraphrases published as The liturgical sermons of Lancelot Andrewes (2 vols., Edinburgh, 1992–4).
149. George Potter and Evelyn Simpson, eds., The sermons of John Donne (10 vols., Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1953–64).