Private conscience and public duty in the writings of Charles I

The Historical Journal

Volumn 40, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 643-665

  Sharpe, Kevin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 85010180115     PISSN: 0018246X     EISSN: 14695103     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0018246X97007188     Document Type: Article

References (207)

1. The workes of the most high and mighty Prince James (1616), dedication to Prince Charles; James I, A meditation upon the Lords Prayer (1619, STC 14384), sig. A4; J. Craigie, ed., The Basilikon Doron of James VI (2 vols., Scottish Text Society, Edinburgh, 1944–1950).
2. James I, A meditation upon the … XXVII chapter of St Matthew (1620, STC 14382), epistle dedicatory to Charles; Meditation upon the Lords Prayer.
3. James I, A remonstrance for the right of kings, in C. H. McIlwain, ed., The political works of James I (Cambridge, Mass., 1918), pp. 224ff.
4. e.g. McIlwain, Political works of James I, p. 307.
5. See R. Strong, Henry Prince of Wales and England's lost Renaissance (London, 1986), esp. ch. 2.
6. J. O. Halliwell, Letters of the kings of England (2 vols., London, 1848) 11, 122, 149, 158–9
7. G. P. V. Akrigg ed., Letters of King James VI and I (London, 1984), pp. 373–374, 376, 386–7.
8. J. Wormald, ‘King James VI and I: two kings or one?’, History, LXVIII (1983), 187–209.
9. Quoted in M. Lee, The road to revolution (Urbana, 1985), p. 6.
10. Halliwell, Letters of kings of England, 11, 122.
11. Workes of Prince James, p. 279
12. K. Sharpe, ‘ Private conscience and public duty in the writings of James VI and I’, in J. Morrill, P. Slack, and D. Woolf, eds., Public duty and private conscience in seventeenth-century England (Oxford, 1993), pp. 99–100.
13. The workes of the most high and mighty Prince James (1620) (Bodleian Lib. Vet A2 C17), dedication to Prince Charles. London, British Library, MS Add 24195
14. Commons debates 1621, ed. W. Notestein, F. H. Relf and H. Simpson (7 vols., New Haven, 1935), IV, 71.
15. Cf. The princely pelican (1649) and Effata regalia: aphorismes divine, moral, politick… of Charles I, (1661), with Flores Regii (1627)
16. B.A. King James his apothegmes or table talk (1643) and Regales aphorismi; or a royal chain of golden sentences (1650). See too Witty apothegmes delivered… by King James, King Charles (1658).
17. James I, Meditation upon St Matthew, epistle dedicatory.
18. Meditation upon St Matthew, epistle dedicatory.
19. F. Hargrave, A complete collection of state trials (11 vols., London, 1776–81), 1, 1042.
20. See J. Goldberg, Fames I and the politics of literature (Baltimore and London, 1983), plate, p. 92.
21. the politics of literature, plate p. 93.
22. Basilikon Doron, 1, 8.
23. Basilikon Doron, pp. 16, 24–52, 78, 80.
24. See C. Carlton, Charles I, The personal monarch (London, 1983), p. 10 and note.
25. Halliwell, Letters, 11, 417.
26. Halliwell, Letters, II, 384.
27. Basilikon Doron, 1, 54.
28. Basilikon Doron.
29. James I, Meditation upon St Matthew, epistle dedicatory.
30. Cobbett's parliamentary history of England (London, 1867), 11, 218.
31. Cobbett's parliamentary history of England.
32. K. Sharpe, The personal rule of Charles I (New Haven and London, 1992), pp. 194–195.
33. The workes of Charles I (2 vols., 1662), 1, 430.
34. Cobbett's parliamentary history, 11, 352.
35. James I, Meditation upon St Matthew, p. 124.
36. Cobbett's parliamentary history, 11, 1107.
37. Cobbett's parliamentary history, 11, 218.
38. Works of Charles I, 11, 98.
39. Eikon Basilike (London, 1876), p. 31
40. Basilikon Doron, 1, 206.
41. Basilikon Doron, 1, 68ff.
42. Basilikon Doron, I, 94–5
43. S. R. Gardiner, Constitutional documents of the puritan revolution (Oxford, 1906), pp. 99–103.
44. Sir Philip Warwick, Memoirs of the reign of King Charles I (1701), p. 113
45. Basilikon Doron, 1, 136.
46. Basilikon Doron, 1, 60.
47. Historical Manuscripts Commission, Salisbury XV, 302.
48. Basilikon Doron, 1, 34, 142–52
49. Meditation upon St Matthew, dedication.
50. Basilikon Doron, 1, 142, 144.
51. Basilikon Doron, 1, 134
52. Sharpe, Personal rule, pp. 172–173.
53. Basilikon Doron I, 102–104.
54. Basilikon Doron, 1, 160
55. J. F. Larkin, ed., Stuart royal proclamations: II, proclamations of King Charles, 1625–1646 (Oxford, 1983), p. 80
56. Public Record Office (PRO), LC5/180, p. 1.
57. Basilikon Doron, 1, 52.
58. K. Sharpe, ‘Private conscience and public duty’, pp. 87–89.
59. Basilikon Doron, 1, 15, 24. Charles paraphrased this adage in a margin note to his copy of Bacon's Advancement of learning (1640).
60. Basilikon Doron, 1, 104.
61. Basilikon Doron, 1, 42–44.
62. The princely pelican, p. 5.
63. Works of Charles I, 11, 326.
64. W. Bray ed., Memoirs illustrative of the life and writings of John Evelyn Esq. (London, 1818), pp. 84–85.
65. Eikon Basilike, p. 41.
66. L. J. Reeve, Charles I and the road to personal rule (Cambridge, 1989), pp. 3–4
67. passim; C. Russell, The causes of the English civil war (Oxford, 1990), ch. 8 and passim.
68. The causes of the English civil warThe causes of the English civil war, p. 16.
69. Eikon Basilike, pp. 25, 70.
70. Effata Regalia, p. 3.
71. Works of Charles I, p. 263.
72. Basilikon Doron, 1, 178–182.
73. Sharpe, ‘Private conscience and public duty’, pp. 99–100 and passim.
74. Halliwell, Letters of kings of England, 11, 321.
75. J. Bruce ed., Charles Iin 1646: Letters of King Charles I to Queen Henrietta Maria (Camden Society, 63, London, 1856), p. 22.
76. C. Petrie, ed., The letters, speeches and proclamations of King Charles I (London, 1935), p. 51.
77. Bray, Memoirs of Evelyn, p. 5.
78. Works of Charles I, 1, 376.
79. Cobbett's parliamentary history of England, III, 293
80. cf. James I's insistence that when he spoke the word of a king ‘you are bound to believe me’, McIlwain, ed., Political works of James I, p. 317.
81. Works of Charles I, 1, 397.
82. Basilikon Doron, 1, 182; Petrie, ed., Letters, speeches and proclamations of Charles I, p. 7.
83. Letters, speeches and proclamations of Charles, p. 106.
84. R. Sanderson, Dejuramento: seven lectures concerning the obligation of promisory oaths ‘revised and approved under his Majesty's own hand’ (1655), pp. 138–139.
85. Petrie, ed., Letters, speeches and proclamations of Charles I, p. 240.
86. Works of Charles I, 1, 325.
87. Basilikon Doron, 1, 182, 280
88. McIlwain, ed., Political works of James I, pp. 280, 307.
89. See Sharpe, ‘Private conscience and public duty’.
90. Sanderson, Dejuramento, pp. 198, 202.
91. Cobbett's parliamentary history, 11, 573.
92. parliamentary history, 11, 352.
93. Eikon Basilike (London, 1876), pp. 21–22.
94. Works of Charles I, 11, 334.
95. Eikon Basilike, p. 175.
96. Eikon Basilike, p. 106.
97. Eikon Basilike, p. 109.
98. Works of Charles I, 11, 77.
99. Works of Charles, II, 149, 159.
100. Eikon Basilike, p. 88.
101. Works of Charles I, 11, 107.
102. De juramento, p. 205; Effata regalia, p. 88.
103. See [W. Balcanquall], A large declaration concerning the late tumults in Scotland (Edinburgh, 1639).
104. Works of Charles I, 11, 136.
105. Works of Charles, 1, 293.
106. Cobbett's parliamentary history, 11, 218.
107. Works of Charles I, II, 616.
108. Eikon Basilike, p. 86.
109. Works of Charles I, 1, 174.
110. A form of common prayer together with an order of fasting (1625), sig. I2.
111. Eikon Basilike, p. 78.
112. Works of Charles I, 1, 243.
113. M. Pickel, Charles I as patron of poetry and drama (London, 1936), pp. 177–8, a poem ascribed to Charles I.
114. J. Bruce, ed., Charles I in 1646, p. 71.
115. Eikon Basilike, p. 29.
116. Dejuramento, p. 84.
117. Basilikon Doron, I, 44.
118. The princely pelican, p. 9.
119. Effata regalia, p. 38
120. Petrie, Letters, speeches and proclamations of Charles I, p. 120.
121. Sharpe, The personal rule of Charles I, p. 281.
122. Princely pelican, p. 10.
123. Eikon Basilike, p. 109
124. Effata regalia, p. 92.
125. Effata regalia, epistle dedicatory.
126. Sharpe, ‘Private conscience and public duty’, pp. 92–95.
127. Eikon Basilike, p. 113
128. Princely pelican, p. 19.
129. Workes of Charles I, section D IV.
130. Workes of Charles, 1, 196.
131. Larkin, ed., Stuart royal proclamations, 11, no. 19, pp. 46–48.
132. A form of prayer, preface.
133. A form of prayer, preface, sig. C3v and passim.
134. Larkin, ed., Stuart royal proclamations, II, no. 229, pp. 538–40
135. A form of common prayer together with an order for fasting (1636).
136. Larkin, ed., Stuart royal proclamations, p. 539.
137. Stuart royal proclamations, p. 540.
138. A form of common prayer to be used upon the solemn fast appointed by his majesty's proclamation (1643).
139. A collection of prayers and thanksgivings used in his majesty's chapel and his armies (1643)
140. A form of common prayer for blessing on the treaty now begun (1644).
141. Halliwell, Letters of kings of England, 11, 327.
142. Works of Charles I, 1, 387–388.
143. J. Hacket, Scrinia reserata: A memorial offer'd to the great deservings of John Williams (1693), p. 160.
144. Scrinia reserata: A memorial offer'd to the great deservings of John Williams, pp. 160–161.
145. Eikon Basilike, pp. 6, 10.
146. Works of Charles, I, 1, 196.
147. Halliwell, Letters of kings of England, 11, 422.
148. Bruce, Charles I in 1646, p. 19.
149. Halliwell, Letters of kings of England, 11, 430, 434.
150. Bruce, Charles I in 1646, p. xxvii.
151. C. Carlton, Charles I: the personal monarch (London, 1983), p. 289
152. D. Underdown, Pride's purge: politics in the puritan revolution (Oxford, 1971), p. 60.
153. Underdown, Pride's purge, p. 6off
154. passim; P. Crawford, ‘Charles Stuart, that man of blood’, Journal of British Studies, XVI (1973), 41–61.
155. Bruce, Charles I in 1646, p. xvii.
156. Journal of British Studies, p. 24; cf. p. 7.
157. Journal of British Studies, p. 21.
158. Eikon Basilike, p. 6.
159. Sanderson, De juramento, pp. 41–2, 84, 197, 234, 236 and passim.
160. Works of Charles I, 11, 616.
161. Works of Charles, 11, 629.
162. Works of Charles, 1, 349.
163. Works of Charles, 1, 442, 455.
164. His majesty's prayers which he used in his time of his sufferings (1649, E 1317 (2)), sig A4v.
165. E.R., The divine meditations and vows of his sacredmajesty in his solitude at Holmby House (1649, E56027), p. 7.
166. e.g. Halliwell, Letters of kings of England, 11, 361, 430, 432
167. Works of Charles I,1, 196
168. Hargrave, A complete collection of state trials, p. 1043
169. Eikon Basilike, pp. 6–10, 225–6.
170. E.R., Divine meditations of his majesty, preface to the reader.
171. See Eikon Basilike, p. 144
172. where Charles says of his enemies: ‘They have often indeed had the better against my side in the field, but never, I believe, at the bar of God's tribunal, or their own consciences.’
173. where Charles says of his enemies: ‘They have often indeed had the better against my side in the field, but never, I believe, at the bar of God's tribunal, or their own consciences.’, p. 6.
174. where Charles says of his enemies: ‘They have often indeed had the better against my side in the field, but never, I believe, at the bar of God's tribunal, or their own consciences.’, p. 25.
175. where Charles says of his enemies: ‘They have often indeed had the better against my side in the field, but never, I believe, at the bar of God's tribunal, or their own consciences.’, pp. 26, 88.
176. where Charles says of his enemies: ‘They have often indeed had the better against my side in the field, but never, I believe, at the bar of God's tribunal, or their own consciences.’, pp. 78, 86.
177. where Charles says of his enemies: ‘They have often indeed had the better against my side in the field, but never, I believe, at the bar of God's tribunal, or their own consciences.’, p. 98.
178. where Charles says of his enemies: ‘They have often indeed had the better against my side in the field, but never, I believe, at the bar of God's tribunal, or their own consciences.’, pp, 111, 144.
179. J. Milton, Eikonoklastes, ed. W. H. Haller in The works of John Milton, v (New York, 1932), 272.
180. The works of John Milton, p. 91.
181. The works of John Milton, p. 93.
182. The works of John Milton, p. 138.
183. The works of John Milton, p. 132.
184. The works of John Milton, p. 132.
185. The works of John Milton, pp. 176–177.
186. The works of John Milton, p. 181.
187. The works of John Milton, p. 272.
188. For a brilliant discussion of Eikonoklastes see S. Zwicker, Lines of authority: politics and English literary culture (Ithaca, 1993), ch. 2.
189. The princely pelican s royal resolves presented in sundry choice observations… (1649), p. 5.
190. The princely pelican s royal resolves presented in sundry choice observations, p. 9.
191. The princely pelican s royal resolves presented in sundry choice observations, pp. 10, 23.
192. Effata regalia, epistle dedicatory.
193. B. Worden, ‘Providence and politics in Cromwellian England’, Past & Present, cix (1985), 55–99, 59.
194. Past & Present, cix, passim.
195. Worden, ‘Providence’, pp. 87–88.
196. There is a vast contemporary pamphlet literature painting Cromwell as Machiavelli. See F.Raab, The English face of Machiavelli (London, 1964), ch. 5.
197. Worden, ‘Providence’, p. 85.
198. ‘Providence’, p. 98.
199. D. Woolf, ‘ Conscience, constancy and ambition in the career and writings of James Howell’ in Morrill, Slack and Woolf, eds., Public duty and private conscience, pp. 243–78
200. quotation p. 243.
201. quotation, p. 268.
202. T. Hobbes, Leviathan, ed. R. Tuck (Cambridge, 1991), p. 223 and ch. 29 passim.
203. Cf. M. McKeon, ‘Politics of discourses and the rise of the aesthetic in seventeenth-century England’, in K. Sharpe and S. Zwicker, eds., Politics of discourse (Berkeley and London, 1987), pp. 35–51.
204. S. Zwicker, Politics and language in Drydens poetry: the arts of disguise (Princeton, 1984).
205. For a brilliant discussion, see K.Thomas, ‘Cases of conscience in seventeenth-century England’ in Morrill, Slack and Woolf, eds., Public duty and private conscience, pp. 29–56. Keith Thomas's essay appeared after this essay was drafted but offers an excellent broader context for the shift I am arguing.
206. O.E.D., ‘Conscience’.
207. Cf. T. Corns, Uncloistered virtue: English political literature, 1640–60 (Oxford, 1992), p. 34.