Order and disorder in Europe: Parliamentary agents and royalist thugs 1649–1650

The Historical Journal

Volumn 40, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 953-976

  Peacey, Jason T ^a  

^a History of Parliament ^*  (United Kingdom)

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EID: 85010170744     PISSN: 0018246X     EISSN: 14695103     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0018246X9700753X     Document Type: Article

References (471)

1. B.L. Add 15856, fos. 22–22v, 26, 26v, 30, 31.
2. A. Marshall, Intelligence and espionage in the reign of Charles II, 1660–1685 (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 279–300.
3. M. Guizot, History of Oliver Cromwell and the English commonwealth (2 vols., London, 1854), 1, 198–302, 361–493, remains a useful introduction to the diplomacy of the period.
4. Marshall, Intelligence and espionage, pp. 283–284.
5. E. Peacock (ed.), Army lists (London, 1874)
6. B.L. Add 29974, fo. 369
7. W. C. Abbott, The writings and speeches of Oliver Cromwell (4 vols., Oxford, 1988), 1, 729, 731
8. Public Record Office (P.R.O.), SP 28/252i, fo. 59v
9. Commons Journals (CJ), in, 376, 543, 722
10. Calendar of state papers domestic (CSPD) 1644, pp. 261, 281, 368, 377, 386–7, 400–1
11. CSPD 1644–5, pp. 70, 105
12. Historical Manuscripts Commission (HMC), Thirteenth report, appendix I (London, 1891), p. 179.
13. Dorislaus' influence has been detected in the wording of the charge. The only reason for his not having spoken at the trial was Charles's refusal to recognize the jurisdiction of the court, and his refusal to answer the charge: P. A. Maccioni and M. Mostert, ‘ Isaac Dorislaus (1595–1649): The career of a Dutch scholar in England’, Transactions of the Cambridge Bibliographic Society, VIII (1984), 435–437.
14. Maccioni and Mostert, ‘Dorislaus’, pp. 419–33
15. R. A. Rebholz, The life of Fulke Greville,first Lord Brooke (Oxford, 1971), pp. 293–302
16. M. H. Curtis, ‘The alienated intellectuals of early Stuart England’, Past & Present, XXIII (1962), 25–43
17. Cambridge University Library (C.U.L.) Mm. 1.47, pp. 143–52
18. P.R.O. SP 16/86.87
19. SP 16/540.20
20. Bodleian Library (Bodl.) MS Tanner 71, fos. 3–4, 19–20, 24–5, 188
21. Bodl. MS Tanner 72, fos. 233–4, 248–51, 257–8, 284–5, 304
22. B.L. Add 29960, fo. 10
23. B.L. Add 5873, fo. IIIV
24. H.M.C, Twelfth report, appendix I (London, 1888), pp. 370, 377–8.
25. Warwickshire Record Office, CR 1886.
26. C. H. Firth (ed.), Clarkepapers (4 vols., Camden Society, 1894), 11, 41 - 2
27. Perfect Occurrences, no. 67(7- i4Apr. 1648), p. 482
28. Perfect Diurnall, no. 246 (10–17 Apr. 1648),p. 1983
29. Perfect Occurrences, no. 77 (16–23 June 1648), p. 562
30. Mercurius Pragmaticus, no. 15 (4,-11 July 1648)
31. P.R.O. SP 46/116/259.
32. For the background to Anglo-Dutch affairs during the revolutionary period, see: S. Groenveld, ‘The English Civil Wars as a cause of the first Anglo-Dutch war, 1640–1652’, Historical Journal, xxx (1987), 541–566.
33. O. Ogle and W. H. Bliss (eds.), Calendar of the Clarendon state papers, 1 (Oxford, 1872), 428
34. Calendar of State Papers Venetian (CSPV), 1647–52, p. 66
35. CSPD 164.Q-50, pp. 14, 47, 97, 99, 100, 103–5
36. Dictionary of National Biography (DNB)
37. W. D. Macray (ed.), Calendar of the Clarendon state papers, 11 (Oxford, 1869), 10
38. Groenveld, ‘English Civil Wars’, pp. 553–554.
39. E.J. Cowan, Montrose for covenant and king (London, 1977), pp. 266, 270–2
40. J. N. M. Maclean, ‘ Montrose's preparations for the invasion of Scotland, and royalist missions to Sweden, 1649–1651 ’, in R. Hatton and M. S. Anderson (eds.), Studies in diplomatic history (London, 1970), p. 7.
41. G. Wishart, The memoirs of James, marquis of Montrose (London, 1893), pp. 228–229.
42. Wishart, Montrose, pp. 505–6
43. Memorials of Montrose and his times (2 vols., Edinburgh, 1848–50), 11, 369.
44. Sir J. Balfour, The historical works (4 vols., London, 1825), in, 439–40
45. S. R. Gardiner (ed.), Letters and papers illustrating the relations between Charles II and Scotland in 1650 (Edinburgh, 1894), pp. 5–6.
46. Memorials of Montrose, n, 372.
47. H. Cary (ed.), Memorials of the great Civil War (2 vols., London, 1842), 11, 104–7
48. B.L. Add 4180, fo. 7V
49. G. F. Warner (ed.), The Nicholas papers (4 vols., Camden Society, 1886), 1, 135.
50. F. Peck, Desiderata curiosa (2 vols., London, 1779), 11, 422–3
51. H.M.C., Thirteenth report, appendix I, p. 513
52. Maccioni and Mostert, ‘Dorislaus’, pp. 439–40
53. B. Whitelocke, Memorials of the English affairs (4 vols., Oxford, 1853), in, 30.
54. Maccioni and Mostert, ‘Dorislaus’, pp. 462–470.
55. Peck, Desiderata, 11, 423
56. Edward Hyde, earl of Clarendon, The history of the great rebellion and Civil Wars in England (ed. W. D. Macray, 6 vols., Oxford, 1888), v, 24
57. Notes and Queries, 4th series, in (1869), 491–492.
58. E. Scott, The king in exile (London, 1905), pp. 96–7
59. C.U.L., Mm.1.46, p. 141
60. H.M.C., Thirteenth report, appendix I, p. 591
61. T. Carte (ed.), A collection of original letters andpapers concerning the affairs of England (2 vols., Dublin, 1759), 1, 292–3
62. Mercurius Politicus, no. 3 (20–27 June 1650), p. 34
63. Clarendon, History, V, 121
64. DNB (see David Whitford, Walter Whitford and Walter Whitford jr); Whitelocke, Memorials, in, 205; T. Birch (ed.), A collection of the state papers of John Thurloe (7 vols., London, 1742, hereafter Thurloe SP), V, 315
65. P. R. Newman, Royalist officers in England and Wales, 1642–1660 (London, 1981), p. 408.
66. DNB; Balfour, Historical works, III, 35, 152, 158
67. Cowan, Montrose, p. 283
68. M. Napier, Memoirs of Montrose (2 vols., Edinburgh, 1856), 11, 779
69. Memorials of Montrose, 11, 122, 124, 137, 233, 253, 254
70. Mercurius Politicus, no. 1 (6–13 June 1650), pp. 7, 15
71. B.L. Egerton 2542, fo. 45
72. Whitelocke, Memorials, in, 201.
73. A. M. Everitt, The community of Kent and the great rebellion, 1640–1660 (Leicester, 1966), p. 281
74. CSPD 1649–50, pp. 133, 155
75. The Venetian ambassador reported, in June 1649, that five suspects were apprehended on a ship from Holland, and imprisoned in Pendennis Castle; CSPV 1642–52, p. 107.
76. Whitelocke, Memorials, III, 34.
77. Cary, Memorials, 11, 131–3
78. Bodl. MS Tanner 56, fos. 38–38v.
79. J. Milton, Complete prose works (8 vols., New Haven, 1953–1982), v, 488
80. CSPD 1649–50, pp. 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143,: 53,: 59, 164–5, 171, 181, 183, 300, 313, 432
81. C.U.L. Mm.1.46, p. 161
82. Notes and Queries, 4th series, III (1869), 367–368.
83. For the funeral see: M.J. Seymour, ‘Pro-government propaganda in interregnum England, 1649–1660’ (unpublished Cambridge University PhD thesis, 1986), pp. 208–11
84. Maccioni and Mostert, ‘Dorislaus’, pp. 442–3
85. P.R.O. SP 25/62/275, 363, 371, 629, 432
86. SP 46/95 /130
87. A salt teare (London, 1649), Thomason Tracts, 669 f.14(43).
88. Dorislaus' children received pensions and employment: P.R.O. E 404/236 (unfol.)
89. B.L. Add 4197, fo. 107.
90. CSPD 1649–50, pp. 144–6
91. D. Nicholas, Mr Secretary Nicholas (London, 1955), p. 237
92. Carte, Original letters, 11, 291–292.
93. CSPV 1647–52, p. 100.
94. Macray, Calendar, 11, 14
95. B.L. Add 15856, fo. 19v
96. Thurloe SP, 1, 112–16, 123–5, 129
97. Maccioni and Mostert, ‘Dorislaus’, p. 440.
98. Thurloe SP, 1, 117–20
99. Cary, Memorials, 11, 203–10
100. Bodl, MS Tanner 56, fos. 157–58v
101. B.L. Add 37047, fo. 36.
102. H.M.C., Report on the manuscripts of the marquis of Ormonde, 11 (London, 1899), 93.
103. CSPD 1651, pp. 57–8
104. H.M.C., Thirteenth report, appendix I, pp. 558, 563
105. Peck, Desiderata, 11, 429
106. Thurloe SP, 1, 174
107. P.R.O. SP 46/96/197.
108. Perfect Diurnall, no. 71 (14–21 Apr. 1651), pp. 965–6, 975–6
109. no. 72 (21–28 Apr. 1651), p. 985
110. no. 74 (5–12 May 1651), p. 1015
111. Cary, Memorials, 11, 259–263.
112. An abortive attempt was made to capture Theodore Jennings, messenger of the council ofstate: Perfect Diurnall, no. 75 (1 2–19 May 1651), p. 1029.
113. There is a legend, possibly apocryphal, that Oliver St John met the duke of York in a park, and when he would not give way, the prince threw at him his hat and said ‘learn, parricide, to respect the brother of your king’. St John is supposed to have replied, ‘I scorn to acknowledge either you or him of whom you speak, but as a race of vagabonds’. Having drawn their swords the two were only prevented from fighting by their respective companions: Guizot, History, 1, 255.
114. P. Gregg, Free-born John (London, 1986), p. 312
115. CSPD 1656–7, p. 109
116. Dr Dorislaw's Ghost (London, 1652), Thomason Tracts, 669 f. 16(51).
117. CJ v, 427. Parker's career and the themes of this passage are explored in my Cambridge University PhD thesis: ‘Henry Parker and parliamentary propaganda during the English Civil Wars’ (1994).
118. Macray, Calendar, 11, 194.
119. CSPD 1640–50, pp. 34–35.
120. H.M.C., Report on the Pepys manuscripts (London, 1911), pp. 215–16, 218, 219, 221–2, 224–5, 259, 271, 283
121. DNB; Ogle and Bliss, 1, Calendar, 428–30, 435–6, 448–9
122. Warner, Nicholas papers, 1, 93, 97.
123. DNB;D. Laing(ed.), The letters andjournals of Robert Baillie (3 vols., Edinburgh, 1841),1, 191, 260, 383, 392
124. Balfour, Historical works, in, 63, 101, 103, 123–5
125. H.M.C., Fourth report (Nendeln, 1979), pp. 163–70
126. C. V. Wedgwood, The kings peace (London, 1966), pp. 417–24
127. Warner, Nicholas papers, 1, 56
128. Memorials of Montrose, 1, 302–6
129. H. F. Morland-Simpson, ‘ Civil War papers 1643–1650’, in Miscellany of the Scottish History Society, 1 (1893), 154–66
130. Ogle and Bliss, Calendar, 1, 320–52
131. Mercurius Britanicus, no. 97 (8–15 Sept. 1645), pp. 866–870.
132. Morland-Simpson, ‘Civil War papers’, pp. 167–8
133. H.M.C., Pepys, pp. 230, 284
134. Carte, Original letters, 1, 232
135. B.L. Add 70518, fos. 159, 161–2.
136. Morland-Simpson, ‘Civil War papers’, p. 169.
137. B.L. Add 70518, fos. 166–176.
138. Henry Parker to Lenthall, 23 Feb. 1649, Gentleman's Magazine, XXXV (Mar. 1765).
139. Parker's letter seems to have been read in parliament on 15 March, when money was ordered to be despatched to him: Perfect Diurnall, no. 294, p. 2377.
140. The council later asked Parker to obtain information regarding military preparations in Sweden and Denmark: CSPD 1649–50, p. 185.
141. H.M.C., Pepys, p. 273
142. W. E. Lingelbach, ‘The Merchant Adventurers at Hamburg’, American Historical Review, ix (1903–1904), 265–87. Most of the original records of the merchants were lost in Hamburg's great fire of 1848.
143. Gentleman's Magazine, XXXV (1765), 35
144. Perfect Diurnall, no. 296, p. 2352
145. Perfect Diurnall, no. 297, p. 2415.
146. The minister had apparently been vociferous in his sermons against the royalists: H. Hitzigrath, Die kompagnie der Merchant Adventurers und die Englische kirckengemeinde in Hamburg 1611–1835 (Hamburg, 1904), pp. 15–16.
147. CSPD 1649–50, pp. 48, 52, 62
148. CJ VI, 176
149. Milton, Complete prose works, V, 482.
150. H.M.C.,Thirteenth report, appendix II (London, 1893), pp. 26–7
151. Maclean, ‘Montrose's preparations’, p. 10
152. Wishart, Montrose, p. 258
153. B.L. Add 70518, fos. 163–63v.
154. ‘Sir John Cochrane's relation of the particulars that have occurred in his negotiations since his coming to Hamburg’, in Morland-Simpson, ‘Civil War papers’, pp. 175–7
155. Cowan, Montrose for covenant and king, p. 272.
156. ‘Cochrane's relation’, pp. 179–80
157. P.R.O. SP 82/7/126.
158. ‘Cochrane's relation’, p. 180.
159. ‘Cochrane's relation’. pp. 181–183.
160. Cochrane's relation
161. Sir William Strickland to Harrington: P.R.O. SP 82/7/1 29–30
162. Bodl. MS Tanner 56, fo. 68
163. Cary, Memorials, 11, 148–150.
164. P.R.O. SP 82/7/171.
165. Bodl. MS Tanner 56, fos. 82–83
166. Cary, Memorials, 11, 155–159.
167. Peacey, ‘Henry Parker’, ch. 3.
168. PerfectDiurnall, no. 315 (6–1 3 Aug. 1649), p. 2683.
169. The story appeared, in almost exactly the same format, in other newspapers: Kingdomes Faithful and Impartial Scout, no. 28 (3–10 Aug. 1649), p. 221
170. Moderate Messenger, no. 16 (6–13 Aug. 1649), p. 107.
171. P.R.O. SP 82/7/127
172. ‘Cochrane's relation’, pp. 181–3
173. Perfect Diurnall, no. 315, p. 2683.
174. CSPD 1649–50, pp. 221–2, 258, 261, 265, 269–70, 270–1, 496
175. P.R.O. SP 82/7/127, 139
176. CJ VI, 274
177. J. Milton, Letters of state (London, 1694), pp. 1–6
178. Milton, Complete prose works, V, 489–93
179. H.M.C., Sixth report (Nendeln, 1979), p. 427.
180. The council evidently wanted Lee to take over the job, but his excuse that politics involved ‘matters wherein I have never been versed’, taken upon the advice of Parker, who was' far better versed in all state affairs than myself, seems justified in the light of these events: CSPD 1649–50, pp. 100–1
181. P.R.O. SP 82/7/127, 142. Disaster almost struck again in the form of the planned appointment of William Northey, a barrister educated at Oxford, Leyden and the Middle Temple; but he was recognized as being ‘not well affected to our state’: J. Foster, Alumni Oxonienses (4 vols., Oxford, 1892), in, 1078
182. Register of admissions to the honourable society of the Middle Temple (3 vols., London, 1949), 1, 129
183. E. Peacock, English speaking students… at Leyden (London, 1883), p. 74
184. P.R.O. SP46/95/153v, 185–86v
185. SP 82/7/133, 135–7
186. B.L. Add 11049, fos. 105–27 (letters of William Northey and his brother Thomas, 1643–1645).
187. P.R.O. SP 46/95/185–86v
188. CSPD 1649–50, pp. 288, 297, 496
189. Milton, Complete prose works, V, 514–515.
190. ‘Cochrane's relation’, pp. 181–3, 184
191. P.R.O. SP 82/7/127.
192. Morland-Simpson, ‘Civil War papers’, p. 174
193. Maclean, ‘Montrose's preparations’, pp. 12–13
194. ‘Cochrane's relation’, p. 184.
195. Memorials of Montrose, 11, 392–3
196. Wishart, Montrose, pp. 258, 260, 507–8.
197. Maclean, ‘Montrose's preparations’, p. 14
198. Morland-Simpson, ‘Civil War papers’, pp. 187–191.
199. They left behind many influential Scotsmen in Hamburg: Wishart, Montrose, pp. 269–70
200. Sir J. Turner, Memoirs of his own life and times (Edinburgh, 1829), p. 91.
201. Memorials of Montrose, n, 417. There were claims that Cochrane absconded with the money he raised, but these were vigorously denied, and he and Montrose seem to have had great success: Morland-Simpson, ‘Civil War papers’, pp. 191–2, 193–21 2
202. H.M.C., Pepys, p. 288
203. ‘An account of Montrose's actions’, in Carte, Original letters, 1, 345- 351, 358–9
204. B.L. Add 12186, fos. 60–60v
205. B.L. Add 37047, fos. 126, 165, 173v
206. P.R.O. SP 84/159/19
207. H.M.C., Sixth report, p. 427
208. S. M. Ffarington (ed.), The Farington papers (Chetham Society, XXXIX, 1856), pp. 158–159.
209. Neither Cochrane nor Montrose managed to obtain money from Oldenberg: L. Miller, John Milton and the Oldenberg safeguard (New York, 1985), pp. 19, 48, 51
210. M. Hastings, Montrose (London, 1977), p. 327
211. R. Williams, Montrose, cavalier in mourning (London, 1975), p. 336.
212. Maclean claimed that ‘it later came to light that Cochrane and Ogilvie were in league to defraud the royalists of money and supplies’; Maclean, ‘Montrose's preparations’, p. 27.
213. Cochrane made some sort of peace with the Protectorate: CSPD 1651–2, pp. 152–153; CSPD 1653–4, p. 273
214. CSPD 1656–7, p. 82.
215. Bradshaw was still in Chester on 2 March: The Cheshire Sheaf, 1 (May 1878), pp. 17–18.
216. DNB; H.M.C., Eighth report (Nendeln, 1979), p. 365
217. CSPD 164Q-50, p. 143
218. B.L. Stowe 811, fo. 67
219. Farington papers, pp. 92, 157
220. Bodl. MS Tanner 56, fos. 80–8ov
221. A. M.Johnson, ‘Politics in Chester during the Civil Wars and the interregnum 1640–1662’, in P. Clark and P. Slack (eds.), Crisis and order in English towns 1500–1700 (London, 1972), pp. 216–29
222. P.R.O. SP 28/2521, fos. 32, 312v
223. CSPD 1649–50, pp. 498, 598, 1650, pp. 20–21, 40, 45, 67–9, 572
224. P.R.O. SP 21/29/196
225. CJ VI, 353
226. Milton, Letters, pp. 29–30.
227. He wrote to lord president Bradshaw that his plans to take with him Charles Herle (‘the ablest scholar in all these parts… He has a gallant pen, and able parts’) were shelved because of the latter's connections to the earl of Derby: CSPD 1649–50, p. 512.
228. Bodl. MS Tanner 56, fos. 82–83.
229. Thurloe SP, 1, 117, 119
230. Wishart, Memoirs, pp. 253–254.
231. CSPD 1649–50, p. 330
232. P.R.O. SP 82/7/147
233. Milton, Letters, pp. 6–9
234. P.R.O. SP 82/7/151, 158.
235. P.R.O. SP 82/7/169.
236. P.R.O. SP 82/7/184, 207v
237. H.M.C., Sixth report, pp. 431–432.
238. H.M.C., Sixth report, pp. 427–428.
239. P.R.O. SP 82/7/197
240. Faringtonpapers, pp. 156–157.
241. Farington papers, pp. 160–3
242. H.M.C., Sixth report, p. 428
243. P.R.O. SP 82/7/214. For similar complaints see P.R.O. SP 82/7/220–1, 222
244. H.M.C., Sixth report, pp. 428–432.
245. CSPD 1650, p. 562
246. H.M.C., Sixth report, p. 433.
247. Farington papers, pp. 163–165.
248. H.M.C., Sixth report, pp. 433–44
249. CSPD 1650, pp. 419, 598,1651, pp. 162, 201, 266, 294, 296, 452, 497, 500
250. Milton, Letters, p. 41.
251. Bradshaw spent the winter of 1651–2 in London and Chester, but returned to Hamburg at the request of the merchants in the spring of 1652, from where he progressed on official business to Denmark. There he seems to have faced renewed hostility, with plots against his person, and attacks upon his entourage. He left Denmark without success in February 1653: Farington papers, pp. 169–72
252. Miller, Milton, pp. 134, 152, 156, 158, 164, 169–70, 201, 211
253. Warner, Nicholas papers, 1, 320–1
254. Peck, Desiderata, 11, 485–90
255. CSPV1653–4, p. 21.
256. J. Milton, Complete prose works (New Haven, 1966), IV, 647
257. CJ VI, 216
258. LJ VIIII, 446
259. CSPD 1649–50, p. 483
260. CSPD 1649–50, p. 288
261. P.R.O. SP 46/95/185–86v
262. Milton, Complete prose works, V, 507–510.
263. P.R.O. SP 94/43/19.
264. Milton, Letters, pp. 10–13
265. CSPD 1649–50, pp. 482, 488, 598
266. P.R.O. SP 21/29/194
267. C.U.L. Mm.1.46, p. 140
268. H.M.C., Thirteenth report, appendix I, p. 518
269. CJ w, 353.
270. CSPD 1649–50, pp. 489, 492, 494, 496, 498, 502, 569, 598
271. P.R.O. SP 21/29/195
272. CJ VI, 356
273. P.R.O. SP 94/43/69
274. Guizot, History, 1, 202, 361–2.
275. P.R.O. SP 94/43/25
276. The process and pleadings in the court of Spain upon the death of Anthony Ascham (London, 1651, reprinted in Harleian Miscellany, vi, London, 1810), p. 238.
277. It was said that Ascham suffered ‘a great pain of cholic, with a callenture and vomiting’: Thurloe SP, 1, 149–151.
278. Medina wrote to the king on 27 March: Process and pleadings, p. 238.
279. P.R.O. SP 94/43/27
280. H.M.C., Thirteenth report, appendix I, p. 521
281. C.U.L. Mm.1.46, p. 149.
282. P.R.O. SP 94/43/29, 31–2, 70
283. CSPV1642–52, p. 145
284. CJ VI, 407
285. CSPD 1650, pp. 136, 576
286. Process and pleadings, p.238.
287. M. Gonzalez-Arnao, ‘El embajador de Cromwell asesinado en Madrid’, Historia 16, lxxxii (1983), 32, claims that Ascham was treated with a great deal of respect upon his arrival.
288. P.R.O. SP 94/43 /70v
289. CSPV 1647–52, pp. 146–7
290. Process and pleadings, p. 238.
291. He was escorted by Moreda, three captains, an ensign, and a sergeant-major: Gonzalez-Arnao, ‘El embajador’, p. 32.
292. For their Madrid embassy see: Bodl. MS Rawlinson C 726
293. R. Ollard, Clarendon and his friends (Oxford, 1988), pp. 134–40
294. M.J. Havran, Caroline courtier. The life of lord Cottington (London, 1973), pp. 164–181.
295. Other courtiers in Madrid included Sir Richard Fanshawe and Lord Goring: B. Marshall (ed.), Memoirs of Lady Fanshawe (London, 1905), pp. 95–101.
296. Macray, Calendar, 11, 13
297. State papers collected by Edward, earl ofClarendon (3 vols., Oxford, 1773, hereafter Clarendon state papers), 11, 481
298. B.L. Add 15856, fos. 20–20v
299. Ogle and Bliss, Calendar, 1, 465
300. B.L. Add 18982, fos. 177–178.
301. Sir Richard Browne commented on the offers of help from Spain soon after the ambassadors' arrival, and of talks regarding a treaty between the two crowns: B.L. Add 1 2186, fos. 67v, 71.
302. Clarendon state papers, 11, 502, 504–6, 507
303. Macray, Calendar, 11, 35
304. Cottington to Edward Proger, in S. H. A. Hervey, ‘Edward Proger’, West Stow parish registers (Woodbridge, 1903), p. 194
305. in H.M.C., Tenth report, appendix IV (London, 1885), pp. 146–149.
306. For the ambassadors' message to Philip, which mentioned Ascham's arrival, and the cool response of the Spanish, see Guizot, History, 1, 421–425.
307. Don Luis was attempting to treat with Mazarin at this time: B.L. Add 12186, fo. 121v.
308. Cottington and Hyde sought a Franco-Spanish alliance, but the Spanish suspected that the ambassadors were merely agents of the cardinal. The French, meanwhile, were playing the typical ‘waiting game’ regarding England, and were watching Spain anxiously. As we might expect, French attitudes towards England began to alter in late 1650: P. A. Knachel, England and the Fronde (New York, 1967), pp. 120, 133–4, 146, 148, 219–21
309. Guizot, History, 1, 401, 408- 11.
310. B.L. Egerton 2534, fo. 16.
311. H.M.C., Tenth report, appendix IV, pp. 146–9
312. Macray, Calendar, 11, 44, 54, 55, 60, 61
313. Ogle and Bliss, Calendar, 1, 463
314. Bodl. MS Rawlinson C 726, fos. 86v-87v
315. Bodl. MS Clarendon 39, fo. 216
316. CSPV1647–52, p. 143
317. Warner, Nicholas papers, 1, 172
318. Gonzalez-Arnao, ‘El embajador’, p. 32.
319. T. B, Extraordinary Newes from the Court of Spain (London, 1650), pp. 12–13.
320. Process and pleadings, p. 239
321. CSPV164.J-52, pp. 147–8
322. Mercurius Politicus, no. 2 (13–20 June 1650), pp. 32–33.
323. Thurloe SP, 1, 149–51, 202–4
324. Mercurius Politicus, no. 2 (13–2oJune 1650), pp. 32–3
325. Macray, Calendar, 11, 65–66
326. Clarendon state papers, 11, 542–3
327. P.R.O. SP 94/43/35–37v
328. Process and pleadings, p. 239.
329. Ascham's secretary Fisher, himself the son of a former resident in Madrid, sought the help of Lawrence Chambers and William Marston, who offered a far more sumptuous residence: Gonzalez-Arnao, ‘ El embajador’, pp. 32–33.
330. It was claimed by some that the murderers spoke with Riva on the morning of the attack: Process and pleadings, p. 244.
331. Peck, Desiderata, 11, 456–7
332. P.R.O. SP 94/43/71
333. Thurloe SP, 1, 149–51
334. Gonzalez-Arnao, ‘El ambajador’, pp. 34–5
335. Whitelocke, Memorials, in, 204. For the account in the journal of Hyde's secretary, see Bodl. MS Clarendon 137, fos. 26v-27.
336. Bodl. MS Clarendon 137, fo. 27.
337. Peck, Desiderata, 11, 456–7
338. CSPV1647–52, pp. 147–8
339. P.R.O. SP 94/43/73
340. Abbott, Cromwell, III, 203
341. Macray, Calendar, 11, 63, 114.
342. Sparke, the only protestant among the prisoners, had written Nudae veritatis confidentia in se defendendo, in defence of his case, and claimed that some official conspiracy ensured that he alone was executed: Gonzalez-Arnao, ‘El embajador’, p. 38. He also wrote a desperate letter from Madrid in March 1653
343. S.H.A. Hervey, ‘The Proger brothers’, in West Stow parish registers (Woodbridge, 1903), p. 228.
344. G. Smith, ‘The royalists in exile 1640–1660’ (unpublished Melbourne University PhD thesis, 1991), p. 78
345. Newman, Royalist officers, p. 173
346. D. Underdown, Royalist conspiracy in England (New Haven, 1960), p. 148.
347. Newman, Royalist officers, p. 174
348. F.J. Routledge (ed.), Calendar of Clarendon state papers, vol. 5 (Oxford, 1970), passim
349. Underdown, Royalist conspiracy, pp. 65, 132–3, 170–3
350. E. Scott, The travels of the king (London, 1907), pp. 66–8, 125, 129–37
351. W. D. Macray (ed.), Calendar ofClarendon state papers, in (Oxford, 1876), 16, 41, 44, 49, 58–9, 68, 74, 87, 115, 414
352. B.L. Egerton 2542, fo. 138.
353. Thurloe SP, III, 458, 532, iv, 122
354. CSPD 1655, p. 390
355. Macray, Calendar, III, 29, 65
356. Smith, ‘Royalists in exile’, pp. 78–79.
357. Bodl. MS Clarendon 137, fos. 20v, 21 v.
358. Peck, Desiderata, 11, 456–7
359. P.R.O. SP 94/43/71
360. CSPV 164.J-52, pp. 147–8
361. Clarendon, History, v, 136–9. References to ‘ Progers’ abound in royalist papers, although at least some of these refer to Arthur Progers (servant to Sir Henry Bruce, gentleman of Charles I's privy chamber); to Edward Progers; and to James Progers: H.M.C., Fifth report (Nendeln, 1979), p. 351
362. Ogle and Bliss, Calendar, 1, 314–15
363. B.L. Add 37047, fo. 6
364. Clarendon state papers, 11, 510
365. Macray, Calendar, 11, 15, 45, 50, 69, 77, 85, 98, 142, 258, 317, 386
366. Warner, Nicholas papers, 1, 206–7, 296
367. The Genealogists, n.s. XXV (1909), 243.
368. Most of the Progers family were courtiers. James Progers had been governor of Abergavenny, and joined Cottington and Hyde in Madrid. Henry seems to have rejoined the court, became an equerry, was knighted in 1684, and became sergeant porter to the king. He died in 1687: Hervey, ‘ Proger brothers’, pp. 223–30
369. Thurloe SP, III, 458.
370. Thurloe SP, I, 149–151.
371. B.D. Henning, The house of commons 1660–1690 (3 vols., London, 1983), in, 293–4
372. Hervey, ‘Edward Proger’, pp. 191–222
373. The European Magazine (May 1798), pp. 297–299; (June: 1798), pp. 372–4; (July 1798), pp. 16–17; (Sept. 1798), p. 169
374. H.M.C., Tenth report, appendix IV, pp. 146–9.I am grateful to Mr Nigel Arnold-Forster for providing not merely information regarding Progers, but copies of manuscripts in his possession.
375. Smith, ‘Royalists in exile’, pp. 156–63
376. B.L. Harl. 6804, fo. 254.
377. Macray, Calendar, 11, 63
378. CSPV 1647–52, pp. 147–8
379. P.R.O. SP 94/43/71v.
380. Macray, Calendar, n, 64
381. Clarendon state papers, 11, 542–3
382. Clarendon, History, V, 136–139.
383. Hervey, ‘Edward Progers’, p. 197
384. Bodl. MS Rawlinson C 726, fos. 86v-87v.
385. Process and pleadings, p. 244
386. Gonzalez-Arnao, ‘El embajador’, p. 34.
387. Bodl. MS Clarendon 137, fo. 26v.
388. Macray, Calendar, 11, 63–64
389. Clarendon state papers, 11, appendix, pp. LXVI-LXIX
390. Clarendon, History, V, 136–139.
391. Clarendon, History, V, 136–139.
392. Clarendon state papers, 11, 502
393. Clarendon, History, V, 136–9
394. CSPV 164.J-52, pp. 148–9
395. Thurloe SP, 1, 152
396. R.A. Stradling, Philip IV and the government of Spain 1621–1665 (Cambridge, 1988), pp. 170, 246–68
397. J. H. Elliott, Imperial Spain 1469–1716 (London, 1963), pp. 346–7
398. Gonzalez-Arnao, ‘El embajador’, p. 35
399. Bodl. MS Clarendon 137, fo. 29.
400. Bodl. MS Rawlinson C 726.
401. Macray, Calendar, 11, 64–66
402. Clarendon state papers, 11, 543–544.
403. Bodl. MS Clarendon 137, fo. 28.
404. Macray, Calendar, 11, 65–66
405. Clarendon state papers, 11, 542–3
406. P.R.O. SP 94/43/76
407. CSPV 1647–52, p. 149
408. Process and pleadings, p. 245.
409. Macray, Calendar, 11, 67, 77, 84, 98, 114
410. Clarendon state papers, III, 23–4
411. CSPV 1647–52, p. 171.
412. Macray, Calendar, 11, 103.
413. Bodl. MS Clarendon 46, fo. 6.
414. Mercurius Politicus, no. 3 (20–27 June 1650), p. 37
415. M. Nedham, A true account of the late bloody and inhumane conspiracy (London, 1654), p. 19
416. CSPV1647–52, p. 149
417. CSPD 1650, p. 209
418. Thurloe SP, 1, 148–9, 152–3
419. CJ vi, 428.
420. CSPD 1650, pp. 218, 220
421. Milton, Letters, pp. 19–22, 32–3
422. Milton, Complete prose works, V, 523–4
423. CJ VI, 434
424. Gonzalez-Arnao, ‘El embajador’, p. 36.
425. Mercurius Politicus, no. 3 (20–27 June 1650), p. 38
426. Clarendon state papers, 11, 542–3
427. Mercurius Politicus, no. 6 (11–18 July 1650), p. 84
428. CSPV 1647–52, p. 155.
429. CSPD 1650, p. 387; Process and pleadings.
430. CSPD 1650, p. 253
431. Thurloe SP, 1, 157
432. CSPV 1647–52, pp. 147–8
433. Clarendon, History, v, 136–9. For Cardenas, see A. J. Loomie, ‘ Alonso de Cardenas and the Long Parliament 1640–1648’, English Historical Review, xcvii (1982), 289–307.
434. CSPD 1650, pp. 287–288.
435. CSPV 1647–52, pp. 158, 163–4
436. R.Brenner, Merchants and revolution (Cambridge, 1993), p. 581
437. Stradling, Philip IV, pp. 349–51
438. R. A. Stradling, ‘A Spanish statesman of appeasement: Medina de las Torres and Spanish policy, 1639–1670’, Historical Journal, xix (1976), 13–14
439. Gonzalez-Arnao, ‘El embajador’, pp. 36–8
440. Knachel, Fronde, p. 221.
441. Hyde told Nicholas that Cottington was ‘more contemned and hated here than Nicholas can imagine’: Macray, Calendar, 11, 88.
442. The ambassadors' departure from Madrid seems to have been somewhat hurried, and the two men appear more than a little disgruntled: B.L. Add 12186, fos. 221, 241v, 249
443. Bodl. MS Clarendon 41, fos. 97, 125. Sir Richard Browne noted that the attitude of the French changed at precisely this time, and in the light of the possibility of an Anglo-Spanish détente, which ‘gives them here great jealousies, and constraines them to proceed very tenderly with those powerfull rebbells’: B.L. Add 12186, fo. 209. The Spanish thought ‘it would be inexpedient to make any formal declaration … until it is known with greater certainty what course things will take’, and that Spain should act ‘without any fixed principle’. They thought Cottington's arrival would be an ‘inconvenience’, and tried to prevent his journey: Guizot, History, 1, 371–378, 384–94, 398, 404–5, 420, 427–8.
444. P.R.O. SP 94/43/41–3
445. Thurloe SP, 1, 154–5
446. Macray, Calendar, 11, 103–104.
447. P.R.O. SP 94/43/41–3
448. CSPV 164.J-52, p. 157
449. CSPD 1650, pp. 400, 439
450. H.M.C., Thirteenth report, appendix I, pp. 544, 547
451. C.U.L. Mm. 1.46, pp. 150–2
452. Peck, Desiderata, 11, 456–457.
453. P.R.O. SP 94/43/65–7, 69–82
454. CSPD 1651, pp. 6, 7, 19, 260, 305, 447, 484, 1651–2, pp. 95, 145, 486
455. H.M.C., Thirteenth report, appendix I, pp. 553–4
456. H.M.C., Seventh report (Nendeln, 1979), p. 76
457. CSPV 1647–52, pp. 170,: 74–5, l83, 186, 191
458. Macray, Calendar, 11, 103
459. Thurloe SP, 1, 189.
460. Stradling, Philip IV, pp. 349–50
461. Guizot, History, 1, 363–367. Pressure to punish the murderers came from Alonso de Cardenas in London, who was a friend of the new regime, and who felt little for Charles I or his son, from the duke of Medina, and from the fear that lack of punishment would prevent them from hindering an Anglo-Dutch alliance: Guizot, History, 1, 362–3, 368–9, 427–8, 466–71.
462. Stradling, Philip IV, pp. 254–7, 259, 262–3, 349–51
463. Stradling, ‘Spanish statesman’, pp. 1- 31.
464. It is interesting that Haro's spending spree on items from Charles I's private art collection was halted with the recognition of the new regime: J. A. Loomie, ‘New light on the Spanish ambassador's purchases from Charles I's collection, 1649–1653’, Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, lii (1989), 257–267.
465. P.R.O. SP 94/43/105, 111 v
466. CSPD 1651, p. 505, 1651–2, pp. 41, 93, 107, 314
467. CJ VII, 146
468. Abbott, Cromwell, III, 878–91
469. Gonzalez-Arnao, ‘El embajador’, pp. 39–40.
470. As late as April 1651 Sir Richard Browne reported that Westminster was threatening that unless the murderers were executed peace between the two nations could not be ensured: B.L. Add 12186, fo. 248.
471. This may in part have been prolonged by the false reports reaching the continent from Britain, which initially convinced the exiles that Cromwell was suffering militarily in both Ireland and Scotland. See for example Sir Richard Browne's comments: B.L. Add 12186, fos. 71–72v, 77.