Church or protestant sect? The church of Ireland, high churchmanship, and the oxford movement, 1822–1869

The Historical Journal

Volumn 41, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 457-493

  Nockles, Peter ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 85010160443     PISSN: 0018246X     EISSN: 14695103     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0018246X98007821     Document Type: Article

References (287)

1. P. B. Nockles, The Oxford Movement in context: Anglican high churchmanship, 1760–1857 (Cambridge, 1994).
2. See R. Strong, Alexander Forbes of Brechin: the first Tractarian bishop (Oxford, 1995)
3. P. B. Nockles, ‘ “Our brethren of the north”: the Oxford Movement & the Scottish episcopal church’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History (JEH), 47 (1996), pp. 1–28.
4. For examples of this historical assessment, see Recollections of the Irish Church (London, 1877), p. 188
5. J. T. Ball, The reformed Church of Ireland, 1537–1886 (London, 1886), p. 253
6. D. H. Akenson, The Church of Ireland, ecclesiastical reform and revolution, 1800–1885 (London, 1971), pp. 207–8
7. R. B. McDowell, The Church of Ireland, 1869–1969 (London, 1975)
8. D. Bowen, The Protestant crusade in Ireland, 1800–70 (Dublin, 1978). For contemporary views, see n. 16.
9. See A. Cooper, ‘Ireland, and the Oxford Movement’, Journal of Religious History, 19 (1995), pp. 62–74.
10. F. R. Bolton, The Caroline tradition of the Church of Ireland with particular reference to Bishop Jeremy Taylor (London, 1958), p. 1.
11. J. Stock, A reply to the Rev. Dr. Campbell's ‘Vindication of the principles and character of the Presbyterians of Ireland’ (Dublin, 1787), pp. 36–37.
12. See P. Kilroy, Protestant Dissent and controversy in Ireland, 1660–1714 (Cork, 1994), ch. 3.
13. See S. Burdy, The life of the late Philip Skelton, with some curious anecdotes (Dublin, 1792).
14. A. Ford, ‘The Church of Ireland, 1558–1634: a puritan church?’, in A. Ford, J. McGuire, and K. Milne, eds., As by law established: the Church of Ireland since the Reformation (Dublin, 1995), pp. 52–68. Nineteenth-century high churchmen admitted the Calvinist and ‘puritan’ ascendancy in the Elizabethan and Jacobean Church of Ireland.
15. See C. Wordsworth, The history of the Church of Ireland in eight sermons, Sermon VIII, ‘On the Church of Ireland as a national religious establishment’ [1866] (London, 1869).
16. Recent scholarship has demonstrated the extent to which the English imposition of Laudian or ‘Caroline ’ ideals on the Calvinist Irish church of Archbishop Ussher represented an erosion of local Irish custom and autonomy. See A. L. Capern, ‘The Caroline church: James Ussher and the Irish dimension’, Historical Journal, 39 (1996), pp. 57–85.
17. For sympathetic reappraisals of the religious character of the eighteenth-century Church of Ireland, see S. J. Connolly, ‘Reformers and highflyers: the post-Revolution church’, and D. Hayton ‘Did Protestantism fail in early eighteenth century Ireland? Charity schools and the enterprise of religious and social reformation, c. 1690–1730’, in Ford, McGuire, and Milne, eds., As by law established, pp. 152–186.
18. Moreover, the decay of Anglican confessionalism in Hanoverian Ireland was offset by the continuing vitality of a Protestant confessionalism which rested on the cultivation of a united front against Rome. See C. D. A. Leighton, Catholicism in a Protestant kingdom: a study of the Irish Ancien Régime (London, 1994), ch. 3.
19. J. Jebb (senior) to Hornby, 8 Nov. 1831, C. Forster, The life of John Jebb D.D. (London, 1837), p. 703.
20. For example, see K. Milne, ‘Principle or pragmatism: Archbishop Brodrick and church education policy’, in Ford, McGuire, and Milne, eds., As by law established, pp. 187–194.
21. Bowen, Protestant crusade in Ireland, especially ch. 5
22. J. Wolffe, The Protestant crusade in Great Britain, 1829–1860 (Oxford, 1991), ch. 2.
23. On reasons for the ‘failure’ of the Irish Reformation, see A. Clarke, ‘Varieties of uniformity: the first century of the Church of Ireland’, in W. J. Shiels and D. Wood, eds., Studies in Church History, xxv (Oxford, 1989), pp. 105–122.
24. ‘Charges of the archbishops of Dublin and Cashel’, British Critic, new ser., 2 (July 1827), p. 1
25. ‘The Irish Reformation’, British Critic, 3 (Jan. 1828), pp. 1–55.
26. The high churchman, Charles Blomfield, bishop of Chester, warmly supported the work of Protestant conversion and ‘ beginning of reformation’ in Ireland at this date. Trinity College, Dublin (TCD), Jebb papers, MS 6396, no. 278, Blomfield to J. Jebb (senior), 27 Mar. 1827. On the Irish political context for the revival of anti-Catholicism among Anglican high churchmen after 1798, see J.J. Sack, From Jacobite to Conservative: reaction and orthodoxy in Britain, c. 1760–1832 (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 240–243.
27. G. O. Simms, ‘James Henthorn Todd (1805–69)’, Hermathena, no. 160 (1969), pp. 1–20.
28. J. A. Froude, Short studies on great subjects (London, 1883, 4th ser.), p. 207.
29. S. Butcher, The conservative character of the English Reformation, viewed with reference to the present state of the church. A sermon preached in Christ Church cathedral, Dublin, on Sunday February 16, 1862, on the occasion of the consecration of the Rt. Rev. John, Lord Bishop of Cork, Cloyne and Ross (Dublin, 1862), p. 28
30. E. Knox, A Charge delivered at the annual visitation held in Limerick, 30 August, and in Kilkenny, September 1842 (Limerick, 1843), p. 17.
31. Irish Anglican Evangelicals made the point still more forcefully. See J. H. Singer, A charge delivered to the clergy of the diocese of Meath, at his primary visitation, in September 1854 (Dublin, 1854), p. 11. See also n. 138.
32. Bowen, Protestant crusade in Ireland, p. 62.
33. St Columba's College (SCC), Founders MSS, III, no. 72, Nixon to Adare, 6 Dec. 1840.
34. H. Uhden, The Anglican church in the nineteenth century: indicating her relative position to Dissent in every form, and presenting a clear and unprejudiced view of Puseyism and orthodoxy. Translated from the German…by W. C. Humphreys (London, 1844), p. 105.
35. See W. Phelan, The bible not the Bible Society (Dublin, 1817)
36. A. O'Callaghan, The Bible Society against the church and state, and the primitive Christians (London, 1817)
37. J. E. Jackson, Reasons for withdrawing from the Hibernian Bible Society (Dublin, 1822).
38. W. M'Ghee, The bible, the rights of conscience, and the established church vindicated: being an answer to the Rev. William Phelan (Dublin, 1817), pp. 54–56.
39. S. Madden, Memoir of the life of the late Rev. Peter Roe, A.M. rector of Odogh, and minister of St. Mary 's, Kilkenny (Dublin, 1842), p. 264. The author maintained (p. 266) that Irish Anglican Evangelicals had since the appearance of Roe's work learned to take the ‘higher ground’ of the primitive and scriptural basis of the divine authority of ministerial orders. For other evidence of this trend, see Lambeth Palace Library (LPL), Golightly papers, MS 1808, fo. 92, Miller to Golightly, 1 2 Mar. 1841; fo. 126, Miller to Golightly, 17 Feb. 1842.
40. Christian Examiner, new ser. 1 (Jan. 1840), p. 2. Another Irish Anglican observer commented in 1842: ‘Church feeling is rapidly on the increase here and many who a very few years ago would have rejected any bona fide superintendence of the Bishops would be far from making the slightest objection to it now.’ Bodleian Library (Bodl. Lib.), MS Eng Misc. e. 117, fo. 153, Crosthwaite to Gladstone, 20 Nov. [1842].
41. Bolton, Caroline tradition, p. xiii.
42. B. W. Mathias, An inquiry into the doctrines of the Reformation, and of the United Church of England and Ireland, respecting the ruin and recovery of mankind (Dublin, 1817).
43. Ford, ‘Church of Ireland, 1558–1634’, pp. 52–53.
44. W. Eames, An apology for the United Church of England and Ireland or, a vindication of the doctrines of the established church, from the Calvinistic sense ascribed to them (Dublin, 1817).
45. See also R. Mant, The history of the Church of Ireland (2 vols., London, 1840), I, p. 387.
46. W. Hales, An essay on the origin and purity of the primitive church of the British Isles, and its independence upon the Church of Rome (London, 1819).
47. Examples of the genre include: H. Newland, An apology for the established church in Ireland (Dublin, 1829)
48. R. Mant, Episcopal jurisdiction asserted (Dublin, 1834)
49. A. Boyd, Episcopacy, ordination, lay-eldership and liturgies (Dublin, 1839).
50. J. Phelan, The Catholic doctrine of Tradition, as opposedto that of the Church of Rome (Dublin, 1829)
51. J. E.Jackson, The two main questions in controversy between the churches of England and Rome (Dublin, 1825).
52. For a classic statement of the Irish high church case against papal supremacy, see W. Hales, A survey of the modern state of the Church of Rome, with additional observations on the doctrine of the pope's supremacy (Dublin, 1788).
53. Christian Examiner, 4 (1840), pp. 103–104; ll7–22.
54. See also E. Nangle, The ancient Catholic church defended against Romish novelties (Dublin, 1834), pp. 3–98
55. C. Elizabeth, Letters from Ireland, 1837 (London, 1838), p. 112
56. R. Murray, The church of St John in Ireland. A tract for the times (London, 1841)
57. W. P. Walsh, St Patrick and the Holy Catholic church in Ireland (3rd edn, Dublin, 1854).
58. For an Irish high church variant of the genre, see Hales, An essay on the origin andpurity of the primitive church of the British Isles.
59. Christian Examiner, 15 (Sept. 1851), p. 127.
60. Edward Hoare, dean of Anchory and chaplain to the lord lieutenant of Ireland, warned that a too great emphasis on the antiquity and original independence of the Irish church would only play into the hands of Romanists: ‘you hereby sanction the principle of referring to antiquity as a test of truth, thereby confirming him in his attachment to the church of Rome, which he can easily prove to be the more ancient, if he confine the research backwards to a thousand years, with which most antiquarians would be satisfied’. E. N. Hoare, The tendency of the principles advocated in the ‘Tracts for the times’ considered in five letters addressed to a candidate for holy orders (London, 1841), pp. 40–41.
61. The post-Emancipation era spelt the end of a period of interaction between Irish Anglican Evangelical and high churchmen. See T. C. F. Stunt, ‘Evangelical cross-currents in the Church of Ireland, 1820–1833’, Studies in Church History, 25 (1989), pp. 215–221.
62. TCD, Todd papers, MS 2214, no. 91, Elrington, n.d. [c. 1831].
63. See W. Magee, A charge delivered at his triennial and metropolitical visitation, in St Patrick's cathedral, Dublin, on Tuesday 10 October 1826 (Dublin, 1827), p. 38
64. R. Mant, Letter to Lord Melbourne on whether the Church of Rome agrees with the Church of England in all the fundamentals of Christianity (London, 1836).
65. Mant's work was an answer to Melbourne's latitudinarian suggestion that because the two churches were so similar, Protestant church missionaries should not be sent among Irish Roman Catholics. The Melbourne administration even tried to suppress a leading organ of the Protestant missionaries, The Achill Herald. ‘The Reformation in Ireland-Irish Church missions’, English Review, 16 (1852), p. 363.
66. L. Allen, John Henry Newman and the Abbé Jager: a controversy on Scripture and Tradition (1834–1836) (London, 1975), p. 5.
67. Hornby to Newman, 31 Mar. 1840, Letters and diaries of John Henry Newman (LDN), ed. G. Tracey, VII (Oxford, 1995), p. 288.
68. Irish Ecclesiastical Journal, 3 (Oct. 1842), p. 43.
69. Y. Brilioth, The Anglican revival: studies in the Oxford Movement (London, 1925), ch. 14.
70. G. T. Stokes, ‘Alexander Knox and the Oxford Movement’, Contemporary Review, 3 (1887), pp. 184–205.
71. H. P. Liddon, Life of Edward Bouverie Pusey (4 vols., London, 1894), 1, pp. 260–262.
72. Cited in D. Newsome, The parting of friends: a study of the Wilberforces and Henry Manning (London, 1966), p. 197.
73. However, for Newman's qualified appreciation of Knox, see British Critic, 25 (Apr. 1839), pp. 400–2
74. Newman to Hornby, [5 Apr. 1840], (LDN), VII, pp. 288–290.
75. [W. Copeland], MS ‘Narrative of the Oxford Movement’ [ed. W. Borlase, 1881], n.p.; Bodl. Lib., MS Eng Misc. d. 134, fo. 273, Keble to Coleridge, 23 Oct. 1838.
76. J. Jebb (senior) to A. Knox, 19 June 1820, C. Forster, ed., Thirty years' correspondence between John Jebb, D.D., F.R.S., bishop of Limerick, Ardfert and Aghadoc, and Alexander Knox, Esq., M.A.Z.A. (2 vols., London, 1834), II, p. 433.
77. W. R. Stephens, The life and letters of Walter Farquhar Hook (2 vols., London, 1875), I, pp. 209, 227, 264.
78. E. Churton, Memoir of Joshua Watson (2 vols. London, 1861), I, p. 97.
79. Forster, Life of John Jebb, pp. 182–183.
80. Newman to Froude, 8 Jan. 1832, LDN, ed. T. Gornall and I. Ker, III (Oxford, 1976), p. 4.
81. Bowden to Newman, 3 Apr. 1832, Life of John Jebb., p. 34.
82. Froude to Newman, 29 Jan. 1832, LDN, in, p. iv.
83. William Paley's utilitarian rationale for establishment was questioned as ‘subversive of the Protestant government of Ireland’, by Richard Woodward, bishop of Cloyne, in 1787. See R. Woodward, The present state of the Church of Ireland, containing a description of its precarious situation, and the consequent danger to the public (London, 1787), p. vii
84. Stock, Reply to Dr Campbell's ‘Vindication’, p. 21.
85. Armagh Cathedral Library (ACL), Beresford papers, no. XI, fo. 156, Perceval to Beresford, 14 June 1839.
86. W. Palmer, A narrative of events connected with the publication of the ‘Tracts for the times’, with an introduction and supplement extending to the present time (London, 1883), p. 39.
87. ACL, Beresford papers, no. XI, fo. 157, Jackson to Beresford, 20 June 1839.
88. C. R. Elrington, Apostolical succession (Dublin, 1839), p. vi.
89. LDN, ed. G. Tracy, VI (Oxford, 1984), p. 4.
90. Newman's sister, Harriett Mozley, gave a vivid description of Crosthwaite, on his visit to Oriel College in October 1840. D. Mozley, ed., Newman: family letters (London, 1962), p. 92.
91. British Library (BL), Gladstone papers, MS Add 44204, fols. 96–7, Harrison to Gladstone, 4 Jan. 1840.
92. TCD, Todd papers, MS 2214, no. 38, Rose to Todd, 27 Sept. 1836.
93. Newman to Todd, 19 Mar. 1838, LDN, VI, p. 217.
94. Richard Gibbings (1813–88) of Trinity College, Dublin, BA (1835), was the editor of An exact reprint of the Roman Index Expurgatoris (Dublin, 1837).
95. On 9 December 1837, Gibbings breakfasted with Newman in Oriel College common room, bringing with him a letter of introduction from J. H. Todd. LDN, VI, p. 176. Gibbings was to become Professor of Ecclesiastical History, Trinity College, Dublin, 1863–1878.
96. See LDN, VII, p. 539.
97. An exact reprint of the Roman Index Expurgatoris., pp. 530–531.
98. An exact reprint of the Roman Index Expurgatoris., p. 530
99. T. T. Carter, Harriett Monsell: a memoir (London, 1884), pp. 11–13.
100. C. E. Carrington, John Robert Godley of Canterbury (Christchurch, 1950), p. 12.
101. Primate Alexander. Archbishop of Armagh. A memoir edited by Eleanor Alexander (London, 1913), ch. 4.
102. W. Ward, Aubrey de Vere. A memoir (London, 1904), p. 22.
103. Forty years in the Church of Ireland; or the pastor, the parish, and its people, from 1840 to 1880 (London, 1881), p. 8.
104. Primate Alexander, p. 73.
105. J. Hannay, The life of Frederick Richards Wynne D.D. bishop of Killaloe (London, 1897), p. 6.
106. SCC, Founders MSS, I, no. 125, Moriarty to Adare, 16 July 1841; I, no. 93, Murphy to Sewell, 10 Apr. 1841.
107. H. W. Wilberforce to Newman, 22 Nov. 1836, A. Mozley, ed., Letters and correspondence of John Henry Newman during his life in the English church (2 vols., London, 1891), 11, p. 216. Newman made light of Jebb's importance. In a note to his copy of this letter, Newman commented: ‘June 18, 1862. I believe I never saw Mr Jebb. I have preserved one long letter of his of this year 1836.’
108. BO, Newman papers, ‘Presbyter Hibernicus’ to Newman, 17 Oct. 1839.
109. Graham to Newman, 28 Dec. 1838, LDN, VI, p. 5.
110. T. Elrington, Letter from the bishop of Leighlin and Ferns to the clergy of the united dioceses on the Church Temporalities Act (Dublin, 1833), pp. 6–7.
111. Newman to the editor of the British Magazine [Rose], LDN, ed. I. Ker and T. Gornall, IV (Oxford, 1980), p. 165.
112. Cooper, ‘Ireland and the Oxford Movement’, p. 69.
113. Elrington, Letter, p. 7.
114. Rose to Newman, 24 Mar. 1834, LDN, IV, p. 225.
115. R. J. M'Ghee, The last stand for the church. A letter to the deans, archdeacons and clergy of the Church of Ireland (Dublin, 1833), pp. 8–10.
116. Ironically, the high churchman Archdeacon Stopford regarded M'Ghee's claims for church independence as savouring too much of Romanism! Cooper, ‘Ireland and the Oxford Movement’, p. 71.
117. LDN, IV, p. 165.
118. Newman to Todd, 19 Mar. 1838, LDN, vi, pp. 216–217.
119. BO, Newman papers, Todd to Newman, 28 May 1838. Similarly, J. H. Todd's brother, W. G. Todd, maintained that’ the revolution of 1688 has injured the Irish church in every possible manner’ and that ‘Orange principles’ were ‘plainly subversive’ of the church's authority and influence. W. G. Todd, A history of the ancient church in Ireland (London, 1845), p. 159.
120. A history of the ancient church in Ireland., Todd to Newman, 4 Dec. 1837.
121. TCD, Todd papers, MS 2214, no. 68, Kyle to Todd, 23 Apr. 1838.
122. BO, Newman papers, Todd to Newman, 4 Dec. 1837.
123. Newman papers., Todd to Newman, 28 May 1838.
124. SCC, Founders MSS, III, no. 127, Monsell to Adare, 2 Mar. 1842.
125. TCD, Todd papers, MS 2214, no. 121, Todd to Elrington, 26 Aug. 1841.
126. W. G. Todd, The church of St Patrick: an historical inquiry into the independence of the ancient Church of Ireland (London, 1844), pp. 3–4.
127. Todd to Newman, 15 Apr. 1839, LDN, VI, p. 62. Todd feared that Boyton's high church sacramental views would make it difficult for him to obtain a curacy: ‘wherever he goes, his name will bring upon him the imputation of Puseyism’.
128. TCD, Todd papers, MS 2214, no. 142, Todd to unknown correspondent, 17 Jan. 1843. On 29 June 1840, Boyton was introduced to, and took tea with, Newman in Oriel College. LDN, VII, p. 350.
129. TCD, Jebb papers, MS 6398, no. 62, J. Jebb (junior) to unnamed correspondent, 11 Feb. 1842.
130. Jebb papers, MS 6398, no. 62, J. Jebb (junior) to unnamed correspondent, 18 Feb. 1842.
131. E. H. F. Campbell, A hundred years of life at Grangegorman, 1828–1928 (Dublin, 1928), pp. 7–8.
132. Hannay, Life of Frederick Richards Wynne, p. 6.
133. A. R. Acheson, ‘The Evangelicals in the Church of Ireland, 1784–1859’, Ph.D. diss., Belfast, 1967), p. 62.
134. Uhden, Anglican church in the nineteenth century, p. 105.
135. Lord John Manners, Notes of an Irish tour (London, 1849), p. 73.
136. Even the Anglican Evangelical Christian Observer complained that in Ireland, ‘the Anglican stranger is perplexed at seeing men standing during prayers; and with their backs to the communion table’, and that ‘in various instances there is not so accurate an observance as there should be of some of the rubrics and canons of our united church’. Christian Observer, 42 (Oct. 1843), pp. 616–617.
137. A charge delivered at the annual visitation, 1845. By John George, lord archbishop of Armagh (London, 1846), p. 19.
138. W. B. Mant, Memoirs of the Rt. Rev. Richard Mant, D.D. (Dublin, 1857), especially pp. 422–5
139. E. Berens, A memoir of the life of Bishop Mant (London, 1849).
140. See also S. Kerr, ‘Tolerant bishops in an intolerant church: the Puseyite threat in Ulster’, Studies in Church History, 21(1984), pp. 343–355.
141. TCD, Beresford papers, MS 2770, fo. 161, Todd to Stopford, 7 Nov. 1836.
142. TCD, Jebb papers, MS 6398, no. 58, Todd to J. Jebb (junior), 6 Nov. 1837.
143. BO, Newman papers, Todd to Newman, 2 Jan. 1837. Todd's lectures on the liturgy, however, had several precedents. As early as 1809, the Rev. D. H. Nash lectured on the Roman breviary and missal to students at Trinity College, Dublin. TCD, Jebb papers, MS 6396, no. 8, Nash to J. Jebb (senior), 16 Jan. 1809.
144. TCD, Todd papers, MS 2214, no. 26, Todd to Kyle, 1 3 June 1836. Todd blamed Whately as ‘the man who was the first to introduce, under episcopal sanction, into the Irish church the innovation of administering the Holy Communion after the manner of the Presbyterians’.
145. SCC, Founders MSS, IV, no. 43, Todd to Adare, 10 Aug. 1841.
146. SCC, Founders MSS, IV, no. 142, Todd to Elrington, Easter Monday 1844. Examples of the Irish church's liturgical laxity abound. Pusey was horrified by a report in 1845 that the altar at St Patrick's Anglican cathedral in Dublin had to be ‘covered over with a net like a fruit tree, to prevent people sitting there’. Pusey to Todd, 21 July 1845, Pusey House (PH), Pusey papers, Liddon bound volume (LBV), 128/32. Irish high churchmen were also shocked by the ‘puritan’ attitude to public worship of Robert Daly, bishop of Cashel: ‘on his first going to Waterford, he found in use the cathedral books of “Altar Services”, which he caused to be changed for others, as he objected to the name of altar being given to the communion table’.
147. H. Madden, Memoir of the late Rev. Robert Daly, D.D. late Bishop of Cashel (London, 1875), p. 308.
148. See also the Tractarian Samuel Wood's horrified report of his Irish tour to his friend Newman in 1836: ‘You see in many villages ruined churches unroofed and covered with ivy, and within a few yards of them R.C. chapels newly and neatly built; and in the towns, where there are Protestant congregations, we have heard nothing but Peculiar [i.e. Evangelical] sermons, and found nothing but Bible Christians, co-operating with Dissenters and giving up everything but the name of Churchmen for fear of Popery’. Wood to Newman, 29 Aug. 1836, LDN, v, p. 373.
149. J. C. Crosthwaite, Communio fidelium: an historical inquiry into the mode of distributing the Holy Communion, prescribed by the United Church of England and Ireland (Oxford, 1841).
150. Crosthwaite's pressure led to a restoration of daily services in both Limerick and Armagh cathedrals. TCD, Todd papers, MS 2214, no. 45, Crosthwaite to Kyle, 18 Nov. 1836. John Godley of Killegar stated in 1842 that weekday services were becoming common in the larger Irish Anglican churches.
151. LPL, Selborne papers, MS 1861, fo. 80, Godley to R. Palmer, 24 Dec. 1842.
152. PH, Pusey papers, PUS 126/, Todd to Pusey, 5 July 1838.
153. PH, Pusey papers, LBV 128/3, Todd to Pusey, 10 May 1841. Even high churchmen in Ireland, however, were guarded in their expression of sacramental views. Todd criticized Charles Elrington for having ‘subscribed [to] a work in which the word altar, sanctioned by St Paul, and by the whole Catholic church, has been repudiated’. TCD, Todd papers, MS 2214, no. 140, Todd to Elrington, 28 July 1843.
154. J. Jebb (junior), The choral service of the united Church of England and Ireland. Being an enquiry into the liturgical system of the cathedral and collegiate foundations of the Anglican communion (London, 1843), pp. 512–13. In 1843, however, the Evangelical dean of Limerick was reported to have suppressed chanting of the Creed in the cathedral. TCD, Todd papers, MS 6398, no. 68, J. W. Forster to J. Jebb (junior), 25 Nov. 1843.
155. SCC, Founders MSS, ‘Foundation book’, ‘Narrative by Lord Adare’.
156. See also G K. White, A history of St Columba's College, 1843–1974 (Dublin, 1981).
157. On Irish Protestant colonies, strongly supported by Anglican Evangelicals in England, see Bowen, Protestant crusade in Ireland, pp. 204–5
158. Wolffe, Protestant crusade, p. 39.
159. SCC, Founders MSS, ‘Foundation book’, ‘Narrative by Lord Adare’
160. ‘Narrative by Lord Adare ’, I, no. 35, Adare to Gayer, 20 Oct. 1840
161. W. Sewell, Protestantism and popery: a sermon preached in the parish church of Adare, Limerick (London, 1842), p. 14.
162. PH, Pusey papers, LBV 128/10, Todd to Pusey, 17 Nov. 1841.
163. For example, see T. Woodward, ed., Sermons, doctrinal and practical. By the late Rev. William Archer Butler. Edited, with a memoir of the author's life (Dublin, 1850), p. 368
164. Wordsworth, ‘On the Church of Ireland as a national religious establishment’, p. 299.
165. BO, Newman papers, Todd to Newman, 28 May 1838.
166. TCD, Todd papers, MS 2214, no. 84, Elrington to Todd, 29 Oct. 1838. Elrington, however, zealously supported the Protestant Martyrs Memorial at Oxford, proposed in 1838 and erected in 1841. SCC, Founders MSS, III, no. 155, Beresford to Monck Mason, 19 Apr. 1842.
167. PH, Pusey papers, LBV 128/2, Todd to Pusey, [23 June] 1840.
168. J. H. Todd, Discourses on the prophecies relating to Antichrist in the writings of Daniel and St Paul, preached before the University of Dublin at the Donnellan Lecture, MDCCCXXXVIII (Dublin, 1840)
169. ‘On the Roman Empire and the fourth beast’, pp. 67–85.
170. In low church circles, Todd was ‘supposed to go quite as far as Dr Pusey and Mr Newman, in his tenderness to Popery’. SCC, Founders MSS, III, Darby to Adare, 30 Sept. 1841.
171. BO, Newman papers, Todd to Newman, 18 June 1840.
172. PH, Pusey papers, LBV 128/3, Todd to Pusey, 10 May 1841.
173. PH, Pusey papers, LBV 128/20, Todd to Pusey, 8 June 1843. Todd conceded to William Monsell that his name had injured the popularity of the St Columba's scheme with the clergy, ‘ for you know I am nearly as bad as Pusey himself. SCC, Founders MSS, iv, no. 45, Todd to Monsell, 22 Aug. 1841. Dr Christopher Wordsworth (senior), master of Trinity College, Cambridge, and leading member of the ’Hackney Phalanx’, distinguished Elrington as an ‘Anglo-Catholic’ from Todd, whom he considered ‘verged nearer towards Oxfordism’. LPL, Wordsworth papers, MS 2148, fo. 324, C. Wordsworth (senior) to C. Wordsworth (junior), 17 May 1846.
174. TCD, Jebb papers, MS 6398, no. 60, J. Jebb (junior) to unnamed correspondent, 15 Mar. 1841. For Jebb's strictures on Tract 90
175. see LPL, Selborne papers, MS 1680, J. Jebb (junior) to Keble, 15 May 1841.
176. Newman to H. W. Wilberforce, 22 Oct. 1836, LDN, ed. T. Gornall, v (Oxford, 1981), p. 374.
177. BO, Newman papers, Todd to Newman, 21 May 1839
178. Graham to Newman, 28 Dec. 1838, LDN, VI, p. 5.
179. BO, Newman papers, Todd to Newman, 15 Apr. 1839.
180. Dean Hoare in 1841 conceded: ‘influential persons are now making strenuous exertions to spread the principles advocated in the Tracts for the times, and similar publications in this country, and that these efforts appear to be increasingly successful, especially among students in divinity preparing for holy orders’. Hoare, Tendency of the principles advocated in the ‘ Tractsfor the times’ considered, pp. iii-v.
181. By 1842, another Irish Anglican Evangelical was complaining that Tractarian error ‘ has appeared among us’. W. Atwell, Dr Pusey answered, in a letter to his Grace the lord archbishop of Canterbury, in which the chief errors of the new system are exposed, and the prevailing tendency to Romanism traced to its true causes (Dublin, 1842), pp. 3–4.
182. On the other hand, see the comment of Dr George Miller in 1841: ‘In this country we are I think sufficiently safe. There is I believe in the University [Trinity College Dublin] only one Puseyite, Dr Todd, one of the editors of the Ecclesiastical Journal; and I can reckon only thirteen others.’ LPL, Golightly papers, MS 1808, fo. 119, Miller to Golightly, 2 Dec. 1841. English Tractarians themselves played down Irish support. See n. 167.
183. BO, Newman papers, Todd to Newman, 21 May 1839.
184. TCD, Todd papers, MS 2214, no. 55, Todd to Kyle, 11 Aug. 1837.
185. TCD, Forster papers, MS 6392, no. 36, J. Jebb (junior) to C. Forster, 5 Jan. 1842.
186. Carter, Harriett Monsell, p. 11.
187. Church of Ireland Gazette (15 Apr. 1933), p. 208.
188. Ward, Aubrey de Vere, p. 22.
189. SCC, Founders MSS, I, no. 44
190. ‘Outlines of a letter from W. Monsell and Lord Adare to Mr Rowan’ (Dec. 1840).
191. ‘Outlines of a letter from W. Monsell and Lord Adare to Mr Rowan’, V, no. 1, Adare to Sewell, 4 July 1841.
192. LDN, VII, p. 540.
193. PH, Pusey papers, LBV 128/3, Todd to Pusey, 10 May 1841.
194. TCD, Todd papers, MS 2214, no. 122, Todd to Elrington, 6 Sept. 1841. The ‘Hackney Phalanx’ shared this disapproval of Pusey's Irish activities. Bodl. Lib., MS Eng Misc. e. 117, fo. 117, Churton to Crosthwaite, 21 Apr. 1842
195. SCC, Founders MSS, 11, Norris to Elrington, 29 Oct. 1841.
196. Liddon, Life of Pusey, II, p. 243.
197. LPL, Golightly papers, MS 1808, fo. 113, Miller to Golightly, II Oct. 1841.
198. Golightly papers, MS 1808, fo. 86, Miller to Golightly, 23 Feb. 1841.
199. SCC, Founders MSS, I, no. 47, Rowan to Adare, 6 Dec. 1840.
200. In 1841, Todd could assure Newman: ‘The Primate favours you in his heart, although he is very anxious about committing himself’ BO, Newman papers, Todd to Newman, 18 Mar. 1841
201. LPL, Golightly papers, MS 1811, fo. 112, Miller to Golightly, 30 Sept. 1841.
202. W. Sewell, A letter to the Rev. E. B. Pusey, on the publication of no. go of the ‘Tracts for the times’ (Oxford, 1841), p. 10
203. Sewell, Protestantism and popery.
204. ‘[Sewell] has seized the opportunity to publish a letter, nominally to Pusey, but really to Messrs. Magee and the Irish peculiars [i.e. Evangelicals].’ Church to Rogers, 14 Mar. 1841, M. C. Church, ed., Life and letters of Dean Church (London, 1895), p. 33.
205. On the failure of Sewell's letter to remove Irish Anglican Evangelical scruples, see SCC, Founders MSS, in, Maxwell to Adare, 25 Sept. 1841.
206. Forty years in the Church of Ireland, p. 8.
207. TCD, Todd papers, MS 2214, no. 139, Todd to Elrington, 8 July 1841
208. PH, Pusey papers, LBV 128/22, Todd to Pusey, [5 Oct.] 1843
209. LBV 128/23, Todd to Pusey, 17 Oct. 1843.
210. On Crosthwaite's resignation as editor after his appointment to a London living, Todd urged that a new editor make a public disclaimer in the Irish Ecclesiastical Journal of recent virulently anti-Tractarian articles; a move opposed by Charles Elrington. PH, Pusey papers, LBV 128/31, Todd to Pusey, 5 Mar. 1844.
211. See R. Mant, The laws of the Church: the churchman's guard against Romanism and puritanism in two charges, June and July 1842 (Dublin, 1842).
212. TCD, Todd papers, MS 2214, no. 140, Todd to Elrington, 28 Aug. 1843.
213. Newman to H. W. Wilberforce, 22 Oct. 1836, LDN, v, p. 372–4. In a letter to Newman from Athlone on 29 Aug. 1836, Newman's Tractarian friend, Samuel Wood, gave him a critical report (LDN, v, p. 373) on ‘the proceedings of a Mr Nangle’. Wood complained: ‘ His [Nangle's] point of attack on the peasantry is Transubstantiation, upon which he used Rationalistic and ludicrous arguments. In this sad way he has converted about sixty persons.’
214. TCD, Todd papers, MS 2214, no. 19, Rose to Todd, 24 Mar. 1836.
215. TCD, Todd papers, MS 2214, no. 18, Rivington to Todd, 18 Mar. 1836.
216. Gloucestershire County Record Office, Prevost papers, D 2692, no. 14, Keble to Prevost, 27 Sept. 1836.
217. J. B. Mozley to A. Mozley, 4 Mar. 1838, A. Mozley, ed., Letters of the Rev. J. B. Mozley (London, 1885), p. 174.
218. National Library of Scotland, Hope-Scott papers, MS 3668, fo. 113, Rogers to Hope, 28 Apr. 1841.
219. On Sewell's role in the Irish high church revival, see L. James, William Sewell: a forgotten genius (London, 1945)
220. D. E. Cottrell, ‘William Sewell’ (Ph.D. diss., Nottingham, 1972).
221. Ph.D. diss., fo. 353, Crosthwaite to Pusey, 10 Sept. 1841. Even Todd held that Irish Roman Catholicism represented ‘a schismatical and grossly heretical body’. TCD, Todd papers, MS 2214, no. 216, Todd to Stopford, n.d.
222. SCC, Founders MSS, IV, no. 130, Todd to Adare, 7 Mar. 1842
223. Todd to Adare., III, no. 46, Pusey to Todd, 3 Jan. 1842.
224. SCC, Founders MSS, iv, no. 130, Todd to Adare, 7 Mar. 1841
225. Todd to Adare., no. 137, Todd to Adare, 14 Mar. 1841.
226. PH, Pusey papers, PUS 112/5, Pusey to Todd, Nov. 1841.
227. SCC, Founders MSS, IV, no. 43, O'Brien to Adare, 31 Aug. 1841.
228. PH, Pusey papers, LBV 128/10, Todd to Pusey, 17 Nov. 1841.
229. PH, Pusey papers, LBV 128/4, Pusey to Todd, 12 May 1841
230. Pusey to Newman, 15 July 1841, Liddon, Life of Pusey, II, p. 245.
231. BO, Newman papers, Todd to Newman, 26 Apr. 1837.
232. Newman papers, Todd to Newman, 27 Feb. 1838.
233. See P. B. Nockles, ‘Newman and early Tractarian politics’, in V. A. McClelland, ed., By whose authority? Newman, Manning and the Magisterium (Bath, 1996), pp. 79–111.
234. LDN, VI, pp. 201, 269
235. BL, Gladstone papers, MS Add 44357, fos. 89–90, Traill to Gladstone, 5 Mar. 1840.
236. Traill to Gladstone. Newman's suspicions, however, about Traill's plan were widely shared in Irish high church circles. See TCD, Todd papers, MS 2214, no. 62, Mant to Todd, 24 Jan. 1838.
237. SCC, Founders MSS, IV, no. 141, Todd to Adare, 15 Mar. 1842
238. Traill to Gladstone, no. 158, Todd to Adare, 16 Apr. 1842.
239. SCC, Founders MSS, v, no. 32, Monsell to Sewell, Nov. 1840.
240. TCD, Todd papers, MS 2214, no. 142, Todd to Elrington, Easter Monday 1844.
241. PH, Pusey papers, LBV 128/22, Todd to Pusey, [5 Oct.] 1843.
242. LPL, Wordsworth papers, MS 2143, fos. 139–41, W. Palmer to C. Wordsworth (senior), 22 Apr. 1845.
243. P. Butler, Gladstone: church, state and Tractarianism: a study of his religious ideas and attitudes, 1809–1859 (Oxford, 1982), pp. 93–123.
244. Todd deplored Gladstone's altered line. TCD, Todd papers, MS 2214, no. 142, Todd to Elrington, Easter Monday 1844.
245. West Sussex County Record Office, MS 96, no. 50, Manning to S. Wilberforce, 28 Apr. 1845.
246. TCD, Todd papers, MS 2214, no. 146, Todd to Elrington, 24 July 1844.
247. See L. H. Lees, Exiles of Erin (Manchester, 1979).
248. On Hugh McNeile, an Ulsterman and graduate of Trinity College, Dublin, see J. A. Wardle, ‘The life and times of the Rev. Dr Hugh M'Neile, DD, 1795–1875’ (M.A. diss., Manchester, 1981).
249. James Thomas O'Brien, bishop of Ossory, never forgot Newman's disparaging reference (in Newman's Lectures on Justification in 1838) to his treatise on Justification (1833), and thereafter pursued him ‘with the steadiness of instinct, and with the spring of a “cuddled resentment”, from his first [episcopal] charge in 1842 to his last in 1866 ’. W. G. Carroll, A memoir of the Rt. Rev. James Thomas O'Brien, D.D. (late lord bishop of Ossory, Ferns and Leighlin) (Dublin, 1875), p. 15.
250. Bishop O'Brien, however, stood out among Irish Anglican Evangelicals for his learning. On his elevation to the see of Ossory in 1842, Todd commended him as ‘a very clever and excellent man’, but warned that he would be ‘a most bitter enemy to us’. SCC, Founders MSS, iv, no. 22, Todd to Adare, 9 Feb. 1842. While condemning the 1843 episcopal charge of Bishop Daly of Cashel as ‘ weak and puerile’, Gladstone ‘ spoke in high praise of the bishop of Ossory's Charge’. TCD, Todd papers, MS 2214, no. 142, Todd to Elrington, Easter Monday 1844.
251. PH, Pusey papers, LBV 128/22, Todd to Pusey, [5 Oct.] 1843.
252. Ker (‘Puseyite threat in Ulster’, p. 352), exaggerates the ‘tolerance’ of certain Church of Ireland bishops towards Tractarianism, a tolerance which he relates to their English background and lack of ‘sensitivity’. The explanation does not hold up. According to Todd in 1843: ‘our difficulty is this, that our bishops for the most part are against us and those which are for us (as Down, Meath, Armagh etc.) are afraid’. PH, Pusey papers, LBV 128/19, Todd to Pusey, 1 May 1843. In another letter, Todd maintained: ‘our bishops are all either lukewarm or violently opposed’. PH, Pusey papers, LBV 128/22, Todd to Pusey, [5 Oct.] 1843.
253. In 1842–3, the high churchman Charles Boyton was engaged in bitter theological controversy with the Presbyterians of Ulster. TCD, Todd papers, MS 2214, no. 131, Todd to unknown correspondent, 17 Jan. 1843.
254. Ecclesiologism being the letters of ‘Clericus Connorensis’, as originally published in the ‘Belfast Chronicle’ (Belfast, 1843)
255. Ker, ‘Puseyite threat in Ulster’, pp. 350–351.
256. W. B. Mant, Memoir of the Rt. Rev. Richard Mant, pp. 394–396.
257. LPL, Golightly papers, MS 1808, fo. 138, Miller to Golightly, 20 Oct. 1845.
258. Christian Examiner, 5th ser., I (Oct. 1850), p. 337.
259. Christian Examiner, 5th ser., I (Oct. 1850), p. 295.
260. R. C. Trench, Letters and memorials (2 vols., London, 1888), II, p. 130.
261. Irish Ecclesiastical Journal, II (Apr. 1850), p. 51.
262. See, for example, [S. Armstrong], A letter to the Rt. Hon. Lord Dufferin and Clandeboye on the subject of the Irish branch of the united church. By a clergyman (London, 1868),p. 14
263. T. Woodward, The Irish convocation: should it be revived? (Dublin, 1861), p. 34.
264. The Irish church establishment. The speech of J. D. Coleridge, Q.C. delivered in the House of Commons, April 3rd, 1868 (London [1868]), pp. 7–8.
265. Bowen, Protestant crusade in Ireland, p. 299.
266. D. A. Ker, Peel, priests and politics: Sir Robert Peel's administration and the Roman Catholic Church in Ireland, 1841–1846 (Oxford, 1982), pp. 56–9
267. D. A. Ker, ‘A nation of beggars’: priests, people, and politics in famine Ireland, 1846–1852 (Oxford, 1994), pp. 205–274.
268. See also D. Bowen, Souperism, myth or reality: a study in Souperism (Cork, 1970).
269. There were complaints by Irish Society missionaries that some Roman Catholic clerical converts in their custody were consumed by jealousy, craftiness, and a lawless zeal, and showed ‘ hate of the party they have left, rather than love of that which they have joined’. SCC, Founders MSS, iv, no. 43, O'Brien to Adare, 26 Oct. 1841; Souperism, myth or reality: a study in Souperism., ‘Foundation Book’, ‘Narrative by Lord Adare’, pp. 67–71.
270. Lord Adare commented to Gladstone in 1841: ‘we have no idea of making the conversion of men in the district anything like a prominent part of the scheme’. BL, Gladstone papers, MS Add 44358, fo. 97, Adare to Gladstone, 1 Sept. 1841.
271. Oriel College, Hawkins papers, letterbook III, no. 297, Whately to Hawkins, 4 Nov. 1850.
272. PH, Pusey papers, LBV 128/34, Todd to Pusey, 10 Jan. 1859.
273. Representative Body of the Church of Ireland, Irish Church Society papers, ‘Fair minute book’ (statement of W. Maturin and J. H. Todd).
274. G. A. Chamberlain in Church of Ireland Gazette (15 Apr. 1933), p. 208.
275. Did the early church in Ireland acknowledge the pope's supremacy? answered in a letter to Lord John Manners from Daniel Rock, D.D. (London, 1844).
276. W. G. Todd, Church of St Patrick, p. vi.
277. A. Ford, ‘Standing one's ground: religion, polemic and Irish history since the Reformation’, in Ford, McGuire, and Milne, eds., As by law established, pp. 1–14.
278. W. M. Brady, Essays on the English state church in Ireland (London, 1869), especially pp. 130–5. Brady (p. 7) insisted that the term ‘Irish church’ as applied to the Protestant communion in Ireland was a complete misnomer.
279. See also W. M. Brady, The episcopal succession in England, Scotland & Ireland, 1400 to 1875 (1st edn, reprinted with a new introduction by A. F. Allison, Farnborough, 1971).
280. E. A. Stopford, The unity of the Anglican church and the succession of Irish bishops. An answer to the Rev. William Mazière Brady D.D. (Dublin, 1867).
281. R. Murray, ‘Outlines of the history of the Catholic church in Ireland’, TCD, Todd papers, MS 2214, no. 120
282. J. H. Todd, St Patrick apostle of Ireland: a memoir of his life and mission (Dublin, 1864).
283. R. Gibbings, Roman forgeries and falsifications; or, an examination of counterfeit and corrupted records, with especial reference to popery (Dublin, 1842).
284. Newman commented to Todd in 1838: ‘Some friends of mine are sceptical on the point, i.e. that Romanists have done no more (which is enough in all conscience) than the Tract Society does with [Joseph] Milner's works etc. etc.’ TCD, Todd papers, MS 2214, no. 64, Newman to Todd, 19 Mar. 1838.
285. J. Jebb (junior), Six letters on points connected with the present state of the church, with a postscript (London, 1851), letter I, p. 4
286. R. Gibbings, An introductory lecture on ecclesiastical history, delivered in Michaelmas term, 1863 (Dublin, 1863), p. 29.
287. A memoir of the Very Rev. Richard Butler, dean ofClocmacnois, and vicar of Trim. By his widow (1863) [not published], p. 158.