Negligent Inspectors and Flying Machines

Cambridge Law Journal

Volumn 59, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 544-561

  Witting, Christian ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEICESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85010119645     PISSN: 00081973     EISSN: 14692139     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0008197300000234     Document Type: Article

References (103)

1. [1998] 2 Lloyds Rep. 255.
2. Little v. The Port Talbot Co. [1891] A.C. 499
3. Kubach v. Hollands [1937] 3 All E.R. 907
4. Watson v. Buckley [1940] 1 All E.R. 174
5. Clayton v. Woodman and Sons (Builders) Ltd. [1962] 2 Q.B. 533
6. reversed on facts [1962] 1 W.L.R. 585
7. Clay v. A J. Crump and Sons Ltd. [1964] 1 Q.B. 533
8. Driver v. William Willett (Contractors) Ltd. [1969] 1 All E.R. 665
9. T (a minor) v. Surrey County Council [1994] 4 All E.R. 577.
10. See also J. Fleming, The Law of Torts, 9th ed. (Sydney 1998), pp. 191–193.
11. [1964] 1 Q.B. 533.
12. [1932] A.C. 562.
13. [1964] 1 Q.B. 533, 556–557.
14. [1964] A.C. 465.
15. [1996] 1 A.C. 211.
16. 1 A.C., agreeing with Saville L.J. in the Court of Appeal
17. [1994] 1 W.L.R. 1071, 1077.
18. [1996] 1 A.C. 211, 237.
19. 1 A.C.
20. [1995] 2 A.C. 145, 177–178 and 194–196.
21. [1996] 1 A.C. 211, 237–238.
22. The point that a finding in favour of the claimant may have interfered with the regulation of the carriage of goods by sea, in so far as it redistributed risks of liability, was vigorously contested by the lone dissentient, Lord Lloyd, who noted that the case was unusual in that the cargo had been carried under bills of lading incorporating the Hague-Visby Rules rather than, as is more common, under a charterparty. The Rules do not apply to charterparties: 1 A.C., at p. 221.
23. 1 A.C., at pp. 238–242.
24. [1998] 2 Lloyd's Rep. 255, 257.
25. 2 Lloyd's Rep.
26. 2 Lloyd's Rep.
27. 2 Lloyd's Rep.
28. 2 Lloyd's Rep.
29. 2 Lloyd's Rep.
30. [1932] A.C. 563, 581.
31. [1998] 2 Lloyd's Rep. 255, 270.
32. 2 Lloyd's Rep., (emphasis added).
33. 2 Lloyd's Rep.
34. 2 Lloyd's Rep.
35. 2 Lloyd's Rep.
36. 2 Lloyd's Rep.
37. 2 Lloyd's Rep., quoting from
38. Marc Rich v. Bishop Rock Marine Ltd. [1996] 1 A.C. 211, 237.
39. [1998] 2 Lloyd's Rep. 255, 273.
40. 2 Lloyd's Rep.
41. 2 Lloyd's Rep.
42. 2 Lloyd's Rep.
43. [1991] 1 A.C. 398.
44. J. Stapleton, “Duty of Care and Economic Loss: A Wider Agenda” (1991) 107 L.Q.R. 249, esp. 279–283.
45. See also J. Stapleton, “In Restraint of Tort” in P. Birks (ed.), The Frontiers of Liability, vol. II (Oxford 1994), pp. 85–86
46. J. Stapleton, “Duty of Care Factors: a Selection from the Judicial Menus” in P. Cane and J. Stapleton (eds.), The Law of Obligations: Essays in Celebration of John Fleming (Oxford 1998), pp. 67–68.
47. [1991] 1 A.C. 398.
48. [1990] 1 A.C. 831.
49. See J. Stapleton, “In Restraint of Tort”, note 55 above, 85.
50. [1990] 2 AC 605.
51. J. Stapleton, “Duty of Care and Economic Loss”, note 55 above, 284.
52. See J. Murphy, “Formularism and Tort Law” (1999) 21 Adel. L. R. 115 on the continued relevance of “form” and classification in tort law.
53. Cf. P. Cane, The Anatomy of Tort Law (Oxford 1997).
54. [1998] 2 Lloyd's Rep. 255, 262.
55. (1875) L.R. 10 Q.B. 453.
56. [1964] A.C. 465, 529 (Lord Devlin).
57. Mutual Life and Assurance Co v. Evatt [1971] A.C. 793.
58. [1998] 2 Lloyd's Rep. 255, 273.
59. See J. Fleming, note 2 above, 189.
60. S. Perry sees no “normatively significant distinction between them”: “Protected Interests and Undertakings in the Law of Negligence” (1992) 42 U.T.L.J. 247, 274.
61. A different view is taken in B. Feldthusen, Economic Negligence, 3rd ed. (Toronto 1994), ch. 2.
62. See, e.g., Martin v. Shoppee (1828) 3 C. & P. 373.
63. A good discussion of the requirements of assault can he found in F. Trindade and P. Cane, The Law of Torts in Australia, 3rd ed. (Melbourne 1999).
64. [1932] A.C. 562, 581.
65. J. Stapleton, “Duty of Care Factors”, note 55 above, 72.
66. [1964] A.C. 465.
67. [1990] 2 A.C. 605, 621 (Lord Bridge), 629 (Lord Roskill), 638 (Lord Oliver), 658 and 662 (Lord Jauncey).
68. Ministry of Housing and Local Government v. Sharp [1970] 2 Q.B. 223, 268 (Lord Denning MR)
69. Caparo Industries pic v. Dickman [1990] 2 A.C. 605, 637 (Lord Oliver)
70. Smith v. Eric S. Bush [1990] 1 A.C. 831, 862.
71. [1998] 1 W.L.R. 829.
72. 1 W.L.R.
73. See, esp., K. Barker, “Unreliable Assumptions in the Modern Law of Negligence” (1993) 109 L.Q.R. 461.
74. See, e.g., Smith v. Eric S Bush [1990] 1 A.C. 831, 862 (Lord Griffiths).
75. See K. Barker, note 80 above, 468–469.
76. [1990] 1 A.C. 831.
77. [1998] 1 W.L.R. 829, 835.
78. Smith v. Eric S. Bush [1990] 1 A.C. 831, 862 (Lord Griffiths)
79. Caparo Industries pic v. Dickman [1990] 2 A.C. 605, 628 (Lord Roskill).
80. See also B. Hepple, “Negligence: The Search for Coherence” (1997) 50 C.L.P. 69, 88.
81. See K. Barker, note 80 above, 476–478.
82. J. Holyoak and F. Mazzochetti, “The Legal Protection of Economic Interests” (1993) 1 Tort L.R. 185, 188.
83. See P. Cane, “The Basis of Tortious Liability” in P. Cane and J. Stapleton (eds.), Essays for Patrick Atiyah (Oxford 1991), p. 355.
84. [1995] 2 A.C. 207
85. [1998] 1 W.L.R. 829. 91
86. [1998] 2 Lloyd's Rep. 255, 261.
87. These ideas are set out at length in C. Witting, “Justifying Liability to Third Parties for Negligent Misstatements” (2000) 20 O.J.L.S. 615.
88. The phrase is taken from Sutherland Shire Council v. Heyman (1985) 157 C.L.R. 424, 497–498 (Deane J.).
89. See comments in Candler v. Crane, Christmas and Co. [1951] 2 K.B. 164, 181 (Denning L.J.)
90. Hedley Byrne v. Heller and Partners [1964] A.C. 465, 497 (Lord Morris) and 538 (Lord Pearce)
91. Yianni v. Edwin Evans and Sons [1982] 1 Q.B. 438, 456 (Park J)
92. Smith v. Eric S. Bush [1990] 1 A.C. 831, 865 (Lord Griffiths) and 871–872 (Lord Jauncey)
93. Caparo Industries pic v. Dickman [1990] 2 A.C. 605, 621 (Lord Bridge)
94. White v. Jones [1995] 2 A.C. 207, 272 and 275 (Lord Browne-Wilkinson).
95. See also P. Cane, “The Basis of Tortious Liability”, note 88 above, 355.
96. See, esp., Yianni v. Edwin Evans and Sons [1982] 1 Q.B. 438, 456 (Park J.)
97. Smith v. Eric S Bush [1990] 1 A.C. 831, 852 (Lord Templeman), 865 (Lord Griffiths) and 871 (Lord Jauncey)
98. White v. Jones [1995] 2 A.C. 207.
99. Key factors in this scheme, notably knowledge and vulnerability, were prevalent in the diverse judgments of members of the High Court of Australia in the recent case of Perre v. Apand Pty. Ltd. (1999) 164 A.L.R. 606 (concerned with the infliction of pure economic loss by the introduction of a plant disease to a potato growing area, disabling nearby producers from selling in the profitable Western Australian market under prohibitory legislation).
100. See J. Tesvic, “Perre v Apand Pty Ltd- Coherent Negligence Law for the New Millennium?” (2000) 22 Syd. L.R. 297.
101. [1961] A.C. 388.
102. P. Atiyah, “Negligence and Economic Loss” (1976) 83 L.Q.R. 248, 263.
103. [1996] 1 A.C. 211, 237.