Late cypriot tombs at maroni tsaroukkas, cyprus

The Annual of the British School at Athens

Volumn 93, Issue , 1998, Pages 298-351

  Manning, Sturt W ^a   Monks, Sarah J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF READING   (United Kingdom)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 85009599188     PISSN: 00682454     EISSN: 20452403     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0068245400003476     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. See L. Steel in Tsaroukkas, 86-89.
2. Johnson; G. Cadogan, ‘The British Museum's work at Maroni’, in G. C. Ioannides (ed.), Studies in Honour of Vassos Karageorghis (Lefkosia, 1992), 103-8.
3. H. W. Catling, ‘Patterns of settlement in Bronze Age Cyprus’, Op. Ath. 4 (1962), 129-169 at p. 148 Johnson, 38-9; personal inspection of Cyprus Survey collections in 1995 by authors.
4. e.g. Y. Portugali and A. B. Knapp, ‘Cyprus and the Aegean: a spatial analysis of interaction in the 17th-14th centuries BC’, in A. B. Knapp and T. Stech (eds), Prehistoric Production and Exchange: The Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean (Los Angeles, 1985), 44-78, esp. figs. 4-4, 4-6, 4-7, 4-9, 4-10, 4-12, 4-13.
5. Johnson.
6. For the difficulties of locating the work, see n. 3. For the ‘map’, see PLATE 58 a; also in Johnson, pl IV.
7. P. S. Keswani, ‘Hierarchies, heterarchies, and urbanization processes: the view from Bronze Age Cyprus’, Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology, 9 (1996), 211-50; id., ‘Models of local exchange in Late Bronze Age Cyprus’, BASOR 292 (1993), 73-83; Knapp (n. 8), 46-68; A. B. Knapp and J. F. Cherry, Provenience Studies and Bronze Age Cyprus: Production, Exchange and Politico-economic change (Madison, 1994).
8. For a review of work to 1996, see S. W Manning and F. A. De Mita Jr., ‘Cyprus, the Aegean, and Maroni Tsaroukkas’, in D. Christou et al. (eds), Proceedings of the International Archaeological Conference ‘Cyprus and the Aegean in Antiquity from the Prehistoric Period to the 7th Century A.D. Nicosia, 8-10 December 1995 (Nicosia, 1997) 101-42.
9. MVASP, S. W. Manning, D. Bolger, M. J. Ponting, L. Steel, and A. Swinton, ‘Maroni Valley Archaeological Survey Project: preliminary report on 1992-1993 seasons’, RDAC 1994, 345-67; Tsaroukkas, Manning and De Mita (n. 10).
10. See Johnson, 7-13. We thank V. Tatton-Brown for permission to study the records and materials held by the British Museum.
11. P. Christian, letter of 23 Oct. 1897 from Limassol to Walters. No. 49 in volume = 65D, Correspondence, Excavations in Cyprus, p. 3.
12. H. B. Walters, Letter P, No. 3480, 18 Nov. 1897 from Limassol to the British Museum.
13. For a review of work to 1996., p. 2 (referring to 17 Nov.).
14. L. Steel, ‘The social impact of Mycenaean imported pottery in Cyprus during the fourteenth and thirteenth centuries Be’, BSA (1998), forthcoming; P. S. Keswani, ‘Dimensions of Social Hierarchy in Late Bronze Age Cyprus: An Analysis of the Mortuary Data from Enkomi’, Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology, 2 (1989), 49-86.
15. B. Gomez and P. P. Pease, ‘Early Holocene Cypriot coastal palaeogeography’, RDAC 1992, 1-8.
16. Walters (n. 15). This British Museum work was very much part of what V. Karageorghis, Cyprus:From the Stone Age to the Romans (London, 1982), 22 has referred to as the ‘unrestrained onslaught’ during the 19th cent, against Cyprus's antiquities. See further on 19th cent, archaeology in Cyprus and its sometimes dubious nature in E. Goring, A Mischievous Pastime: Digging in Cyprus in the Nineteenth Century (Edinburgh, 1988).
17. H. B. Walters. Mr Murray, 23 Nov. 1897, p. 2. From c/o J.W. Williamson, Esq.; Limassol, 65d no. 50.
18. Id. Walters to Principal Librarian, British Museum [assumed]. 3 Dec. 1897, from Limassol, P no. 3671, p. 3.21 Walters.
19. Id. to British Museum. 18 Nov. 1897, from Limassol, P no. 3480.
20. Id. to Murray, 24 Nov. 1897, 63d no. 51, p. 2.
21. P. Christian to Walters, 17 March 1898 from Limassol.
22. H. B. Walters (n. 19), p.3. See also the passages cited at no. 23.
23. Walters., p. 2.
24. Walters (n. 23).
25. Id. (n. 21), p. 1.
26. Id. to Murray, 16 Dec. 1897, from c/o C. D. Cobham Esq., Larnaka, 63d no. 52.
27. Id. to Principal Librarian, 22 Dec. 1897, P 41.
28. See MVASP, 281-3; Tsaroukkas, 89-92. The area surveyed by total collect in 1991 (MVASP, 283, fig.8), selected for further investigation in 1993, lay above MT tombs 4 and 5.
29. The following account is based primarily on study in April 1995 by Dr Louise Steel assisted by Elinor Ribeiro. However, finds marked by an asterisk were not examined by Steel at this time; these entries in the catalogue and the ensuing discussion are dependent on observations made by Andrea Swinton in 1993, Elinor Ribeiro in 1994-97, and Louise Steel in July-August 1995. All measurements are in centimetres.
30. AA pattern defined in A. K. South, P. Russell, and P. S. Keswani, Vasilikos Valley Project 3: Kalavasos-Ayios Dhimitrios II. Ceramics, Objects, Tombs, Specialist Studies. (SIMA 81:3; Göteborg, 1989), 95.
31. South et al. (n. 34), 48-51, pls. xxiii-xxv, figs. 48-52.
32. K. O. Eriksson, Red Lustrous Wheel-Made Ware (SIMA 103; Jonsered, 1993), 39, 40-41.
33. Eriksson (n. 36), 41.
34. Similar to examples from Kalavasos Ayios Dhimitrios Tom 1, K-AD 69 and 71: South et al. (n. 34), 99, pl. xii, fig. 42.
35. E. Herscher, ‘The pottery of Maroni and regionalism in Late Bronze Age Cyprus’, in V. Karageorghis and J. D. Muhly (eds), Cyprus at the End of the Late Bronze Age (Nicosia, 1984), 23-8 at p. 25.
36. L. Steel, forthcoming. See also Steel (n. 16).
37. See Tsaroukkas, 97, fig. 10.
38. M. H. Wiener, ‘The absolute chronology of Late Helladic IIIA2’ in M.S. Balmuth and R.H. Tykot (eds), Sardinian and Aegean Chronology: Towards the Resolution of Relative and Absolute Dating in the Mediterranean (in press).
39. See Tsaroukkas, 97, for first mention of this tomb.
40. G. Cadogan, ‘Patterns of the Distribution of Mycenaean Pottery in the Eastern Mediterranean’, in V. Karageorghis (ed.), Acts of the International Archaeological Symposium: The Mycenaeans in the East Mediterranean (Nicosia, 1973), 166-74; id., ‘Cyprus, Mycenaean pottery, trade and colonisation’, in C. Zerner, F. Zerner, and J. Winder (eds), Proceedings of the International Conference ‘Wace and Blegen pottery as Evidence for Trade in the Aegean Bronze Age 1939-1989’ held at the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Athens, December 2-3, 1989 (Amsterdam, 1993), 91-9; G. H. Gilmour, ‘Mycenaean III A and III B pottery in the Levant and Cyprus’, RDAC 1992, 113-28. See further in Steel (n. 16).
41. A. K. South and P. Russell, ‘Mycenaean Pottery and Social Hierarchy at Kalavasos-Ayios Dhimitrios, Cyprus’, in Zerner, Zerner, and Winder (n. 44) 19-37; Steel (n. 16).
42. Johnson.
43. Cf. Portugali and Knapp (n. 5). For the coastal entrepôts and their role in LBA Cyprus, see also articles by Keswani (n. 9); Knapp and Cherry (n. 9), 123-67; Knapp (n. 8), 46-68.
44. P. Mountjoy, Mycenaean Decorated Pottery: A Guide to Identification (SIMA 83; Göteborg, 1986), 49-50.
45. I. Jacobsson, Aegyptiaca from Late Bronze Age Cyprus (SIMA 112;, Jonsered, 1994), 79.
46. BM 98. 12-1. 61;Johnson, 21 no. [1], pl. XX no. 111; Jacobsson (n. 49), 26 no. 118, pl. 32 no. 118.
47. See Jacobsson (n. 49), 79 with further refs. The British Museum excavations recovered other objects made of glass and decorated in a similar style from BM tomb 14 (Johnson, 22 nos. 113-14, pl. xxi nos. 113-14; Jacobsson, n. 49, 23 no. 100 and 25 no. 112, pl. 67 no. 100 and pl. 15.112). A complete example of the kohl tube found in our tomb 6 can be found from the site of Arpera, NE of Maroni. This object is described as a narrow cylinder of variegated glass with pomegranate-shaped mouth and glass stopper. Seven calyx tips are located at the opening. The decoration consists of yellow threads on a background faded to speckled brown (Jacobsson, n. 49, 26 no. 117, pl. 5 no. 117).
48. For example, the spindle bottle from Kalavasos Ayios Dhimitrios tomb 4, which is unique at the site: South et al. (n. 34), 103 K-AD 126, pl. 27, fig. 55.
49. P. A. Mountjoy, Mycenaean Pottery: An Introduction (Oxford, 1993), 43.
50. Similar to examples from Kalavasos Ayios Dhimitrios Tom 1., 163.
51. K. O. Eriksson, ‘Egyptian amphorae from Late Cypriot contexts in Cyprus’, in Trade, Contact, and the Movement of Peoples in the Eastern Mediterranean. Studies in Honour of J. Basil Hennessy (Mediterranean Archaeology Supplement 3, Sydney, 1995), 199-205.
52. On the problems with Base Ring, see S. Vaughan, ‘Material and technical classification of Base Ring ware: a new fabric typology’, in J. Barlow, D. Bolger, and B. Kling (eds), Cypriot Ceramics: Reading the Prehistoric Record (Philadelphia, 1991), 119-30.
53. Johnson, 16 no. 36, pl. XI no. 36.
54. Similar to Johnson, 23 no. 129, pl. XXIV no. 129.
55. Like K-AD 986-7, but smaller: South et al. (n. 34), 140, fig. 10.
56. O. Tufneli, Studies on Scarab Seals, vol. II: Scarab Seals and their Contribution to History in the Early Second Millennium BC (Warminster, 1984), 118, 123, pl. X.
57. Examples occur at almost every major Middle Bronze II B-C cemetery in Palestine. Tufnell (n. 60), pl. X illustrates a large number from Tell el-'Ajjul, Tell el Far'ah (S.), and Jericho.
58. Johnson, e.g. 64.
59. Finds in 1995 and 1996 of an assemblage of MC III-LC I ceramics with MB II C-LB 1 Canaanite jars from an area of the seabed off the Tsaroukkas site will be published by S. W. Manning, D. A. Sewell, and E. Herscher; a preliminary report after the 1995 season will also appear in Manning and De Mita (n. 10). The late Middle Cypriot to early Late Cypriot tombs at Maroni Kapsaloudhia are discussed in Herscher (n. 39).
60. Tsaroukkas, 101-2, pl. XII no. 3, left.
61. Wiener (n. 42).
62. Cadogan (n. 44); Steel (n. 16).
63. Cf. Johnson.
64. Johnson, 18 no. 59, pls. xv no. 59, LXII no. 59; several Red Lustrous Wheelmade sherds were found by the Cyprus Survey at Maroni Tsaroukkas: Cadogan., 37 nos. 276-7 and 39 no. 299, pl. lv nos. 276-7, pl. LVIII no. 299.
65. The wider significance of Maroni as an anchorage, trading port, and local production centre will be discussed in detail in forthcoming reports.
66. Keswani, ‘Hierarchies’ (n. 9), 229-30 notes that ‘the spatial relationships between buildings and tombs at Maroni have not been fully elucidated’. We aim to improve and resolve this situation. See now also S.W. Manning, ‘Changing pasts and socio-political cognition in Late Bronze Age Cyprus’, World Archaeology 30 (1998), 39-58 10.1080/00438243.1998.9980396.
67. As elsewhere in Cyprus: e.g. Keswani (n. 16).
68. Negbi (n. 8); Keswani, ‘Models’ (n. 9); Keswani, ‘Hierarchies’ (n. 9); Knapp, The Archaeology (n. 8).
69. Cadogan, ‘Maroni: change’ (n. 8), 15-18.
70. Cadogan, ‘Maroni VI’ (n. 8), 53-4, figs. 1-3. Note, despite fig. 2 showing an apparent opening of passage 19 to the outside (next to the main entrance to the Ashlar Building), Cadogan in fact writes that ‘It is possible, but unlikely, that passage 19 also opened onto the outside of the Building’ [our italics] (As elsewhere in Cyprus., p. 54).
71. Cadogan, (n. 70), 17.