Language specificity in the development of auditory-visual speech perception

Hearing Eye II: Advances in the Psychology of Speechreading and Auditory-Visual Speech

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 27-60

  Burnham, Denis ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85009258667     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203098752-9     Document Type: Chapter

References (155)

1. Abramov, L., Gordon, J., Hendrickson, A., Hainline, L., Dobson, V. & LaBossiere, E. (1982). The retina of the newborn infant. Science, 217, 265-7.
2. Aslin, R.N. (1977). Development of binocular vision in human infants. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 23, 133-50.
3. Aslin, R.N., Pisoni, D.B., Hennessy, B.L. & Perey, A.J. (1981). Discrimination of voice onset time by human infants: New findings and implications for the effects of early experience. Child Development, 52, 1135-15.
4. Bahrick, L.E. (1988). Intramodal learning in infancy: Learning on the basis of two kinds of invariant relations in audible and visible events. Child Development, 59, 197-209.
5. Bahrick, L.E., Walker, A.S. & Neisser, U. (1981). Selective looking by infants. Cognitive Psychology, 13, 377-90.
6. Banks, M.S. (1980). The development of visual accommodation in early infancy. Child Development, 51, 646-66.
7. Bernard, J.A. & Ramey, C.T. (1977). Visual regard of familiar and unfamiliar persons in the first six months of infancy. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 23, 121-7.
8. Best, C.T. (1993). The emergence of native language phonological influences in infants: A perceptual assimilation model. In J.C. Goodman & H.C. Nusbaum (Eds), The Development of Speech Perception: The Transition from Speech Sounds to Spoken Words. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
9. Best, C.T. (1994). Emergence of language-specific constraints in perception of non-native speech: A window on early phonological development. In B. de Boysson-Bardies, S. de Schonen, P.W. Jusczyk, P. McNeilage & J. Morton (Eds), Developmental Neurocognition: Speech and Face Processing in the First Year of Life. NATO ASI series D: Behavioural and Social sciences, 69. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
10. Best, C.T. (1995a). A direct realist view of cross-language speech perception. In W. Strange (Ed.), Speech Perception and Linguistic Experience. Timonium, MD: York Press.
11. Best, C.T. (1995b). Learning to perceive the sound patterns of English. In C. Rovee-Collier & L. Lipsitt (Eds). Advances in Infancy Research, 4, 217-304.
12. Best, C.T., McRoberts, G.W. & Sithole, N.M. (1988). Examination of perceptual reorganization for nonnative speech contrasts: Zulu Click Discrimination by English speaking adults and infants. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 14, 345-60.
13. Bigelow, A. (1977). Infants’ recognition of their mothers. Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, March, New Orleans, USA.
14. Bower, T.G.R. (1974). The evolution of the sensory systems. In R.B. McLeod & L. Pick, Jr., (Eds.), Perception: Essays in honor of James T. Gibson. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
15. Bredberg, G. (1968). Cellular pattern and nerve supply of the human organ of Corti. Acta Otolaryngolica Supplementum, 236, 1-135.
16. Bredberg, G. (1985). The anatomy of the developing ear. In S.E. Trehub & B. Schneider (Eds), Auditory Development in Infancy. New York: Plenum Press.
17. Browman, CP. & Goldstein, L. (1992). Articulatory phonology: An overview. Phonetica, 49, 155-80.
18. Burnham, D. (1986). Developmental loss of speech perception: Exposure to and experience with a first language. Applied Psycholinguistics, 7, 206-40.
19. Burnham, D. (1992). Processing auditory-visual speech in infancy and across phonologies. International Journal of Psychology, 27, 59.
20. Burnham, D. (1993). Visual recognition of mother by young infants: Facilitation by speech. Perception, 22, 1133-53.
21. Burnham, D. & Day, R.H. (1979). Detection of color in rotating objects by infants and its generalization over changes in velocity. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 28, 191-204.
22. Burnham, D. & Dodd, B. (1996). Auditory-visual speech perception as a direct process: The McGurk effect in infants and across languages. In D. Stork and M. Hennecke (Eds), Speechreading by Humans and Machines. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
23. Burnham, D. & Dodd, B. (in press). Familiarity and novelty performance in infants’ auditory-visual speech perception: Problems, factors and a solution. In C. Rovee-Collier (Ed.), Advances in Infancy Research, 12.
24. Burnham, D. & Dodd, B. (in preparation). Infants’ auditory-visual perception of speech in familiar and foreign languages.
25. Burnham, D. & Keane, S. (1996). Where does auditory-visual speech integration occur? Japanese speakers’ perception of the McGurk effect as a function of vowel environment. In P. McCormack & A. Russell (Eds.), Proceedings of the Sixth Australian International Conference on Speech Science and Technology (pp. 503-8).
26. Burnham, D., Earnshaw, L. & Clark J. (1991). Development of categorical identification of native and non-native bilabial stops: Infants, children and adults. Journal of Child Language, 18, 231-60.
27. Burnham, D., Earnshaw, L., O’Connor, G. & Clark, J. (in preparation). Native-language phonological bias in speech perception and its relation to the onset of reading.
28. Burnham, D., Francis, E., Webster, D., Luksaneeyanawin, S., Attapaiboon, C, Lacerda, F. & Keller, P. (1996). Perception of lexical tone across languages: Evidence for a linguistic mode of processing. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Spoken Language Processing. Philadelphia, 4, 2514-16.
29. Burnham, D., Taplin, J., Henderson-Smart, D., Earnshaw-Brown, L. & O’Grady, B. (1993). Maturation of precedence effect thresholds: Full-term and pre-term infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 16, 213-32.
30. Campbell, R. (this volume). How brains see speech: The cortical localisation of speechreading in hearing people. In R. Campbell, B. Dodd & D. Burnham (Eds). Hearing by Eye II: Advances in the Psychology of Speechreading and Auditory-visual Speech. Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
31. Carpenter, G.C. (1974a). Mother’s face and the newborn. New Scientist, 61, 742-4.
32. Carpenter, G.C. (1974b). Visual regard of moving and stationary faces in early infancy. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 20, 181-94.
33. Carpenter, G.C, Tecce, J.J., Stechler, G. & Friedman, S. (1970). Differential visual behaviour to human and humanoid faces in early infancy. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 16, 91-108.
34. Cernoch, M.J. & Porter, R.H. (1985). Recognition of maternal axillary odors by infants. Child Development, 56, 1593-8.
35. Clifton, R.K., Morrongiello, B., Kulig, J. & Dowd, J. (1981). Newborns’ orientation toward sound: Possible implications for cortical development. Child Development, 52, 833-8.
36. Cohen, L.B. & Strauss, M.S. (1979). Concept development in the human infant. Child Development, 50, 419-24.
37. Cranford, J.L. & Oberholtzer, M. (1976). Role of the neocortex in binaural hearing in the cat. II. The “precedence effect�? in sound localization. Brain Research, III, 225-39.
38. Cranford, J., Ravizza, R., Diamond, I.T. & Whitfield, I.C (1971). Unilateral ablation of the auditory cortex in the cat impairs complex sound localization. Science, 172, 286-8.
39. Culp, R.E. (1974). The use of the mother’s voice to control infant attending behaviour. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 39, 42-51.
40. Cutler, A. (1994). Segmentation problems, rhythmic solutions. Lingua, 92, 81-104.
41. Cutler, A. & Mehler, J. (1993). The periodicity bias. Journal of Phonetics, 21, 103-8.
42. de Gelder, B., Bertelson, P., Vroomen, J. & Chen, H.C (1995). Interlanguage differences in the McGurk effect for Dutch and Cantonese listeners. Proceedings of the Fourth European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (pp. 1699-1702). Madrid.
43. de Gelder, B. & Vroomen, J. (1992). Auditory and visual speech perception in alphabetic and non-alphabetic Chinese-Dutch bilinguals. In R.J. Harris (Ed.), Cognitive Processing in Bilinguals. North Holland: Elsevier Science Publishers.
44. de Schonen, S., McKenzie, B., Maury, L. & Bresson, F. (1978). Central and peripheral object distances as determinants of the effective visual field in early infancy. Perception, 7, 499-506.
45. Desjardins, R.N. & Werker, J.F. (1996). 4-month-old female infants are influenced by visible speech. Poster presented at the International Conference of Infant Studies, Providence RI.
46. Dobson, V. & Teller, D.Y. (1978). Visual acuity in human infants: A review and comparison of behavioral and electrophysiological studies. Vision Research, 18, 1469-83.
47. Dodd, B. (1979). Lipreading in infants: Attention to speech presented in-and-out-of-synchrony. Cognitive Psychology, 11, 478-84.
48. Dodd, B. & Burnham, D. (1988). Processing speechread information. Volta Review: New Reflections on Speechreading, 90, 45-60.
49. Eilers, R.E. & Minifie, F.D. (1975). Fricative discrimination in early infancy. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 18, 158-67.
50. Eilers, R.E., Wilson, W.R. & Moore, J.M. (1977). Development of changes in speech discrimination in infants. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 20, 766-80.
51. Eimas, P.D. (1975). Auditory and phonetic coding of the cues for speech: Discrimination of the [r-1] distinction by young infants. Perception and Psychophysics, 18, 341-7.
52. Eimas, P.D., Siqueland, E.R., Jusczyk, P. & Vigorito, J. (1971). Speech perception in infants. Science, 171, 303-6.
53. Field, J., Muir, D., Pilon, R., Sinclair, M. & Dodwell, P. (1980). Infants’ orientation to lateral sounds from birth to three months. Child Development, 51, 295-8.
54. Field, T.M., Cohen, D., Garcia, R. & Greenberg, R. (1984). Mother-stranger face discrimination by the newborn. Infant Behavior and Development, 7, 19-25.
55. Fitzgerald, H.E. (1968). Autonomic pupillary reflex activity during early infancy and its relation to social and non-social visual stimuli. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 6, 470-82.
56. Francis, P.L. & McCroy, G. (1983). Infants’ bimodal recognition of human stimulus configurations. Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, April, Detroit, USA.
57. Fuster-Duran, A. (1996). Perception of conflicting audio-visual speech: An examination across Spanish and German. In D.G. Stork & M.E. Hennecke (Eds), Speechreadingby Humans and Machines. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
58. Gibson, E.J. (1969). Principles of perceptual learning and development. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
59. Gibson, K.R. (1981). Comparative neuro-ontogeny: Its implications for the development of human intelligence. In G. Butterworth (Ed.), Infancy and Epistemology. Brighton: Harvester Press.
60. Grassegger, H. (1995). McGurk effect in German and Hungarian listeners. Proceedings of the International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Stockholm, 4, 210-13.
61. Green, K.P. (1996). The use of auditory and visual information in phonetic perception. In D.G. Stork & M.E. Hennecke (Eds), Speechreading by Humans and Machines. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
62. Green, K.P. & Kuhl, P.K. (1989). The role of visual information in the processing of place and manner features in speech perception. Perception and Psychophysics, 45, 34-42.
63. Green, K.P. & Miller, J.L. (1985). On the role of visual rate information in phonetic perception. Perception and Psychophysics, 38, 269-76.
64. Green, K.P., Kuhl, P.K. & Meltzoff, A.N. (1988). Factors affecting the integration of auditory and visual information in speech: The effect of vowel environment. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 84, S155.
65. Green, K.P., Kuhl, P.K., Meltzoff, A.N. & Stevens, K.N. (1991). Integrating speech information across talkers, gender, and sensory modality: Female faces and male voices in the McGurk effect. Perception and Psychophysics, 50, 524-36.
66. Hirsh-Pasek, K., Kemler-Nelson, D.G., Jusczyk, P.W., Wright-Cassidy, K., Druss, B. & Kennedy, L. (1987). Clauses are perceptual units for young infants. Cognition, 26, 269-86.
67. Hochster, M.E. & Kelly, J.B. (1981). The precedence effect and sound localization by children with temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuropsychologia, 19, 49-55.
68. Holmberg, T.L., Morgan, K.A. & Kuhl, P.K. (1977). Speech perception in early infancy: Discrimination of fricative contrasts. Paper presented at the 94th meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, December, Miami Beach.
69. Ihsen, E. & Day, R.H. (1981). Infants’ visual perception of moving objects at different distances. In A.R. Nesdale, C. Pratt, R. Grieve, J. Field, J. Illingworth & J. Hogben (Eds), Advances in Child Development: Theory and Research. Perth, Australia: National Conference on Child Development.
70. Johnson, J.A., Rosenblum, L.D. & Schmuckler, M.A. (1995). The McGurk effect in infants. Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 97, 2aSC7. 3286.
71. Jusczyk, P.W., Cutler, A. & Redanz, N.J. (1993). Infants’ preference for the predominant stress patterns of English words. Child Development, 23, 648-54.
72. Jusczyk, P.W., Friederici, A.D., Wessells. J.M.I., Svenkerud, V. & Jusczyk, A.M. (1993). Infants’ sensitivity to the sound patterns of native language words. Journal of Memory and Language, 32, 402-20.
73. Jusczyk, P.W., Hirsh-Pasek, K., Kemler-Nelson, D.G., Kennedy, L.J., Woodward, A. & Piwoz, J. (1992). Perception of acoustic correlates of major phrasal units by young infants. Cognitive Psychology, 24, 252-92.
74. Jusczyk, P.W., Pisoni, D.B., Walley, A. & Murray, J. (1980). Discrimination of relative onset of two-component tones by infants. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 67, 262-70.
75. Kaitz, M., Shaviv, E., Greenwald, M., Blum, M. & Auerbach, J. (1985). At what age can a baby recognize mother’s face? Unpublished manuscript, Psychology Department, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
76. Kuhl, P.K. & Meltzoff, A.N. (1982). The bimodal perception of speech in infancy. Science, 218, 1138-41.
77. Kuhl, P.K. & Meltzoff, A.N. (1984). The intermodal representation of speech in infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 7, 361-81.
78. Kuhl, P.K. & Meltzoff, A.N. (1988). Speech as an intermodal object of perception. In A. Yonas (Ed.), Perceptual Development in Infancy: The Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology (20, pp. 235-66). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
79. Kuhl, P.K., Tsuzaki, M., Tohkura, Y. & Meltzoff, A. (1994). Human processing of auditory-visual information in speech perception: Potential for multimodal human-machine interfaces. Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, Tokyo, 1994, S11-41.
80. Kuhl, P.K., Williams, K.A., Lacerda, F., Stevens, K.N. & Lindblom, B. (1992). Linguistic experience alters phonetic perception in infants by 6 months of age. Science, 255, 606-8.
81. Lasky, R.E., Syrdal-Lasky, A. & Klein, R.E. (1975). VOT discrimination by four to six and a half month old infants from Spanish environments. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 20, 215-25.
82. Laub, K.W. (1973). Discrimination of mother from stranger by ten-and eleven-week-old infants. Dissertation Abstracts International, 34, 6242-3.
83. Laub, K.W. & McClusky, K.A. (1974). Visual discrimination of social stimuli with and without auditory cues. Society for Research in Child Development, 39, 92-104.
84. Liberman, A.M. & Mattingly, I.G. (1985). The motor theory of speech perception revised. Cognition, 21, 1-36.
85. Liberman, A.M. & Mattingly, I.G. (1989). A specialization for speech perception. Science, 243, 489-94.
86. McClelland, J.L. & Elman, J.L. (1986). The TRACE model of speech perception. Cognitive Psychology, 18, 1-86.
87. McGurk H. & Buchanan, L. (1981). Bimodal speech perception: Vision and hearing. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Psychology, University of Surrey.
88. McGurk, H. & MacDonald J. (1976). Hearing lips and seeing voices. Nature, 264, 746-8.
89. MacKain, K., Studdert-Kennedy, M., Spieker, S. & Stern, D. (1983). Infant intermodal speech perception is a left-hemisphere function. Science, 219, 1347-8.
90. McKenzie, B.E. & Day, R.H. (1972). Object distance as a determinant of visual fixation in early infancy. Science, 178, 1108-10.
91. Maddieson, I. (1984). Patterns of Sounds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
92. Mann, V.A. (1986). Distinguishing universal and language-dependent levels of speech perception: Evidence of Japanese listeners’ perception of English "1" and “r�?. Cognition, 24, 169-96.
93. Masi, W. & Scott, K. (1983). Recognition of mothers’ faces by term and pre-term infants. In T. Field & A. Sostek (Ed.), Infants Born at Risk: Physiological Perception and Cognitive Processes. New York: Grune and Stratton.
94. Massaro, D.W. (1987). Speech Perception by Eye and Ear: The Psychology of Lipreading. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
95. Massaro, D.W. (1995). Modelling the perception of bimodal speech. Proceedings of the International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Stockholm, 3, 106-13.
96. Massaro, D.W. (1996). Bimodal speech perception: A progress report. In D.G. Stork & M.E. Hennecke (Eds), Speechreading by Humans and Machines. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
97. Massaro, D.W., Cohen, M.M., Gesi, A., Heredia, R. & Tsuzaki, M. (1993). Bimodal speech perception: an examination across languages. Journal of Phonetics, 21, 445-78.
98. Maurer, D. (1985). Infants’ perception of facedness. In T. Field & N.A. Fox (Eds), Social Perception in Infancy. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
99. Maurer, D. & Salapatek, P. (1976). Developmental changes in the scanning of faces by young infants. Child Development, 47, 523-7.
100. Melhuish, E.C. (1982). Visual attention to mother’s and stranger’s faces and facial contrast in 1-month-old infants. Developmental Psychology, 18, 229-31.
101. Miller, C.L. (1983). Developmental changes in male/female voice classification by infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 6, 313-30.
102. Miller, J.D., Weir, C.C., Pastore, R., Kelly, W.J. & Dooling, R.J. (1976). Discrimination and labelling of noise-buzz sequences with varying noise-lead times An example of categorical perception. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 60, 410-17.
103. Mills, A.E. (1987). The development of phonology in the blind child. In B. Dodd & R. Campbell (Eds), Hearing by Eye: The Psychology of Lipreading. Hove, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd.
104. Mills, A.E. & Thiem, R. (1980). Auditory-visual fusions and illusions in speech perception. Linguistische Berichte, 68/80, 85-108.
105. Morton, J. & Johnson, M.H. (1991). CONSPEC, CONLERN and the development of face recognition in the infant. Psychological Review, 98, 164-81.
106. Muir, D. (1985). The development of infants’ auditory spatial sensitivity. In S.E. Trehub & B. Schneider (Eds), Auditory Development in Infancy. New York: Plenum.
107. Muir, D. & Field, J. (1979). Newborn infants orient to sounds. Child Development, 50, 431-6.
108. Muir, D., Clifton, R.K. & Clarkson, M.G. (1989). The development of a human auditory localization response: A U-shaped function. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 43, 199-216.
109. Nottle, E. (1980). Visual facial discrimination of mother and female stranger by young infants. Unpublished honours thesis: Department of Psychology, Monash University.
110. Pettersen, L. Yonas, A. & Fisch, R.O. (1980). The development of blinking in response to impending collision in pre-term, full-term, and post-term infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 3, 155-65.
111. Pickens, J., Field, T., Nawrocki, T., Martinez, A., Soutullo, D. & Gonzalez, J. (1994). Full-term and pre-term infants’ perception of face voice-voice synchrony. Infant Behavior and Development, 17, 447-55.
112. Pisoni, D.B. (1977). Identification and discrimination of the relative onset time of two component tones: Implications for voicing perception in stops. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 61, 1352-61.
113. Polka, L. (1995). Developmental patterns in infant speech perception. Proceedings of the International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Stockholm, 2, 148-55.
114. Polka, L. & Bohn, O-S. (1996). A cross-language comparison of vowel perception in English-learning and German-learning infants. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 100, 577-92.
115. Polka, L. & Werker, J.F. (1994). Developmental changes in perception of nonnative vowel contrasts. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 19, 421-35.
116. Querleu, D. & Renard, X. (1981). Les perceptions auditives du fetus humain. Medicine and Hygiene, 39, 2101-10.
117. Querleu, D., Renard, X., Versyp, F., Paris-Delrue, L. & Crepin, G. (1988). Fetal hearing. European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Reproductive Biology, 29, 191-212.
118. Robert-Ribes, J., Piquemal, M., Schwartz, J-L. & Escudier, P. (1996). Exploiting sensor fusion architectures and stimuli complementarity in AV speech recognition. In D.G. Stork & M.E. Hennecke (Eds), Speechreading by Humans and Machines. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
119. Robert-Ribes, J., Schwartz, J-L., Escudier, P. (1995). Auditory, visual, and audiovisual vowel representations: Experiments and modelling. Proceedings of the International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Stockholm, 3, 114-21.
120. Rose, S.A. (1980). Enhancing visual recognition memory in pre-term infants. Developmental Psychology, 16, 85-92.
121. Rose, S.A., Gottfried, A.W. & Bridger, W.H. (1978). Cross-modal transfer in infants: Relationship to prematurity and socioeconomic background. Developmental Psychology, 14, 643-52.
122. Rose, S.A., Gottfried, A.W. & Bridger, W.H. (1979). Effects of haptic cues on visual recognition memory in full-term and pre-term infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 2, 55-7.
123. Salapatek, P. (1975). Pattern perception in early infancy. In L.B. Cohen & P. Salapatek (Eds), Infant Perception: From Sensation to Cognition Vol. 1: Basic Visual Processes. Orlando, Fl: Academic Press.
124. Sekiyama, K. (1994). Differences in auditory-visual speech perception between Japanese and Americans: McGurk effect as a function of incompatibility. Journal of the Acoustical Society of Japan, 15, 143-58.
125. Sekiyama, K. (1996). Cultural and linguistic factors in auditovisual speech processing: The McGurk effect in Chinese subjects. Perception and Psychophysics, 59, 73.
126. Sekiyama, K. & Tohkura, Y. (1991). McGurk effect in non-English listeners: Few visual effects for Japanese subjects hearing Japanese syllables of high auditory intelligibility. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 90, 1797-1805.
127. Sekiyama, K. & Tohkura, Y. (1993). Inter-language differences in the influence of visual cues in speech perception. Journal of Phonetics, 21, 427-44.
128. Sekiyama, K., Braida, L.D., Nishino, K., Hayashi, M. & Tuyo, M.M. (1995). The McGurk effect in Japanese and American perceivers. Proceedings of the International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Stockholm, 4, 214-17.
129. Sekiyama, K., Tohkura, Y. & Umeda, M. (1996). A few factors which affect the degree of incorporating lip-read information into speech perception. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, Philadelphia, 3, 1481-4.
130. Sherrod, L.R. (1979). Social cognition in infants: Attention to the human face. Infant Behavior and Development, 2, 279-94.
131. Spelke, E. (1976). Infants’ intermodal perception of events. Cognitive Psychology, 8, 53-60.
132. Spelke, E.S. (1979). Perceiving bimodally specified events in infancy. Developmental Psychology, 15, 626-36.
133. Spelke, E.S. & Owsley, C.J. (1979). Intermodal exploration and knowledge in infancy. Infant Behavior and Development, 2, 13-27.
134. Streeter, L.A. (1976). Language perception of 2-month-old infants shows effects of both innate mechanisms and experience. Nature, 259, 39-41.
135. Studdert-Kennedy, M. (1986). Development of the speech perceptuomotor system. In B. Lindblom & R. Zetterstrom (Eds), Precursors of Early Speech. New York: Stockton Press.
136. Studdert-Kennedy, M. & Goodell, E.W. (1992). Gestures, features and segments in early child speech. Haskins Laboratories Status Report on Speech Perception, SR-111/112, 89-102.
137. Summerfield, A.Q. (1987). Some preliminaries to a comprehensive account of audio-visual speech perception. In B. Dodd & R. Campbell (Eds), Hearing by Eye: The Psychology of Lip-reading. Hove, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd.
138. Thein-Tun, U. & Burnham, D. (1994). The nature of information processing in speech perception. In R. Togneri (Ed.), Proceedings of the Fifth Australian International Conference on Speech Science and Technology, 2, 430-5.
139. Tronick, E. (1972). Stimulus control and the growth of the infants’ effective visual field. Perception and Psychophysics, 11, 373-6.
140. van Son, N., Huiskamp, T.M., Bosman, A.J. & Smoorenburg, G.F. (1994). Viseme classifications of Dutch consonants and vowels. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 96, 1341-55.
141. Wagner, S.H. & Sakovits, L.J. (1986). A process analysis of infant visual and cross-modal recognition memory: Implications for an amodal code. In L. Lipsitt & C. Rovee-Collier (Eds), Advances in Infancy Research, IV. New Jersey: Ablex.
142. Walker-Andrews, A.S. & Gibson, E.J. (1986). What develops in bimodal perception? In L. Lipsitt & C. Rovee-Collier (Eds), Advances in Infancy Research, IV. New Jersey: Ablex.
143. Walker-Andrews, A.S., Bahrick, L.E., Raglioni, S.S. & Diaz, I. (1991). Infants’ bimodal perception of gender. Ecological Psychology, 3, 55-75.
144. Werker, J.F. (1994). Cross-language speech perception: Developmental change does not involve loss. In J.C. Goodman & H.L. Nusbaum (Eds.), The development of speech perception: The transition from speech sounds to spoken words. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
145. Werker, J.F. & Lalonde, C.E. (1988). Cross-language speech perception: Initial capabilities and developmental change. Developmental Psychology, 24, 672-83.
146. Werker, J.F. & Logan, J.S. (1985). Cross-language evidence for three factors in speech perception. Perception and Psychophysics, 37, 35-44.
147. Werker, J.F. & Tees, R.C. (1983). Developmental changes across childhood in the perception of non-native speech sounds. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 37, 278-86.
148. Werker, J.F. & Tees (1984a). Cross language speech perception: Evidence for perceptual reorganization during the first year of life. Infant and Behavior and Development, 7, 49-63.
149. Werker, J.F. & Tees (1984b). Phonemic and phonetic factors in adult cross-language speech perception. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 75, 1866-78.
150. Werker, J.F., Frost, P. & McGurk, H. (1992). Cross-language influences on bimodal speech perception. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 46, 551-68.
151. Werker, J.F., Gilbert, J.H.V., Humphrey, K. & Tees, R.C. (1981). Development aspects of cross-language speech perception. Child Development, 52, 349-55.
152. Whitfield, I.C., Cranford, J., Ravizza R. & Diamond, I.T. (1972). Effects of unilateral ablation of auditory cortex in cat on complex sound localization. Journal of Neurophysiology, 35, 718-31.
153. Whitfield, I.C., Diamond, K., Chiveralls, K. & Williamson T.G. (1978). Some further observations on the effects of unilateral cortical ablation on sound localization in the cat. Experimental Brain Research, 31, 221-34.
154. Yakovlev, P. & Lecours, A. (1967). The myelogenetic cycles of regional maturation of the brain. In A. Minkowski (Ed.), Regional Development of the Brain in Early Life. Philadelphia: Davis.
155. Yin, R.K. (1978). Face perception: A review of experiments with infants, normal adults, and brain-injured persons. In R. Held, H.W. Leibowitz & H.-L. Teuber (Eds.), Handbook of Sensory Physiology (8) Berlin: Springer-Verlag.