메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 14, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 211-237

Weak vowels in modern RP: An acoustic study of happy-tensing and kit/schwa shift

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 85008550405     PISSN: 09543945     EISSN: 14698021     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0954394502142037     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (25)

References (176)
  • 1
    • 0009148507 scopus 로고
    • Scottish accents anddialects
    • In P. Trudgill (Ed.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Aitken, A. J. (1984). Scottish accents anddialects. In P. Trudgill (Ed.), Language in the British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 94-114.
    • (1984) Language in the British Isles , pp. 94-114
    • Aitken, A.J.1
  • 2
    • 0011596574 scopus 로고
    • Historical and comparative linguistics
    • Amsterdam: Benjamins.
    • Anttila, R. (1989). Historical and comparative linguistics. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
    • (1989)
    • Anttila, R.1
  • 3
    • 81855213260 scopus 로고
    • On the progress of the progressive in the private correspondence of famous British people (1800-1880)
    • In S. Jacobson (Ed.) Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell
    • Arnaud, R. (1983). On the progress of the progressive in the private correspondence of famous British people (1800-1880). In S. Jacobson (Ed.), Papers from the Second ScandIn Avian Symposium on Syntactic Variation. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell. 83-94.
    • (1983) Papers from the Second ScandIn Avian Symposium on Syntactic Variation , pp. 83-94
    • Arnaud, R.1
  • 4
    • 85007967553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The development of the progressive in 19th century English: A quantitative survey
    • Arnaud, R. (1998). The development of the progressive in 19th century English: A quantitative survey. Language Variation andChange 10: 123-152.
    • (1998) Language Variation andChange , vol.10 , pp. 123-152
    • Arnaud, R.1
  • 5
    • 60949927890 scopus 로고
    • Verbalaspect: A generaltheory and its application to present-day English
    • Stockholm: Odense University Press.
    • Bache, C. (1985). Verbalaspect: A generaltheory and its application to present-day English. Stockholm: Odense University Press.
    • (1985)
    • Bache, C.1
  • 7
    • 0002341044 scopus 로고
    • The emergence of Black English: Texts and commentary
    • Amsterdam: Benjamins.
    • Bailey, G., Maynor, N., (Eds.). (1991). The emergence of Black English: Texts and commentary. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
    • (1991)
    • Bailey, G.1    Maynor, N.2
  • 8
    • 84969485315 scopus 로고
    • The shape of the superstrate: Morphosyntactic features of Ship English
    • Bailey, G., & Ross, G. (1988). The shape of the superstrate: Morphosyntactic features of Ship English. English World-Wide 9: 193-212.
    • (1988) English World-Wide , vol.9 , pp. 193-212
    • Bailey, G.1    Ross, G.2
  • 9
    • 61949197206 scopus 로고
    • A higher English grammar (new revised and enlarged edition)
    • London: n. p.
    • Bain, A. (1904). A higher English grammar (new revised and enlarged edition). London: n. p.
    • (1904)
    • Bain, A.1
  • 10
    • 84965590018 scopus 로고
    • EarlyModern English
    • London: Deutsch.
    • Barber, C. (1976). EarlyModern English. London: Deutsch.
    • (1976)
    • Barber, C.1
  • 11
    • 0012798722 scopus 로고
    • A reexamIn Ation of the Black English copula
    • In W. Labov (Ed.) New York: Academic
    • Baugh, J. (1980). A reexamIn Ation of the Black English copula. In W. Labov (Ed.), Locatinglanguage in time and space. New York: Academic. 83-106.
    • (1980) Locatinglanguage in time and space , pp. 83-106
    • Baugh, J.1
  • 12
    • 0040753332 scopus 로고
    • Toward the logic of tense and aspect in English
    • Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics Club.
    • Bennett, M., & B. Partee (1972). Toward the logic of tense and aspect in English. Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics Club.
    • (1972)
    • Bennett, M.1    Partee, B.2
  • 13
    • 0004211964 scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of a creolesystem
    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • Bickerton, D. (1975). Dynamics of a creolesystem. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1975)
    • Bickerton, D.1
  • 14
    • 0004251151 scopus 로고
    • Roots of language
    • Ann Arbor, MI: Karoma.
    • Bickerton, D. (1981). Roots of language. Ann Arbor, MI: Karoma.
    • (1981)
    • Bickerton, D.1
  • 15
    • 84971195232 scopus 로고
    • The language bioprogram hypothesis
    • Bickerton, D. (1984). The language bioprogram hypothesis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 7: 173-221.
    • (1984) Behavioral and Brain Sciences , vol.7 , pp. 173-221
    • Bickerton, D.1
  • 16
    • 84931445921 scopus 로고
    • Time and the verb: A guide to tense and aspect
    • New York: Oxford University Press.
    • Binnick, R. I. (1991). Time and the verb: A guide to tense and aspect. New York: Oxford University Press.
    • (1991)
    • Binnick, R.I.1
  • 17
    • 0346114445 scopus 로고
    • Durative marker or hypercorrection? The case of -s in the WPA Ex-Slave Narratives
    • In M. B. Montgomery & G. Bailey (Eds.) Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press
    • Brewer, J. (1986). Durative marker or hypercorrection? The case of -s in the WPA Ex-Slave Narratives. In M. B. Montgomery & G. Bailey (Eds.), Language variety in the South: Perspectives in black and white. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. 131-148.
    • (1986) Language variety in the South: Perspectives in black and white , pp. 131-148
    • Brewer, J.1
  • 18
    • 84931349721 scopus 로고
    • The aspectual nature of states and habits
    • Brinton, L. J. (1987). The aspectual nature of states and habits. Folia Linguistica 21: 195-214.
    • (1987) Folia Linguistica , vol.21 , pp. 195-214
    • Brinton, L.J.1
  • 19
    • 84934453347 scopus 로고
    • The development of English aspectual systems: Aspectualizers and post-verbal particles
    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • Brinton, L. J. (1988). The development of English aspectual systems: Aspectualizers and post-verbal particles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1988)
    • Brinton, L.J.1
  • 20
    • 44849139241 scopus 로고
    • The British grammar
    • Menston: Scolar Press
    • Buchanan, J. (1762/1968). The British grammar. Menston: Scolar Press.
    • (1762)
    • Buchanan, J.1
  • 21
    • 0039169820 scopus 로고
    • The diachronic dimension in explanation
    • In J. Hawkins (Ed.) Oxford: Blackwell
    • Bybee, J. (1988). The diachronic dimension in explanation. In J. Hawkins (Ed.), Explaininglanguage universals. Oxford: Blackwell. 350-379.
    • (1988) Explaininglanguage universals , pp. 350-379
    • Bybee, J.1
  • 22
    • 0003558295 scopus 로고
    • Variation in an English dialect: A sociolinguistic study
    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • Cheshire, J. (1982). Variation in an English dialect: A sociolinguistic study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1982)
    • Cheshire, J.1
  • 23
    • 0004305262 scopus 로고
    • Variation and change in geographically isolated communities: AppalachianEnglish and OzarkEnglish
    • Tuscaloosa, AL: American Dialect Society.
    • Christian, D., Wolfram, W., & Dube, N. (1988). Variation and change in geographically isolated communities: AppalachianEnglish and OzarkEnglish. Tuscaloosa, AL: American Dialect Society.
    • (1988)
    • Christian, D.1    Wolfram, W.2    Dube, N.3
  • 24
    • 84868078992 scopus 로고
    • Evidence for an unsuspected habitual marker in Jamaican
    • In M. Gorlach & J. Holm (Eds.) Amsterdam: Benjamins
    • Christie, P. (1986). Evidence for an unsuspected habitual marker in Jamaican. In M. Gorlach & J. Holm (Eds.), Focus on the Caribbean. Amsterdam: Benjamins. 183-190.
    • (1986) Focus on the Caribbean , pp. 183-190
    • Christie, P.1
  • 25
    • 0002075652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • English verbal-s revisited: The evidence from Newfoundland
    • Clarke, S. (1997). English verbal-s revisited: The evidence from Newfoundland. American Speech 72: 227-259.
    • (1997) American Speech , vol.72 , pp. 227-259
    • Clarke, S.1
  • 26
    • 0004197107 scopus 로고
    • Aspect
    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • Comrie, B. (1976). Aspect. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1976)
    • Comrie, B.1
  • 27
    • 0004174488 scopus 로고
    • The semantics of the modal auxiliaries
    • London: Croom Helm.
    • Coates, J. (1983). The semantics of the modal auxiliaries. London: Croom Helm.
    • (1983)
    • Coates, J.1
  • 28
    • 22944468887 scopus 로고
    • Grammatica lingua anglicanae
    • Menston: Scolar Press
    • Cooper, C. (1685/1968). Grammatica lingua anglicanae. Menston: Scolar Press.
    • (1685)
    • Cooper, C.1
  • 29
    • 61449158133 scopus 로고
    • Specification and English tenses
    • Crystal, D. (1966). Specification and English tenses. Journal of Linguistics 2: 1-34.
    • (1966) Journal of Linguistics , vol.2 , pp. 1-34
    • Crystal, D.1
  • 30
    • 33644610253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Change and stability in the use of verbal-s overtime in AAVE
    • In E. Schneider (Ed.) Volume I: General studies, British Isles, North America. Amsterdam: Benjamins
    • Cukor-Avila, P. (1997). Change and stability in the use of verbal-s overtime in AAVE. In E. Schneider (Ed.), Englishes around the world. Volume I: General studies, British Isles, North America. Amsterdam: Benjamins. 295-306.
    • (1997) Englishes around the world , pp. 295-306
    • Cukor-Avila, P.1
  • 31
    • 33846489068 scopus 로고
    • A grammar of the English language
    • Syntax. Boston: D. C. Heath.
    • Curme, G. O. (1931). A grammar of the English language. Volume 3: Syntax. Boston: D. C. Heath.
    • (1931) , vol.3
    • Curme, G.O.1
  • 32
    • 0347120646 scopus 로고
    • A grammar of the English language
    • Essex, CT: Verbatim.
    • Curme, G. O. (1977). A grammar of the English language. Essex, CT: Verbatim.
    • (1977)
    • Curme, G.O.1
  • 33
    • 0004139117 scopus 로고
    • Tense and aspect systems
    • Oxford: Blackwell.
    • Dahl, O. (1985). Tense and aspect systems. Oxford: Blackwell.
    • (1985)
    • Dahl, O.1
  • 34
    • 0002348909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grammatical categories of the verb in African-American Vernacular English
    • Doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
    • Dayton, E. (1997). Grammatical categories of the verb in African-American Vernacular English. Doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
    • (1997)
    • Dayton, E.1
  • 35
    • 0038743770 scopus 로고
    • English historical syntax: Verbal constructions
    • London: Longman.
    • Denison, D. (1993). English historical syntax: Verbal constructions. London: Longman.
    • (1993)
    • Denison, D.1
  • 36
    • 0039866550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Syntax
    • In S. Romaine (Ed.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Denison, D. (1998). Syntax. In S. Romaine (Ed.), The Cambridge historyof the English language. Volume 4: 1776-1997. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 92-329.
    • (1998) The Cambridge historyof the English language , vol.4 , pp. 1776-1997
    • Denison, D.1
  • 38
    • 55549103257 scopus 로고
    • Selection and codification of a widely understood and publicly useable language variety in Guyana, to be used as a vehicle of national development
    • Doctoral dissertation, University of York.
    • Devonish, H. (1978). Selection and codification of a widely understood and publicly useable language variety in Guyana, to be used as a vehicle of national development. Doctoral dissertation, University of York.
    • (1978)
    • Devonish, H.1
  • 39
    • 0009782865 scopus 로고
    • The chronological system of the English verb
    • Diver, W. (1963). The chronological system of the English verb. Word 19: 141-181.
    • (1963) Word , vol.19 , pp. 141-181
    • Diver, W.1
  • 40
    • 84925894223 scopus 로고
    • The stative in the progressive and other essence/accidence contrasts
    • Dowty, D. R. (1975). The stative in the progressive and other essence/accidence contrasts. Linguistic Inquiry 6: 579-588.
    • (1975) Linguistic Inquiry , vol.6 , pp. 579-588
    • Dowty, D.R.1
  • 41
    • 84922153969 scopus 로고
    • A new English grammar
    • Menston: Scolar Press.
    • Duncan, D. (1731/1967). A new English grammar. Menston: Scolar Press.
    • (1731)
    • Duncan, D.1
  • 42
    • 4243868475 scopus 로고
    • The auxiliary do: The establishment and regulation ofits use in English
    • Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.
    • Ellegard, A. (1953). The auxiliary do: The establishment and regulation ofits use in English. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.
    • (1953)
    • Ellegard, A.1
  • 43
    • 84937302887 scopus 로고
    • Literary dialect as linguistic evidence: Subject-verb concord in nineteenth-century southern literature
    • Ellis, M. (1994). Literary dialect as linguistic evidence: Subject-verb concord in nineteenth-century southern literature. American Speech 69: 128-144.
    • (1994) American Speech , vol.69 , pp. 128-144
    • Ellis, M.1
  • 44
    • 84937312775 scopus 로고
    • On the progression of the progressive in Early Modern English
    • Elsness, J. (1994). On the progression of the progressive in Early Modern English. ICAME Journal 18: 5-25.
    • (1994) ICAME Journal , vol.18 , pp. 5-25
    • Elsness, J.1
  • 45
    • 84946387044 scopus 로고
    • An outline of the grammar of the dialect of West Somerset
    • London: Trubner.
    • Elworthy, F. T. (1877). An outline of the grammar of the dialect of West Somerset (Transactions of the Philological Society 1877-79, Part 2, 143-257). London: Trubner.
    • (1877) Transactions of the Philological Society 1877-79 , pp. 143-257
    • Elworthy, F.T.1
  • 46
    • 0003608725 scopus 로고
    • Tense marking in Black English: A linguistic and social analysis
    • Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.
    • Fasold, R. (1972). Tense marking in Black English: A linguistic and social analysis. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.
    • (1972)
    • Fasold, R.1
  • 47
    • 0012871553 scopus 로고
    • Variation and change in Alabama English: A sociolinguistic study of the white community
    • Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
    • Feagin, C. (1979). Variation and change in Alabama English: A sociolinguistic study of the white community. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
    • (1979)
    • Feagin, C.1
  • 48
    • 44849089400 scopus 로고
    • An essay towards an English grammar
    • Menston: Scolar Press.
    • Fell, J. (1784/1967). An essay towards an English grammar. Menston: Scolar Press.
    • (1784)
    • Fell, J.1
  • 49
    • 3042849830 scopus 로고
    • A new grammar of the English language
    • Menston: Scolar Press
    • Fenning, D. (1771/1967). A new grammar of the English language. Menston: Scolar Press.
    • (1771)
    • Fenning, D.1
  • 50
    • 0039149184 scopus 로고
    • The semantics of English aspectual complementation
    • Dordrecht: Reidel.
    • Freed, A. (1979). The semantics of English aspectual complementation. Dordrecht: Reidel.
    • (1979)
    • Freed, A.1
  • 51
    • 0007015541 scopus 로고
    • American English grammar
    • New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
    • Fries, C. (1940). American English grammar. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
    • (1940)
    • Fries, C.1
  • 52
    • 84890584748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The progressive and habitual aspects in non-standard Englishes
    • In E. W. Schneider (Ed.) Volumel: Generalstudies, Britishlsles, NorthAmer-ica. Amsterdam: Benjamins
    • Gachelin, J.-M. (1997). The progressive and habitual aspects in non-standard Englishes. In E. W. Schneider (Ed.), Englishes around the world. Volumel: Generalstudies, Britishlsles, NorthAmer-ica. Amsterdam: Benjamins. 33-46.
    • (1997) Englishes around the world , pp. 33-46
    • Gachelin, J.-M.1
  • 53
    • 84928446813 scopus 로고
    • The ordering of auxiliary notions in Guyanese creole
    • Gibson, K. (1986). The ordering of auxiliary notions in Guyanese creole. Language 62: 571-586.
    • (1986) Language , vol.62 , pp. 571-586
    • Gibson, K.1
  • 54
    • 85007974069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Another piece for the verbal-s story: Evidence from Devon in southwest England
    • Godfrey, E., & Tagliamonte, S. (1999). Another piece for the verbal-s story: Evidence from Devon in southwest England. Language Variation and Change 11: 87-121.
    • (1999) Language Variation and Change , vol.11 , pp. 87-121
    • Godfrey, E.1    Tagliamonte, S.2
  • 55
    • 85065114975 scopus 로고
    • The English progressive tenses and the layered representation of Functional Grammar
    • In C. Vet & C. Vetters (Eds.) Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter
    • Goossens, L. (1994). The English progressive tenses and the layered representation of Functional Grammar. In C. Vet & C. Vetters (Eds.), Tense andaspectin discourse. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 161-177.
    • (1994) Tense andaspectin discourse , pp. 161-177
    • Goossens, L.1
  • 56
    • 84890653150 scopus 로고
    • The use of the progressive form in English
    • Granville Hatcher, A. (1951). The use of the progressive form in English. Language 27: 254-280.
    • (1951) Language , vol.27 , pp. 254-280
    • Granville, H.A.1
  • 57
    • 85139615611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aspect and predicate phrases in African-American Vernacular English
    • In S. S. Mufwene, J. R. Rickford, G. Bailey, & J. Baugh (Eds.) London: Routledge
    • Green, L. (1998). Aspect and predicate phrases in African-American Vernacular English. In S. S. Mufwene, J. R. Rickford, G. Bailey, & J. Baugh (Eds.), African-American English: Structure, history and use. London: Routledge. 37-68.
    • (1998) African-American English: Structure, history and use , pp. 37-68
    • Green, L.1
  • 58
    • 80051630291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A grammar of Belizean Creole: Compilations from two existing United States dialects
    • New York: Peter Lang.
    • Greene, L. A. (1999). A grammar of Belizean Creole: Compilations from two existing United States dialects. New York: Peter Lang.
    • (1999)
    • Greene, L.A.1
  • 59
    • 27144548675 scopus 로고
    • An essay towards a practical English grammar
    • Menston: Scolar Press.
    • Greenwood, J. (1711/1968). An essay towards a practical English grammar. Menston: Scolar Press.
    • (1711)
    • Greenwood, J.1
  • 60
    • 0002222651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Copula absence in Samana English: Implications for research on the linguistic history of African-American Vernacular English
    • Hannah, D. (1997). Copula absence in Samana English: Implications for research on the linguistic history of African-American Vernacular English. American Speech 72: 339-372.
    • (1997) American Speech , vol.72 , pp. 339-372
    • Hannah, D.1
  • 61
    • 78149331267 scopus 로고
    • Auxiliaries: Cognitive forces and grammaticalization
    • New York: Oxford University Press.
    • Heine, B. (1993). Auxiliaries: Cognitive forces and grammaticalization. New York: Oxford University Press.
    • (1993)
    • Heine, B.1
  • 62
    • 0040836876 scopus 로고
    • Belfast English and Standard English: Dialect variation and parameter setting
    • New York: Oxford University Press.
    • Henry, A. (1995). Belfast English and Standard English: Dialect variation and parameter setting. New York: Oxford University Press.
    • (1995)
    • Henry, A.1
  • 63
    • 0004199984 scopus 로고
    • Principles ofhistoricallinguistics (second revised and updated edition)
    • Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
    • Hock, H. H. (1991). Principles ofhistoricallinguistics (second revised and updated edition). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
    • (1991)
    • Hock, H.H.1
  • 64
    • 84927456991 scopus 로고
    • Variability of the copula in Black English and its creole kin
    • Holm, J. (1984). Variability of the copula in Black English and its creole kin. American Speech 59: 291-309.
    • (1984) American Speech , vol.59 , pp. 291-309
    • Holm, J.1
  • 65
    • 0010908452 scopus 로고
    • Pidgins and creoles
    • Theory and structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • Holm, J. (1988). Pidgins and creoles. Volume 1: Theory and structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1988) , vol.1
    • Holm, J.1
  • 66
    • 26444579326 scopus 로고
    • Pidgins and creoles
    • Reference survey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • Holm, J. (1989). Pidgins and creoles. Volume 2: Reference survey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1989) Volume , vol.2
    • Holm, J.1
  • 67
    • 0040563814 scopus 로고
    • On the history of the English present inflections, particularly -th and -s
    • Heidelberg: Carl Winter.
    • Holmqvist, E. (1922). On the history of the English present inflections, particularly -th and -s. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.
    • (1922)
    • Holmqvist, E.1
  • 68
    • 84962909616 scopus 로고
    • Aspect and foregrounding in discourse
    • In T. Givon (Ed.) Discourse and syntax. New York: Academic.
    • Hopper, P. (1979). Aspect and foregrounding in discourse. In T. Givon (Ed.), Syntax and semantics. Volume 12: Discourse and syntax. New York: Academic.
    • (1979) Syntax and semantics , vol.12
    • Hopper, P.1
  • 69
    • 33644507333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Negation and the creole-origins hypothesis: Evidence from Early African American English
    • In S. Poplack (Ed.) Oxford: Blackwell
    • Howe, D. M., & Walker, J. A. (2000). Negation and the creole-origins hypothesis: Evidence from Early African American English. In S. Poplack (Ed.), The English history of African American English. Oxford: Blackwell. 109-140.
    • (2000) The English history of African American English , pp. 109-140
    • Howe, D.M.1    Walker, J.A.2
  • 70
    • 0039285131 scopus 로고
    • The dialects of England since 1776
    • In R. Burchfield (Ed.) English in Britain and overseas: Origins and development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Ihalainen, O. (1992). The dialects of England since 1776. In R. Burchfield (Ed.), The Cambridge history of the English language. Volume 5: English in Britain and overseas: Origins and development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 197-274.
    • (1992) The Cambridge history of the English language , vol.5 , pp. 197-274
    • Ihalainen, O.1
  • 71
    • 55549118477 scopus 로고
    • Predicate structures in Guyanese Creole
    • Master's thesis, University of the West Indies, Jamaica.
    • Jaganauth, D. (1987). Predicate structures in Guyanese Creole. Master's thesis, University of the West Indies, Jamaica.
    • (1987)
    • Jaganauth, D.1
  • 72
    • 0003561072 scopus 로고
    • A modern English grammar on historical principles
    • London: George Allen & Unwin
    • Jespersen, O. (1909/1949). A modern English grammar on historical principles. Part VI: Morphology. London: George Allen & Unwin.
    • (1909) Morphology
    • Jespersen, O.1
  • 73
    • 0004015338 scopus 로고
    • The philosophy of grammar
    • New York: Norton.
    • Jespersen, O. (1924). The philosophy of grammar. New York: Norton.
    • (1924)
    • Jespersen, O.1
  • 74
    • 0003561072 scopus 로고
    • A modern English grammar on historical principles
    • London: George Allen & Unwin
    • Jespersen, O. (1931/1961). A modern English grammar on historical principles. Part IV: Syntax. London: George Allen & Unwin.
    • (1931) Syntax
    • Jespersen, O.1
  • 75
    • 0004311823 scopus 로고
    • The English verb: Form and meaning
    • Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
    • Joos, M. (1964). The English verb: Form and meaning. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
    • (1964)
    • Joos, M.1
  • 76
    • 0008986120 scopus 로고
    • Time in language
    • London: Routledge.
    • Klein, W. (1994). Time in language. London: Routledge.
    • (1994)
    • Klein, W.1
  • 77
    • 0040594479 scopus 로고
    • Function and grammar in the history of English: Periphrastic do
    • In R. Fasold & D. Schiffrin (Eds.) Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press
    • Kroch, A. (1989a). Function and grammar in the history of English: Periphrastic do. In R. Fasold & D. Schiffrin (Eds.), Language change and variation. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. 133-172.
    • (1989) Language change and variation , pp. 133-172
    • Kroch, A.1
  • 78
    • 84974098164 scopus 로고
    • Reflexes of grammar in patterns of language change
    • Kroch, A. (1989b). Reflexes of grammar in patterns of language change. Language Variation and Change 1: 199-244.
    • (1989) Language Variation and Change , vol.1 , pp. 199-244
    • Kroch, A.1
  • 79
    • 0010196599 scopus 로고
    • A handbook of present-day English. Part II: English accidence and syntax
    • Groningen: P. Noordhott.
    • Kruisinga, E. (1931). A handbook of present-day English. Part II: English accidence and syntax. Groningen: P. Noordhott.
    • (1931)
    • Kruisinga, E.1
  • 80
    • 33750157481 scopus 로고
    • An English grammar
    • Groningen: P. Noordhoff.
    • Kruisinga, E., & Erades, P. A. (1955). An English grammar, Volume 1. Groningen: P. Noordhoff.
    • (1955) , vol.1
    • Kruisinga, E.1    Erades, P.A.2
  • 81
    • 0000473370 scopus 로고
    • Contraction, deletion, and inherent variability of the English copula
    • Labov, W. (1969). Contraction, deletion, and inherent variability of the English copula. Language 45: 715-762.
    • (1969) Language , vol.45 , pp. 715-762
    • Labov, W.1
  • 82
    • 0010703140 scopus 로고
    • A study of the non-standard English of Negro and Puerto Rican speakers in New York City (Co-operative Research Report 3288
    • Philadelphia: U. S. Regional Survey.
    • Labov, W., Cohen, P., Robins, C., & Lewis, J. (1968). A study of the non-standard English of Negro and Puerto Rican speakers in New York City (Co-operative Research Report 3288, Vol. 1). Philadelphia: U. S. Regional Survey.
    • (1968) , vol.1
    • Labov, W.1    Cohen, P.2    Robins, C.3    Lewis, J.4
  • 83
    • 20444442624 scopus 로고
    • Remarks on English aspect
    • In P. Hopper (Ed.) Amsterdam: Benjamins
    • Langacker, R. W. (1982). Remarks on English aspect. In P. Hopper (Ed.), Tense-aspect: Between semantics and pragmatics. Amsterdam: Benjamins. 265-304.
    • (1982) Tense-aspect: Between semantics and pragmatics , pp. 265-304
    • Langacker, R.W.1
  • 84
    • 0003771837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Historical linguistics and language change
    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • Lass, R. (1997). Historical linguistics and language change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1997)
    • Lass, R.1
  • 85
    • 0004240531 scopus 로고
    • Meaning and the English verb
    • London: Longman.
    • Leech, G. (1987). Meaning and the English verb. London: Longman.
    • (1987)
    • Leech, G.1
  • 86
    • 0004239912 scopus 로고
    • A communicative grammar of English
    • London: Longman.
    • Leech, G., & Svartvik, J. (1975). A communicative grammar of English. London: Longman.
    • (1975)
    • Leech, G.1    Svartvik, J.2
  • 87
    • 84967130151 scopus 로고
    • Acts ofidentity: Creole-based approaches tolanguage and ethnicity
    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • LePage, R., & Tabouret-Keller, A. (1985). Acts ofidentity: Creole-based approaches tolanguage and ethnicity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1985)
    • LePage, R.1    Tabouret-Keller, A.2
  • 88
    • 0003973725 scopus 로고
    • English verb classes and alternations: A prelimIn Ary investigation
    • Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    • Levin, B. (1993). English verb classes and alternations: A prelimIn Ary investigation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    • (1993)
    • Levin, B.1
  • 89
    • 0009790865 scopus 로고
    • Reflections on the English progressive
    • Goteborg: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis.
    • Ljung, M. (1980). Reflections on the English progressive. Goteborg: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis.
    • (1980)
    • Ljung, M.1
  • 90
    • 24144435700 scopus 로고
    • The English grammar
    • Menston: Scolar Press
    • Maittaire, M. (1712/1967). The English grammar. Menston: Scolar Press.
    • (1712)
    • Maittaire, M.1
  • 92
    • 20444438917 scopus 로고
    • The English grammar
    • Menston: Scolar Press
    • Miege, G. (1688/1969). The English grammar. Menston: Scolar Press.
    • (1688)
    • Miege, G.1
  • 93
    • 33644605846 scopus 로고
    • Regional accents of English: Belfast
    • Belfast: Blackstaff.
    • Milroy, J. (1981). Regional accents of English: Belfast. Belfast: Blackstaff.
    • (1981)
    • Milroy, J.1
  • 94
    • 0040669155 scopus 로고
    • Old Englishsyntax
    • Oxford: Clarendon.
    • Mitchell, B. (1985). Old Englishsyntax. Oxford: Clarendon.
    • (1985)
    • Mitchell, B.1
  • 95
    • 0038405666 scopus 로고
    • Aguide to Old English (revised edition)
    • Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
    • Mitchell, B., & Robinson, F. C. (1982). Aguide to Old English (revised edition). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
    • (1982)
    • Mitchell, B.1    Robinson, F.C.2
  • 96
    • 0040556910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Making transatlantic connections between varieties of English
    • Montgomery, M. (1997). Making transatlantic connections between varieties of English. Journal of English Linguistics 25: 122-141.
    • (1997) Journal of English Linguistics , vol.25 , pp. 122-141
    • Montgomery, M.1
  • 97
    • 0012809267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What was verbal-s in 19th-century African American English?
    • In E. W. Schneider (Ed.) Amsterdam: Benjamins
    • Montgomery, M., & Fuller, J. M. (1996). What was verbal-s in 19th-century African American English? In E. W. Schneider (Ed.), Focus on the USA. Amsterdam: Benjamins. 211-230.
    • (1996) Focus on the USA , pp. 211-230
    • Montgomery, M.1    Fuller, J.M.2
  • 98
    • 84974286115 scopus 로고
    • The black man has wives and sweet harts [and third person plurals] jest like the white men”: Evidence from verbal-s from written documents on 19th-century African American speech
    • Montgomery, M., Fuller, J. M., & DeMarse, S. (1993). “The black man has wives and sweet harts [and third person plurals] jest like the white men”: Evidence from verbal-s from written documents on 19th-century African American speech. Language Variation and Change 5: 335-357.
    • (1993) Language Variation and Change , vol.5 , pp. 335-357
    • Montgomery, M.1    Fuller, J.M.2    DeMarse, S.3
  • 99
    • 60950525898 scopus 로고
    • Histoire de la formeperiphrastique etre + participepresent en Germanique
    • Paris: C. Klincksieck.
    • Mosse, F. (1938). Histoire de la formeperiphrastique etre + participepresent en Germanique. Paris: C. Klincksieck.
    • (1938)
    • Mosse, F.1
  • 100
    • 0040201987 scopus 로고
    • A handbook of Middle English
    • Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
    • Mosse, F. (1952). A handbook of Middle English. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
    • (1952)
    • Mosse, F.1
  • 101
    • 0038216496 scopus 로고
    • Stativity and the progressive
    • Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics Club
    • Mufwene, S. S. (1984a). Stativity and the progressive. Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics Club.
    • (1984)
    • Mufwene, S.S.1
  • 102
    • 84969469682 scopus 로고
    • Observations on time reference in Jamaican and Guyanese creoles
    • Mufwene, S. S. (1984b). Observations on time reference in Jamaican and Guyanese creoles. English WorldWide 4: 199-229.
    • (1984) English WorldWide , vol.4 , pp. 199-229
    • Mufwene, S.S.1
  • 103
    • 84928841843 scopus 로고
    • The rise of be as an aspectual marker in Black English Vernacular
    • Myhill, J. (1988). The rise of be as an aspectual marker in Black English Vernacular. American Speech 63: 304-325.
    • (1988) American Speech , vol.63 , pp. 304-325
    • Myhill, J.1
  • 104
    • 0347375421 scopus 로고
    • The use of verbal-s inflection in BEV
    • In D. Sankoff (Ed.) Amsterdam: Benjamins
    • Myhill, J., & Harris, W. A. (1986). The use of verbal-s inflection in BEV. In D. Sankoff (Ed.), Diversity and diachrony. Amsterdam: Benjamins. 25-32.
    • (1986) Diversity and diachrony , pp. 25-32
    • Myhill, J.1    Harris, W.A.2
  • 105
    • 0040904972 scopus 로고
    • On the development of the grammatical category of verbal aspect in English
    • In J. Klegraf & D. Nehls (Eds.) Heidelberg: Julius Groos
    • Nehls, D. (1988). On the development of the grammatical category of verbal aspect in English. In J. Klegraf & D. Nehls (Eds.), Essays on the English language and applied linguistics. Heidelberg: Julius Groos. 173-198.
    • (1988) Essays on the English language and applied linguistics , pp. 173-198
    • Nehls, D.1
  • 107
    • 2342558930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A semanticand pragmaticmodeloflexicaland grammaticalaspect
    • New York: Garland.
    • Olsen, M. B. (1997). A semanticand pragmaticmodeloflexicaland grammaticalaspect. New York: Garland.
    • (1997)
    • Olsen, M.B.1
  • 108
    • 0004062937 scopus 로고
    • The English verb (second edition)
    • London: Longman.
    • Palmer, F. R. (1987). The English verb (second edition). London: Longman.
    • (1987)
    • Palmer, F.R.1
  • 109
    • 85008535939 scopus 로고
    • The English verb
    • Menston: Scolar Press
    • Pickbourn, J. (1789/1968). The English verb. Menston: Scolar Press.
    • (1789)
    • Pickbourn, J.1
  • 110
    • 84925973149 scopus 로고
    • Beyond hypercorrection: The use of emphatic -z in BEV
    • Pitts, W. (1981). Beyond hypercorrection: The use of emphatic -z in BEV. ChicfghLinguirticShcioty 17: 303-310.
    • (1981) ChicfghLinguirticShcioty , vol.17 , pp. 303-310
    • Pitts, W.1
  • 111
    • 33644601377 scopus 로고
    • Constrastive use of verbal -z in Slave Narratives
    • In D. Sankoff (Ed.) Amsterdam: Benjamins
    • Pitts, W. (1986). Constrastive use of verbal -z in Slave Narratives. In D. Sankoff (Ed.), Diversity and dlconaocy. Amsterdam: Benjamins. 73-82.
    • (1986) Diversity and dlconaocy , pp. 73-82
    • Pitts, W.1
  • 112
    • 85008527597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Establishing genetic relations among transported varieties
    • Memorial University of Newfoundland. (Ed.). (2000a). The English history of African American English. Oxford: Blackwell.
    • Poplack, S. (1999). Establishing genetic relations among transported varieties. Paper presented at Methods X, Memorial University of Newfoundland. (Ed.). (2000a). The English history of African American English. Oxford: Blackwell.
    • (1999) Paper presented at Methods X
    • Poplack, S.1
  • 113
    • 2542512265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction
    • In S. Poplack (Ed.) Oxford: Blackwell
    • Poplack, S. (2000b). Introduction. In S. Poplack (Ed.), Tho English history of African Englirh. Oxford: Blackwell. 1-32.
    • (2000) Tho English history of African Englirh , pp. 1-32
    • Poplack, S.1
  • 114
    • 84928462801 scopus 로고
    • The Philadelphia story in the Spanish Caribbean
    • Poplack, S., & Sankoff, D. (1987). The Philadelphia story in the Spanish Caribbean. American Speech 64: 291-314.
    • (1987) American Speech , vol.64 , pp. 291-314
    • Poplack, S.1    Sankoff, D.2
  • 115
    • 84974061209 scopus 로고
    • There's no tense like the present: verbal-s inflection in Early Black English
    • Poplack, S., & Tagliamonte, S. (1989). There's no tense like the present: verbal-s inflection in Early Black English. Language Variation and Change 1: 47-84.
    • (1989) Language Variation and Change , vol.1 , pp. 47-84
    • Poplack, S.1    Tagliamonte, S.2
  • 116
    • 84972029526 scopus 로고
    • African American English in the diaspora: The case of old-line Nova Scotians
    • Poplack, S., & Tagliamonte, S. (1991). African American English in the diaspora: The case of old-line Nova Scotians. Language Variation and Change 3: 301-339.
    • (1991) Language Variation and Change , vol.3 , pp. 301-339
    • Poplack, S.1    Tagliamonte, S.2
  • 118
    • 85008001097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The grammaticization of goingto in (African American) English
    • Poplack, S., & Tagliamonte, S. (1999). The grammaticization of goingto in (African American) English. Language Variation and Change 11: 315-342.
    • (1999) Language Variation and Change , vol.11 , pp. 315-342
    • Poplack, S.1    Tagliamonte, S.2
  • 120
    • 0347680059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The progressive in modal semantics
    • Portner, P. (1998). The progressive in modal semantics. Language 74: 760-787.
    • (1998) Language , vol.74 , pp. 760-787
    • Portner, P.1
  • 121
    • 0040747340 scopus 로고
    • Agrammar oflateModern English. Part II: The parts ofspeech
    • Groningen: Noordhoff.
    • Poutsma, H. (1926). Agrammar oflateModern English. Part II: The parts ofspeech, Sectionll: The verb and the particles. Groningen: Noordhoff.
    • (1926) Sectionll: The verb and the particles
    • Poutsma, H.1
  • 122
    • 0003923374 scopus 로고
    • A concise grammar of contemporary English
    • New York: Har-court Brace Jovanovich.
    • Quirk, R., & Greenbaum, S. (1978). A concise grammar of contemporary English. New York: Har-court Brace Jovanovich.
    • (1978)
    • Quirk, R.1    Greenbaum, S.2
  • 124
    • 84930566581 scopus 로고
    • Habitual structures among Blacks and Whites in the 1990s
    • Richardson, C. (1991). Habitual structures among Blacks and Whites in the 1990s. American Speech 66: 292-302.
    • (1991) American Speech , vol.66 , pp. 292-302
    • Richardson, C.1
  • 125
    • 85065682667 scopus 로고
    • Grammatical variation and divergence in Vernacular Black English
    • In M. Gerritsen & D. Stein (Eds.) Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter
    • Rickford, J. R. (1992). Grammatical variation and divergence in Vernacular Black English. In M. Gerritsen & D. Stein (Eds.), Internal and external factors in syntactic change. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 175-200.
    • (1992) Internal and external factors in syntactic change , pp. 175-200
    • Rickford, J.R.1
  • 126
    • 85139690496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The creole origins of African-American Vernacular English: Evidence from copula absence
    • In S. S. Mufwene, J. R. Rickford, G. Bailey, & J. Baugh (Eds.) London: Routledge
    • Rickford, J. R. (1998). The creole origins of African-American Vernacular English: Evidence from copula absence. In S. S. Mufwene, J. R. Rickford, G. Bailey, & J. Baugh (Eds.), Afrisfn-AmorisfnEnglirh: Structure, history and use. London: Routledge. 154-200.
    • (1998) Afrisfn-AmorisfnEnglirh: Structure, history and use , pp. 154-200
    • Rickford, J.R.1
  • 127
    • 84974022131 scopus 로고
    • Rappin on the copula coffin: Theoretical and methodological issues in the analysis of copula variation in African American Vernacular English
    • Rickford, J. R., Ball, A., Blake, R., Jackson, R., & Martin, N. (1991). Rappin on the copula coffin: Theoretical and methodological issues in the analysis of copula variation in African American Vernacular English. Language Variation and Change 3: 103-132.
    • (1991) Language Variation and Change , vol.3 , pp. 103-132
    • Rickford, J.R.1    Ball, A.2    Blake, R.3    Jackson, R.4    Martin, N.5
  • 128
    • 0039285040 scopus 로고
    • Addressee-and topic-influenced style shift: A quantitative sociolinguistic study
    • In D. Biber & E. Finegan (Eds.) New York: Oxford University Press
    • Rickford, J. R., & McNair-Knox, F. (1994). Addressee-and topic-influenced style shift: A quantitative sociolinguistic study. In D. Biber & E. Finegan (Eds.), Sociolinguistic perspectives on register. New York: Oxford University Press. 235-276.
    • (1994) Sociolinguistic perspectives on register , pp. 235-276
    • Rickford, J.R.1    McNair-Knox, F.2
  • 129
    • 85065632052 scopus 로고
    • Spoken language and the history of do-periphrasis
    • In D. Kastsovsky (Ed.) Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter
    • Rissanen, M. (1991). Spoken language and the history of do-periphrasis. In D. Kastsovsky (Ed.), Historical English syntax. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 321-342.
    • (1991) Historical English syntax , pp. 321-342
    • Rissanen, M.1
  • 130
    • 1842731830 scopus 로고
    • On the state of progress on progressives and statives
    • In C.-J. N. Bailey & R. W. Shuy (Eds.) Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press
    • Sag, I. (1973). On the state of progress on progressives and statives. In C.-J. N. Bailey & R. W. Shuy (Eds.), New ways of analyzing variation in English. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. 83-95.
    • (1973) New ways of analyzing variation in English , pp. 83-95
    • Sag, I.1
  • 131
    • 0001191799 scopus 로고
    • Sociolinguistics and syntactic variation
    • In F. J. Newmeyer (Ed.), Language: Thesocio-culturalcontext. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Sankoff, D. (1988). Sociolinguistics and syntactic variation. In F. J. Newmeyer (Ed.), Linguistics: The Cambridgesurvey. Volume 4, Language: Thesocio-culturalcontext. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 140-161.
    • (1988) Linguistics: The Cambridgesurvey , vol.4 , pp. 140-161
    • Sankoff, D.1
  • 133
    • 84931443766 scopus 로고
    • Explaining auxiliary order
    • In F. Henry & B. Richards (Eds.) The scope, order, and distribution of English auxiliary verbs. Dordrecht: Reidel
    • Schachter, P. (1983). Explaining auxiliary order. In F. Henry & B. Richards (Eds.), Linguistic categories: Auxiliaries and related puzzles. Volume 2: The scope, order, and distribution of English auxiliary verbs. Dordrecht: Reidel. 145-204.
    • (1983) Linguistic categories: Auxiliaries and related puzzles , vol.2 , pp. 145-204
    • Schachter, P.1
  • 134
    • 0347774952 scopus 로고
    • The progressive in English
    • Amsterdam: North-Holland.
    • Scheffer, J. (1975). The progressive in English. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
    • (1975)
    • Scheffer, J.1
  • 135
    • 84926272586 scopus 로고
    • The origin of the verbal-s in Black English
    • Schneider, E. W. (1983). The origin of the verbal-s in Black English. American Speech 58: 99-113.
    • (1983) American Speech , vol.58 , pp. 99-113
    • Schneider, E.W.1
  • 136
    • 0002364565 scopus 로고
    • American Earlier Black English
    • Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
    • Schneider, E. W. (1989). American Earlier Black English. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
    • (1989)
    • Schneider, E.W.1
  • 137
    • 85008537553 scopus 로고
    • Neuere Arbeiten zur Frage des Verbalaspekts im Englischen
    • In A. Schopf (Ed.) Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft
    • Schopf, A. (1974). Neuere Arbeiten zur Frage des Verbalaspekts im Englischen. In A. Schopf (Ed.), Der englische Aspekt. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. 248-307.
    • (1974) Der englische Aspekt , pp. 248-307
    • Schopf, A.1
  • 138
    • 85008524065 scopus 로고
    • The structure of the English language
    • Menston: Scolar Press
    • Sedger, J. (1798/1970). The structure of the English language. Menston: Scolar Press.
    • (1798)
    • Sedger, J.1
  • 139
    • 0040908319 scopus 로고
    • Copula variation in Liberian Settler English and American Black English
    • In W. F. Edwards & D. Winford (Eds.) Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press
    • Singler, J. V. (1991). Copula variation in Liberian Settler English and American Black English. In W. F. Edwards & D. Winford (Eds.), Verb phrase patterns in Black English and creole. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press. 129-164.
    • (1991) Verb phrase patterns in Black English and creole , pp. 129-164
    • Singler, J.V.1
  • 140
    • 33644526161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the genesis, evolution, and diversity of African American English: Evidence from verbal-s in the Liberian Settler English of Sinoe
    • London.
    • Singler, J. V. (1997). On the genesis, evolution, and diversity of African American English: Evidence from verbal-s in the Liberian Settler English of Sinoe. Paper presented to the Society for Pidgin and Creole Linguistics, London.
    • (1997) Paper presented to the Society for Pidgin and Creole Linguistics
    • Singler, J.V.1
  • 141
    • 33644598247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The African-American diaspora: Who were the dispersed?
    • Athens, GA
    • Singler, J. V. (1998). The African-American diaspora: Who were the dispersed? Paper presented at NWAVE-XXVII, Athens, GA.
    • (1998) Paper presented at NWAVE-XXVII
    • Singler, J.V.1
  • 142
    • 33644590454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Passing verbal-s from Northern British Vernacular to the Liberian Settler English of Sinoe: Transfer interrupted!
    • Memorial University of Newfoundland
    • Singler, J. V. (1999). Passing verbal-s from Northern British Vernacular to the Liberian Settler English of Sinoe: Transfer interrupted! Paper presented at the special session on Accountability in Reconstructing verbal-s, Methods X, Memorial University of Newfoundland.
    • (1999) Paper presented at the special session on Accountability in Reconstructing verbal-s, Methods X
    • Singler, J.V.1
  • 143
    • 84935412677 scopus 로고
    • The parameter of aspect
    • Dordrecht: Kluwer.
    • Smith, C. S. (1991). The parameter of aspect. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
    • (1991)
    • Smith, C.S.1
  • 144
    • 0038743767 scopus 로고
    • A history of English
    • London: Methuen.
    • Strang, B. M. H. (1970). A history of English. London: Methuen.
    • (1970)
    • Strang, B.M.H.1
  • 145
    • 60949302265 scopus 로고
    • Some aspects of the history of be + ing construction
    • In J. Anderson (Ed.) Amsterdam: Benjamins
    • Strang, B. M. H. (1982). Some aspects of the history of be + ing construction. In J. Anderson (Ed.), Language form and linguistic variation. Amsterdam: Benjamins. 427-474.
    • (1982) Language form and linguistic variation , pp. 427-474
    • Strang, B.M.H.1
  • 146
    • 0009990459 scopus 로고
    • A new English grammar, logical and historical
    • Part II: Syntax. Oxford: Clarendon.
    • Sweet, H. (1891). A new English grammar, logical and historical. Part II: Syntax. Oxford: Clarendon.
    • (1891)
    • Sweet, H.1
  • 147
    • 0348005664 scopus 로고
    • A matter of time: Past temporal reference verbal structures in Samana English and the Ex-Slave Recordings
    • Doctoral dissertation, University of Ottawa.
    • Tagliamonte, S. (1991). A matter of time: Past temporal reference verbal structures in Samana English and the Ex-Slave Recordings. Doctoral dissertation, University of Ottawa.
    • (1991)
    • Tagliamonte, S.1
  • 149
    • 84971942149 scopus 로고
    • How Black English past got to the present: Evidence from Samana
    • Tagliamonte, S., & Poplack, S. (1988). How Black English past got to the present: Evidence from Samana. Language in Society 17: 513-533.
    • (1988) Language in Society , vol.17 , pp. 513-533
    • Tagliamonte, S.1    Poplack, S.2
  • 151
    • 33644608953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Back to the present: verbal-s in the (African American) English diaspora
    • (in press). In R. Hickey (Ed.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Tagliamonte, S., & Poplack, S. (in press). Back to the present: verbal-s in the (African American) English diaspora. In R. Hickey (Ed.), The legacy of colonial English: The study of transported dialects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • The legacy of colonial English: The study of transported dialects
    • Tagliamonte, S.1    Poplack, S.2
  • 152
    • 0038405661 scopus 로고
    • A history of English syntax: A transformational approach to the history of English sentence structure
    • New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
    • Traugott, E. C. (1972). A history of English syntax: A transformational approach to the history of English sentence structure. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
    • (1972)
    • Traugott, E.C.1
  • 153
    • 0010127533 scopus 로고
    • The English verb auxiliaries (second edition)
    • Providence, RI: Brown University Press.
    • Twaddell, W. F. (1963). The English verb auxiliaries (second edition). Providence, RI: Brown University Press.
    • (1963)
    • Twaddell, W.F.1
  • 154
    • 33746915147 scopus 로고
    • The elements of English grammar
    • Menston: Scolar Press
    • Ussher, G. N. (1785/1967). The elements of English grammar. Menston: Scolar Press.
    • (1785)
    • Ussher, G.N.1
  • 155
    • 85008554683 scopus 로고
    • The “progressive” reconsidered
    • van Ek, J. A. (1969). The “progressive” reconsidered. English Studies 50: 579-585.
    • (1969) English Studies , vol.50 , pp. 579-585
    • van Ek, J.A.1
  • 156
    • 85008559143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Since my last, things has Takeing quite an other aspect”: Verbals in Early Liberian Settler English
    • Paper presented to the American Dialect Society, Chicago, IL.
    • Van Herk, G., & Walker, J. A. (2000). “Since my last, things has Takeing quite an other aspect”: Verbals in Early Liberian Settler English. Paper presented to the American Dialect Society, Chicago, IL.
    • (2000)
    • Van Herk, G.1    Walker, J.A.2
  • 157
  • 158
    • 0040333559 scopus 로고
    • A theory of aspectuality: The interaction between temporal and atemporal structure
    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • Verkuyl, H. J. (1993). A theory of aspectuality: The interaction between temporal and atemporal structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1993)
    • Verkuyl, H.J.1
  • 159
    • 0346114427 scopus 로고
    • The computer developed linguistic atlas of England I
    • Tubingen: Niemeyer.
    • Viereck, W., & Ramisch, H. (1991). The computer developed linguistic atlas of England I. Tubingen: Niemeyer.
    • (1991)
    • Viereck, W.1    Ramisch, H.2
  • 160
    • 0002372249 scopus 로고
    • An historical syntax of the English language
    • Part I: Syntactical units with one verb (continued). Leiden: E. J. Brill.
    • Visser, F. Th. (1972). An historical syntax of the English language. Part I: Syntactical units with one verb (continued). Leiden: E. J. Brill.
    • (1972)
    • Visser, F.T.1
  • 161
    • 0002372249 scopus 로고
    • An historical syntax of the English language. Part 3: Syntactical units with two and more verbs
    • Leiden: E. J. Brill.
    • Visser, F. Th. (1973). An historical syntax of the English language. Part 3: Syntactical units with two and more verbs. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
    • (1973)
    • Visser, F.T.1
  • 162
    • 33644587190 scopus 로고
    • English dialects: An introduction
    • London: Athlone.
    • Wakelin, M. F. (1977). English dialects: An introduction. London: Athlone.
    • (1977)
    • Wakelin, M.F.1
  • 163
    • 84972375684 scopus 로고
    • The problem of scholarly predisposition
    • Review of G. Bailey, N. Maynor, & P. Cukor-Avila, eds.
    • Wald, B. (1995). The problem of scholarly predisposition. Review of G. Bailey, N. Maynor, & P. Cukor-Avila, eds., The emergence of Black English: Text and commentary. Language in Society 24: 245-257.
    • (1995) The emergence of Black English: Text and commentary. Language in Society , vol.24 , pp. 245-257
    • Wald, B.1
  • 164
    • 0039876915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rephrasing the copula: Contraction and zero in early African American English
    • In S. Poplack (Ed.) Oxford: Blackwell
    • Walker, J. A. (2000a). Rephrasing the copula: Contraction and zero in early African American English. In S. Poplack (Ed.), The English history of African American English. Oxford: Blackwell. 35-72.
    • (2000) The English history of African American English , pp. 35-72
    • Walker, J.A.1
  • 165
    • 33644529334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Present accounted for: Prosody and aspect in Early African American English
    • Doctoral dissertation, University of Ottawa.
    • Walker, J. A. (2000b). Present accounted for: Prosody and aspect in Early African American English. Doctoral dissertation, University of Ottawa.
    • (2000)
    • Walker, J.A.1
  • 166
    • 0011003997 scopus 로고
    • The Black Loyalists: The search for a promised land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783-1870
    • Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
    • Walker, J. St. G. (1992). The Black Loyalists: The search for a promised land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783-1870. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
    • (1992)
    • Walker, J.S.G.1
  • 167
    • 0344165192 scopus 로고
    • Figure and ground: The interrelationships of linguistic categories
    • In P. J. Hopper (Ed.) Amsterdam: Benjamins
    • Wallace, S. (1982). Figure and ground: The interrelationships of linguistic categories. In P. J. Hopper (Ed.), Toyro-arpost: Between semantics and pragmatics. Amsterdam: Benjamins. 201-223.
    • (1982) Toyro-arpost: Between semantics and pragmatics , pp. 201-223
    • Wallace, S.1
  • 168
    • 79953960505 scopus 로고
    • The English grammar
    • Menston: Scolar Press
    • Wharton, J. (1654/1970). The English grammar. Menston: Scolar Press.
    • (1654)
    • Wharton, J.1
  • 169
    • 84971895390 scopus 로고
    • Back to the past: The BEV/Creole connection revisited
    • Winford, D. (1992). Back to the past: The BEV/Creole connection revisited. Language Variationand Change 4: 311-357.
    • (1992) Language Variationand Change , vol.4 , pp. 311-357
    • Winford, D.1
  • 170
    • 0040404837 scopus 로고
    • Predication in Caribbean English creoles
    • Amsterdam: Benjamins.
    • Winford, D. (1993). Predication in Caribbean English creoles. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
    • (1993)
    • Winford, D.1
  • 171
    • 0003681267 scopus 로고
    • A sociolinguistic description ofDetroitNegro speech
    • Washington, DC.: Center for Applied Linguistics.
    • Wolfram, W. (1969). A sociolinguistic description ofDetroitNegro speech. Washington, DC.: Center for Applied Linguistics.
    • (1969)
    • Wolfram, W.1
  • 172
    • 0039809800 scopus 로고
    • Identifying and interpreting variables
    • In D. R. Preston (Ed.) Amsterdam: Benjamins
    • Wolfram, W. (1993). Identifying and interpreting variables. In D. R. Preston (Ed.), American research. Amsterdam: Benjamins. 193-221.
    • (1993) American research , pp. 193-221
    • Wolfram, W.1
  • 173
    • 33644597040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Principles of donor dialect attribution
    • Memorial University of Newfoundland.
    • Wolfram, W. (1999). Principles of donor dialect attribution. Paper presented at Methods X, Memorial University of Newfoundland.
    • (1999) Paper presented at Methods X
    • Wolfram, W.1
  • 174
    • 0012011880 scopus 로고
    • Appalachian speech
    • Arlington, VA: Center for Applied Linguistics.
    • Wolfram, W., & Christian, D. (1976). Appalachian speech. Arlington, VA: Center for Applied Linguistics.
    • (1976)
    • Wolfram, W.1    Christian, D.2
  • 175
    • 84942071772 scopus 로고
    • Is “aspect” an English verbal category?
    • Reprinted in R. W. Zandvoort (1970), Chllostod Papocr, Groningen: Wolters-Noordhoff.
    • Zandvoort, R. (1962). Is “aspect” an English verbal category? Gothenburg Studies in English 14. Reprinted in R. W. Zandvoort (1970), Chllostod Papocr, Volume 2. Groningen: Wolters-Noordhoff. 109-125.
    • (1962) Gothenburg Studies in English 14 , vol.2 , pp. 109-125
    • Zandvoort, R.1
  • 176
    • 15244354696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Agentivity and the history of the English progressive
    • Ziegeler, D. (1999). Agentivity and the history of the English progressive. Transactions of the Philological Society 97: 51-101.
    • (1999) Transactions of the Philological Society , vol.97 , pp. 51-101
    • Ziegeler, D.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.