ΚΥΡΙΕ, ΔΕΣΠΟΤΑ, Domine. Greek Politeness in the Roman Empire

Journal of Hellenic Studies

Volumn 121, Issue , 2001, Pages 1-11

  Dickey, Eleanor ^a  

^a Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

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EID: 85008543836     PISSN: 00754269     EISSN: 20414099     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/631824     Document Type: Article

References (207)

1. E.g. J. Svennung, Anredeformen: Vergleichende Forschungen zur indirekten Anrede in der Dritten Person und zum Nominativ für den Vokativ (Uppsala 1958)337
2. H. Zilliacus, Untersuchungen zu den abstrakten Anredeformen und Höflichkeitstiteln im Griechischen (Helsinki 1949) 20
3. T. Wendel, Die Gesprächsanrede im griechischen Epos und Drama der Blütezeit (Stuttgart 1929) 88. Sometimes this statement is made in the more accurate form that $ is absent from classical Greek except for one occurrence in Pindar (P. 2.58).
4. E.g. D. Hagedorn and K.A. Worp, ‘Von $: Eine Bemerkung zur Kaisertitulatur im 3./4. Jhdt.’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 39 (1980) 177
5. Svennung (n.1) 336–338
6. Zilliacus (n.1) 34
7. W. Foerster and G. Quell, ‘$’, in G. Kittel (ed.), Theologisches Wörterbuch zum Neuen Testament (Stuttgart 1938) 2.1044
8. W.W. Baudissin and O. Eissfeldt, Kyrios als Gottesname im Judentum und seine Stelle in der Religionsgeschichte (Giessen 1926–1929) 2.296–7.
9. E.g. M. Bang, ‘Über den Gebrauch der Anrede Domine im gemeinen Leben’, appendix to L. Friedlaender, Darstellungen aus der Sittengeschichte Roms (9th-10th edn, ed. G. Wissowa, Leipzig 1921)4.82–88
10. Svennung (n.1) 338–346.
11. F. Braun, Terms of Address: Problems of Patterns and Usage in Various Languages and Cultures (Berlin 1988) 57.
12. See L. Bréhier, ‘L'origine des titres impériaux à Byzance’, Byzantinische Zeitschrift 15 (1906) 161–178
13. A. Deissmann, Licht vom Osten (4th edn, Tübingen 1923) 298–306
14. F. Preisigke, Wörterbuch der griechischen Papyrusurkunden (Berlin 1924–7; see also revised edn by E. Kiessling 1944) s. vv.
15. Baudissin and Eissfeldt (n.2)
16. K. Amantos, $’, Byzantinische Zeitschrift 38 (1928) 18–20
17. L. Dineen, Titles of Address in Christian Greek Epistolography to 527 ad (Chicago 1929) 56–7, 66–8, 76, 78
18. Wendel (n.1) 88
19. Foerster and Quell (n.2) 2.1038–94
20. K.H. Rengstorf, ‘$’, in G. Kittel (ed.), Theologisches Wörterbuch zum Neuen Testament (Stuttgart 1938) 2.43–48
21. Zilliacus (n.1) 20, 34
22. H. Zilliacus, Zur Sprache griechischer Familienbriefe des III. Jahrhunderts n. Chr. (Helsinki 1943) 31–32
23. F. Dölger, ‘Die Entwicklung der Byzantinischen Kaisertitulatur und die Datierung von Kaiserdarstellungen in der Byzantinischen Kleinkunst’, in G.E. Mylonas and D. Raymond (eds.), Studies Presented to David Moore Robinson (St. Louis 1953) 2.985–1005
24. Svennung (n.1) 336–338
25. P. Bureth, Les titulatures impériales dans les papyrus, les ostraca, et les inscriptions d'Égypte (30 a. C. - 284 ap. C.) (Brussels 1964)
26. Hagedorn and Worp (n.2) 165–177
27. A. Pietersma, ‘Kyrios or tetragram: a renewed quest for the original LXX’, in A. Pietersma and C. Cox (eds.), De Septuaginta: Studies in Honour of John William Wevers on his Sixty-fifth Birthday (Mississauga, ON 1984) 85–101
28. W. Bauer and K. and B. Aland, Griechisch-deutsches Wörterbuch zu den Schriften des Neuen Testaments und der frühchristlichen Literatur (6th edn, Berlin 1988) s.vv.
29. E. Dickey, Greek Forms of Address: From Herodotus to Lucian (Oxford 1996) 95–101
30. M. Grünbart, Die Anrede im byzantinischen Brief von Prokopios von Gaza bis Michael Choniates (diss. Vienna 2000) 173–5,193–4,206–7; also further bibliography cited in these works.
31. What follows is only an overview omitting many of the details and most of the evidence; for complete information see E. Dickey, Latin Forms of Address: From Plautus to Apuleius (Oxford 2002), ch.2.
32. The contexts are Cicero's letters (compare the high frequency of domine in the letters preserved at Vindolanda) and Horace's discussions of flattery (S. 2.5.23–38, Ep. 1.6.54–5, 1.7.37–38; compare Juvenal 5.132–9, 8.161 and Martial 2.68, 4.83, 6.88, etc.)
33. Suet. Aug. 53.1: dominumque se posthac appellari ne a liberis quidem aut nepotibus suis vel serio vel ioco passus est atque eius modi blanditias etiam inter ipsos prohibuit.
34. Cf. J. Köhm, Altlateinische Forschungen (Leipzig 1905) 167.
35. Cf. the widespread use of kinship terms such as pater (‘father’) and frater (‘brother’) in address to men unrelated to the speaker, and the frequent combination of such terms with domine (e.g. in the Vindolanda tablets; n.b. also Greek Anthology 10.44 and Horace and Juvenal cited in n.8 above.)
36. The feminine is first attested in Homer (e.g. Od. 7.347, 14.127)
37. Pindar (P. 4.207)
38. Aeschylus (Eu. 60)
39. Herodotus (3.89)
40. Isocrates (4.121)
41. Aristotle (Pol. 1253b), etc. Cf. LSJ s.v.
42. E.g. Hdt. 3.85.2
43. Eur. Cyc. 250
44. Ar. Ran. 1, Vesp. 142
45. Men. Dysc. 589.
46. E.g. Hdt. 1.8.3, 1.90.2
47. Xen. Cyr. 6.6.2
48. Aesch. Pers. 1049
49. Eur. Heracl. 785.
50. E.g. Eur. IT 271, Bacch. 582
51. Ar. Vesp. 389, Nub. 264, Ach. 247.
52. E.g. Chariton 2.1.3, 4.2.9
53. Luc. Dial. Meret. 2.3
54. Achilles Tatius 3.20.1, 5.17.3
55. for New Testament usage, see Rengstorf (n.5) esp. 47–48.
56. P.Berl.Frisk 3.3
57. P.Cair.Isid. 66.3
58. P.Flor. i.58.14
59. P.Kell. 19a.3
60. P.Leit. 7.14, 9.6
61. P.Oxy. x.1252.2.14, xvii.2131.7, 2133.4, xxxiv.2713.8, xlv.3243.1. fr. 1.5
62. PSI ix.1076.5
63. PSI Congr. xxi.13.1.14
64. P.Tebt. ii.326.3
65. P.Vind.Bosw. 4.3
66. SB iii.7205.3
67. perhaps P.Flor. i.58.3.
68. CPR vii.15.2, xiia.15.8
69. P.Amh. ii.82.4
70. P.Cair.Isid. 74.5, 76.9
71. P.Col. vii.169.3, 170.9, 173.4
72. P.Kell. 20.17
73. P.Mert, ii.91.6, 7
74. P.Oxy. i.71.3
75. P.Ryl. iv.706.11
76. PSI vii.769.1
77. P.Sakaon 38.3, 40.5, 41.3, 44.4
78. P.Turner 44.4
79. SB xiv.11929.16
80. Chr. Mitt. 63.16, 77.11, 78.10.
81. P.Amh. ii. 143.24
82. P.Abinn. 26.4, 26.26, 31.7
83. P.Haun. ii.25.7
84. P.Herm. 7.15, 8.18, 9.7
85. P.Kell. 5.26, 46.29, 69.16
86. P.Neph. 10.7, 19.4
87. P.Ross.Georg. iii.9.23
88. SB i.2266.15, viii.9683.15, 21, 25, xiv. 11882.3, 4, 10
89. Stud. Pal. xx.111.5, 4th or 5th c
90. perhaps P.Ross.Georg. iii.8.23.
91. P.Kell. 75.31
92. P.Select. 18.40
93. P.Stras. iv.286.5, 16
94. PSI vii.838.6, 4th or 5th c. Kinship terms (both in reference and in address) are commonly used in papyri to close friends and in-laws as well as to relatives, and in some situations to more distant associates as well. Whenever such terms appear I have examined the letters for other evidence about the nature of the relationship concerned; if such evidence is present, the letters are classified as communication to family members or non-relatives accordingly. Sometimes, however, I can only conclude that the addressee is either a relative or a friend; in such situations I indicate the problem by putting inverted commas around the kinship term in question, as ‘brother’.
95. E.g. P.Cair.Mas. i.67020.5
96. P.Flor. iii.296.19
97. P.Lond. v.1674.21
98. P.Oxy. i.130.16, xvi.1944.12
99. SB vi.9239.19.
100. E.g. BGU ii.546.2, 547.6, 9
101. P.Cair.Mas. i.67068.14,67069.16,67076.12
102. P.Grenf. i.66.3
103. P.Herm. 16.6
104. P.Iand. ii.22.3
105. P.Koln vii.317.28
106. P.Lond. v. 1786.29
107. P.Oxy. xvi. 1834.6,1858.4,1866.6, lix.4008.3
108. P.Prag. ii. 197.7
109. SB vi.9400.25,9616.37.
110. E.g. BGU xii.2135.10, xiii.2296.7
111. P.Oxy i.66.1, xii.1470.1, xiv.1627.1, xvii.2113.27.
112. See Hagedorn and Worp (n.2).
113. E.g. BGU i.315.1
114. CPR iv.16.2
115. P.Oxy. xxxiv.2729.3,xvi.1868.11.
116. E.g. BGU iv. 1033.19, v. 1210.7.164
117. PSI v.447.22
118. P.Oxy. lix.3997.18.
119. Foerster and Quell (n.2) 1040–1043.
120. Cf. J. Wackernagel, ‘Lateinisch-Griechisches’, Indogermanische Forschungen 31 (1912–1913) 262–265.
121. See Foerster and Quell (n.2) 1056–1057.
122. In Paul only at Romans 10:16,11:3
123. Heb. 1:10, all in direct quotations from the Septuagint; in Mark only at 7:28, to Jesus.
124. Matthew 13:37, 21:30, 25:11, 25:20, 25:22, 25:24, 27:63
125. Luke 13:8,14:22,19:16,19:18,19:20,19:25
126. John 12:21,20:15.
127. An additional difficulty with the New Testament material is that much of the conversation reported in it would actually have been spoken in Aramaic, so that memories of the words originally used could in theory have influenced the Greek writers' language: on some occasions $ seems to translate ‘$ (’my lord’) and $ to translate $ (‘my teacher’). Even if one accepts the likelihood of such influence, however, it would not explain the differences among the different Gospels, for it is thought that the later writers deliberately changed to $ addresses in their Greek sources which had used the term $ (Foerster and Quell (n.2) 1092–3).
128. Leg. 356
129. One might think that as the majority of papyri come from the Imperial period most words are likely to be unattested earlier, but there is in fact a considerable amount of papyrus material earlier than the first century ad; according to my estimates of the quantity of material from various centuries in the Duke database (for which see below), the material from the first two centuries BC is equivalent in volume to that from the first century ad. However, one very fragmentary but allegedly early papyrus (BGU 1187.13) contains the words $, and the editors suggest that this may be the vocative $ rather than a form of $, on the grounds that the latter would be expected to take the genitive rather than the accusative which seems to precede it. It is, however, unwise to assume in such a fragmentary document that the word preceding $ is necessarily the object of the verb, quite apart from the fact that $ sometimes takes an accusative object in papyri (cf. E. Mayser, Grammatik der griechischen Papyri aus der Ptolemäerzeit (Berlin 1934) 2.2.217). In addition, the papyrus is undated and has been assigned to the first century BC only on the evidence of the handwriting, which is not always reliable. It therefore seems unwise to count this fragment as the sole example of an address otherwise unattested at this period.
130. E.g. BGU iii.821.1 (father)
131. P.Brem. 54.16 (‘brother’), 61.59 (nephew), 63.20 (daughter), 65.11 (friend)
132. P.Flor. iii.332.20 (son)
133. P.Giss. 11.20 (equal or subordinate), 15.6 (unrelated subordinate), 85.16 (brother)
134. P.Haun. ii.16.19 (father)
135. P.Mert. ii.82.7 (friend)
136. P.Mich. iii.212.9 (‘son’), viii.477.23 (father), viii.480.5 (father), xv.751.9 (mother), xv.752.9 (mother)
137. P.Mil. ii.87.17 (‘brother’)
138. P.Oxy. xviii.2192.25 (‘brother’), xxxiv.2726.10 (business partner)
139. P.Princ. ii.69.6 (‘brother’)
140. PSI xiii.1359.5 (mother)
141. P.Warr. 13 A 3 (‘father’)
142. P.Wisc. ii.lxxi.25 (‘brother’)
143. P.Würzb. 21 A 12 (father)
144. SB iii.6263.8 (mother), viii.9903.17 (‘sister’), x.10277.12 (father), xiv. 11900.14 (father).
145. E.g. BGU iii.816.28 (father), iii.949.7 (‘brother’), iv.1080.25 (son)
146. CPR vii.57.21 (‘sister’, 3rd or 4th c)
147. P.Berl.Zill. 12.4 (‘mother’, 3rd or 4th c)
148. P.Flor. ii. 154.7 (‘brother’), iii.338.16 (‘brother’)
149. P.Harr. i.109.20 (unrelated subordinate, third or fourth century)
150. P.land. vi.115.10 (‘brother’)
151. P.Oslo iii.161.11 (mother)
152. P.Oxy. i.122.13 (unrelated subordinate, third or fourth century), i.123.24 (son, third or fourth century), vi.937.9 (sister), xiv.1678.4 (‘mother’), xiv.1679.3 (‘mother’), xvii.2151.10 (‘mother’), xlii.3065.14 (mother)
153. P.Rein. ii.116.5 (‘mother’)
154. P.Ross.Georg. iii.2.2 (mother)
155. P.Ryl. ii.441.3 (‘father’), iv.695.10 (‘brother’)
156. PSI vii.833.8 (‘father’)
157. P.Tebt. ii.420.16 (‘brother’)
158. P.Vind.Sijp. 26.22 (‘brother’)
159. SB iii.6222.41 (‘sister’), iii.6262.24 (‘father’).
160. E.g. BGU iii.984.28 (‘brother’)
161. CPR vi.82.12 (father), viii.28.4 (friend), viii.52.19 (father, 4th or 5th c), xviia.39.5 (subordinate)
162. P.Congr.XV 22.6.17 (mother)
163. P.Harr. i. 110.4 (‘father’)
164. P.Haun. ii.40.3 (‘brother’)
165. P.Kell. 74.33 (father)
166. P.Köln iv.199.12 (‘son’)
167. P.Lond. ii.480.15 (‘brother’), v. 1655 (orders to a tradesman), v.1659.15 (‘father’)
168. P.Oxy. xii.1424.21 (brother), xii. 1589.19 (subordinate), xiv. 1682.16 (wife), xiv. 1776.23 (subordinate), xx.2275.4 (‘brother’), xxxi.2602.3 (‘brother’), xlvi.3314.5 (wife), xlviii.3398.23 (brother), xlviii. 3399.10 (brother), xlviii.3430.29 (‘son’), lv.3818.8 (‘brother’), lvi.3858.7 (unrelated equal), lvi.3860.33 (husband), lvi.3861.25 (subordinate, 4th or 5th c), lix.3998.15 (daughter), lix.4000.5 (‘father’)
169. PSI ix.1082.3 (husband), x.1161.15 (‘mother’), xiii.1366.10 (‘son’, 4th or 5th a)
170. SB xiv. 11437 (daughter, 4th or 5th c), xiv. 11588.1 (son), xiv.11881.8 (‘mother’), xvi.1260.10 (‘brother’), xviii.13589.3 (‘son’).
171. E.g. P.Amst. i.56 (unrelated equal, 6th c)
172. P.Batav. 21.13 (sister, 6th c), 21.17 (‘daughter’, 6th c)
173. P.Bour. 25.7 (aunt, 5th c)
174. P.Mil. ii.87.17 (‘brother’, 6th c)
175. P.Oxy. x.1300.5 (‘mother’, 5th c), lix.4004.19 (‘brother’, 5th c)
176. PSI v.478.18 (‘brother’, 5th c)
177. SB vi.9158.30 (‘mother’, 5th c), xvi.12572.17 (son, 5th or 6th c).
178. E.g. in contracts, to invoke divine protection: CPR 9.1.4, etc.
179. E.g. P.Amh. ii.143.15, 24 (4th c)
180. P.Berl.Frisk 3.3, 11 (3rd. c)
181. P.Cair.Isid. 66.3, 19 (3rd. c)
182. P.Giss. 17.3, 5 (2nd. a)
183. P.Haun. ii.25.7 (4th c)
184. P.Kell. 20.6, 17 (4th c)
185. P.Kell. 74.33 (4th c)
186. P.Herm. 6.4, 33 (4th c)
187. P.Lond. v.1675.7, 8 (6th c)
188. P.Oxy. i.123.7, 24 (3rd or 4th a), xxvii.2479. 28 (6th c).
189. see Hagedorn and Worp (n.2) 177
190. also Bréhier (n.5) 164.
191. Dineen (n.5) 56, 66, 76, 78.
192. Zilliacus, Familienbriefe (n.5) 32
193. Amantos (n.5) 20
194. G.P. Shipp, Modern Greek Evidence for the Ancient Greek Vocabulary (Sydney 1979) 347.
195. Sylloge Vocum Atticarum, s.v. $ (cited in Foersterand Quell (n.2) 1042).
196. Foerster and Quell (n.2) 1043–1044.
197. Foerster and Quell (n.2) 1085.
198. Foerster and Quell (n.2) 1052
199. Baudissin and Eissfeldt (n.2) 2.298
200. Svennung (n.1) 336.
201. See Baudissin and Eissfeldt (n.2) 2.298.
202. P.Oxy. ix.1202.15, xii.1466.4; probably originally P5/X.1101.6.
203. J. Wackernagel, ‘Genetiv und Adjektiv’, in Mélanges de linguistique offerts à F. de Saussure (Paris 1908) 151
204. Svennung (n.1) 245.
205. See Svennung (n.1) 336.
206. Cf. F. Biville, Les emprunts du latin au grec: approche phonétique (Louvain 1990–1995) and further bibliography cited therein, esp. 2.521–3.
207. E.g. Cassius Dio 55.12.2, 67.4.7.