Arvi fortetsa and loutraki kandilioro: Two refuge settlements in crete

The Annual of the British School at Athens

Volumn 91, Issue , 1996, Pages 253-285

  Nowicki, Krzysztof ^a  

^a Polish Academy of Sciences   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85008538734     PISSN: 00682454     EISSN: 20452403     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S006824540001649X     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. T. A. B. Spratt, Travels and Researches in Crete (London, 1865), 276.
2. A. J. Evans, ‘Explorations in Eastern Krete’, AJA 11 (1896), 465.
3. Such a possibility was considered by Hood, Warren, and Gadogan: M. S. F. Hood, P. Warren, and G. Cadogan, ‘Travels in Crete’, BSA 59 (1964), 89.
4. A. J. Evans, ‘Primitive pictographs and a prae-Phoenician script from Crete and the Peloponnese’, JHS 14 (1894), 285.10.2307/623973
5. Evans (n. 4).
6. The drawing illustrated by Evans (n. 6, fig. 16) seems to suggest that the engravings are natural or accidental scratches rather than the letters aleph and gimel, as Evans wished to interpret them.
7. J. D. S. Pendlebury, The Archaeology of Crete (London, 1939), 178, 290.
8. Hood, Warren, and Cadogan (n. 5), 89-92.
9. For preliminary notes on this see K. Nowicki, ‘Report on investigations in Greece, VII: studies in 1991’, Archeologia (Warsaw), 42 (1991), 139.
10. Pendlebury (n. 9), 235, 237.
11. J.D.S. Pendlebury, ‘Lasithi in ancient times’, BSA 37 (1936-1937), 197.
12. Hood, Warren, and Cadogan, (n. 5).
13. On social structure in this period see T. W. Whitelaw, ‘The settlement at Fournou Korifi Myrtos and aspects of Early Minoan social organization’, in O. Krzyszkowska and L. Nixon (eds), Minoan Society (Bristol, 1983), 323-45; K. Branigan, ‘Some observations on state formation in Crete’, in E. B. French and K. A. Wardle (eds), Problems in Greek Prehistory (Bristol, 1988), 63-8.
14. R. Pashley, Travels in Crete (London, 1837), i. 275-6.
15. Hood, Warren, and Cadogan (n. 5), 92.
16. The Archaeology of Crete. 91.
17. G. Cadogan, ‘Pyrgos, Crete, 1970-77’, AR 24 (1977-1978), 82.
18. Hood, Warren, and Cadogan (n. 5), 91.
19. The Archaeology of Crete. 92.
20. B. J. Hayden, ‘Fortifications of Postpalatial and early iron age Crete’, AA (1988), 14.
21. Hood, Warren, and Cadogan (n. 5), 92.
22. K. Nowicki, ‘A dark age refuge centre near Pefki, east Crete’, BSA 89 (1994), 249-53.
23. Karfi: J. D. S. Pendlebury and M. B. Money-Coutts, ‘Excavations in the plain of Lasithi, III: Karphi. A city of refuge of the early Iron Age in Crete’, BSA 38 (1937-1938), 75 Pefki Kastellopoulo: Nowicki (n. 24).
24. I can mention here at least one such example in Kera Karfi, the so-called North-east Site. See K. Nowicki, ‘The history and setting of the town at Karphi’, SMEA 26 (1987), 243-4.
25. The Archaeology of Crete. 243.
26. L. H. Sackett, M. R. Popham, and P. M. Warren, ‘Excavations at Palaikastro, VI’, BSA 60 (1965), 278.
27. M. Seiradaki, ‘Pottery from Karphi’, BSA 55 (1960), 9 Sackett, Popham, and Warren (n. 29), 285 and fig. 17; N. M. Prokopiou, ‘sybrita Amariou: first indications for a new LM III C site’, in La transizione dal miceneo all'alto arcaismo: dal palazzo alla città (Rome, 1991), 381.
28. Seiradaki (n. 30), 3-4.
29. For the Geometric examples see G. C. Gesell, L. P. Day, and W. D. E. Coulson, ‘Kavousi, 1982-1983: the Kastro’, Hesperia, 54 (1985), 342-51 and pls 95-7.10.2307/147919
30. Sackett, Popham, and Warren (n. 29), 280.
31. ‘Pottery from Karphi’. 295 fig. 15 P27 (isolated semicircles); 287 fig. 8 o, 288 fig. 9 m (the upward-facing version); 287 fig. 8 e-g (spirals).
32. Seiradaki (n. 30),30 fig. 21 c (isolated semicircles).
33. L. P. Day, W. D. E. Coulson, and G. C. Gesell, ‘Kavousi, 1983-1984: the settlement at Vronda’, Hesperia, 55 (1986), 362 fig. 5 (spirals).10.2307/148175
34. Seiradaki (n. 30), 12 fig. 7. 1-3.
35. ‘Pottery from Karphi’. 8 fig. 5. 1-7, 9; Sackett, Popham, and Warren (n. 29), 290 fig. 11 e-g; Day, Coulson, and Gesell (n. 36), 369 fig. 8. 16; D. C. Haggis and K. Nowicki, ‘Khalasmeno and Katalimata: two early iron age settlements in Monastiraki, east Crete’, Hesperia, 62 (1993), 314-15 and fig. 7. 33-5.10.2307/148197
36. LM III B examples are well illustrated among the larnakes from the Armeni and Episkopi cemeteries. LM III C larnakes with the simplified octopus motif were found at the location of Xenotafia, which was a cemetery of the large LM III C settlement at Erganos Kefali (unpublished: Herakleion Museum 25751, 25752).
37. Pashley (n. 16).
38. LM III B examples are well illustrated among the larnakes from the Armeni and Episkopi cemeteries. ii. 320.
39. K. Nowicki (n. 27), 246.
40. LM III B examples are well illustrated among the larnakes from the Armeni and Episkopi cemeteries.
41. Seiradaki (n. 31), 9; Sackett, Popham, and Warren (n. 29), 297, fig. 17.
42. Seiradaki (n. 30), 3.
43. the remark above on the location of the Arvi Fortetsa cemetery. 10.
44. the remark above on the location of the Arvi Fortetsa cemetery. 9 and fig. 5; Day, Coulson, and Gesell (n. 36), 369, fig. 8, and pl. 82 b; Sackett, Popham, and Warren (n. 29), 290, pl. 11 e-g; Haggis and Nowicki (n. 38), 314 and fig. 7.33-5.
45. Seiradaki (n. 30), 3-5, figs. 1-2.
46. For a Geometric example see Gesell, Day, and Coulson (n. 32), 344 and fig. 11 K 70.
47. A similar process of desertion of the coastal zone and migration to defensible sites also took place in the middle of the 13th cent. BC in Sicily: L. Bernabo Breba, Sicily before the Greeks (London, 1957), 136 B. Ross Holloway, Italy and the Aegean 3000-700 B.C. (Louvain-la-Neuve, 1981), 107.
48. P. Warren, ‘Knossos: Stratigraphical Museum excavations, 1978-82, part II’, AR 29 (1982-1983), 63-87.
49. M. R. Popham, ‘The Unexplored Mansion at Knossos: a preliminary report on the excavations from 1967 to 1972’, AR 19 (1972-1973), 59-61.
50. A. Kanta, LM III Period in Crete: A Survey of Sites, Pottery and their Distribution (SIMA 58; Göteborg, 1980), 325.
51. N. Platon, ‘Chondros’, in J. W. Myers, E. E. Myers, and G. Cadogan (eds), The Aerial Atlas of Ancient Crete (London, 1992), 82.
52. Kanta (n. 54).