Minoan religious influence in the aegean: The case of kythera

The Annual of the British School at Athens

Volumn 91, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 81-99

  Sakellarakis, Y ^a  

^a National Archaeological Museum Athens   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 85008537071     PISSN: 00682454     EISSN: 20452403     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0068245400016403     Document Type: Article

References (168)

1. S. Benton, ‘The Ionian islands’, BSA 32 (1931-1932), 245-6.
2. H. Waterhouse and R. Hope Simpson, ‘Prehistoric Laconia, Part II’, BSA 56 (1961), 148-60.
3. Kythera.
4. Thalassocracy.
5. M. H. Wiener, ‘Crete and the Cyclades in LM I: the tale of the conical cups’, in Thalassocracy, 20, 23 S. Hiller, ‘Pax Minoica versus Minoan thalassocracy’, in Thalassocracy, 29 S. Hood, ‘A Minoan empire in the Aegean in the 16th and 15th centuries B.C.?’, in Thalassocracy, 33 K. Branigan, ‘Minoan community colonies in the Aegean?’, in Thalassocracy, 49 P. Warren, ‘The place of Crete in the thalassocracy of Minos’, in Thalassocracy, 54 Z. A. Stos-Gale and N. H. Gale, ‘The Minoan thalassocracy and the Aegean metal trade’, in Thalassocracy, 61 N. Platon, ‘The Minoan thalassocracy and the golden ring of Minos’, in Thalassocracy, 66 J. B. Rutter and C. W. Zerner, ‘Early Hellado-Minoan contacts’, in Thalassocracy, 75-80 J. C. Poursat, ‘Une thalassocratie minoenne au Minoen Moyen II?’, in Thalassocracy, 85 M. Benzi, ‘Evidence for a MM settlement at Ialysos’, in Thalassocracy, 96-100 R. Hägg, ‘Degree and character of the Minoan influence on the mainland’, in Thalassocracy, 119-20; I. Ström, ‘Aspects of Minoan foreign relations, LM I-II’, in Thalassocracy, 193 n. 9; W. D. Niemeier, ‘The end of the Minoan thalassocracy’, in Thalassocracy, 205-6, 211.
6. Kythera, 102, nos. 65-8; 111, no. 85, fig. 39; 197, nos. 244-5, fig. 57; ‘Minoans of Kythera’, 108; Hägg (n. 5) mentions more―but doubtful―evidence: the existence of incense-burners, pottery with religious symbols, and loom-weights, and even the discovery along with various cult objects of a skull in room 2 of the South House, which he suspects may be the remains of a human sacrifice. This evidence does not back up Hägg's claim (p. 120) that ‘there were objects, cult practices and probably beliefs of a purely Minoan character in the settlement at Kastri’. The excavators were correct not to over-stress these finds.
7. K. Branigan, ‘Minoan colonialism’, BSA 76 (1981), 24-33, considers Kythera to be a unique example of a Minoan ‘settlement colony’; see also id. (n. 6), 52.
8. A. A. D. Peatfield, ‘The topography of Minoan peak sanctuaries’, BSA 78 (1983), 275 cf. Cult Places, 92-3.
9. J. Herrin, in Kythera, 43, pl. 54. Cf. the maps in Waterhouse and Hope Simpson (n. 3), fig. 23, and Kythera, fig. 1.
10. Cult Places, 79-80. Jouchtas: PAE (1974), 234; (1976), 411; (1978), 238, 242; (1979), 281.
11. For the import of Minoan stone vessels into Kythera see Kythera, pls 62, 69, 82-3; ‘Minoans of Kythera’, 109.
12. Many examples are known from the Jouchtas peak sanctuary: Evans, PM i. 159, 624, fig. 461; P. Warren, Minoan Stone Vases (Cambridge, 1969), 49, type 23 B (MM III-LM I); PAE (1974), 236, pl. 179 a; (1975), 337, fig. 4, pl. 265 b; (1976), 415. Cf. Cult Places, 85. See also the stone ladle from Tourkoyeitonia Archanes, Archanes Museum no. 320.
13. J. A. Sakellarakis and J. P. Olivier, ‘Un vase en pierre avec inscription en Linéaire A du sanctuaire du sommet minoen de Cythère’, BCH 118 (1994), 343-51, figs. 1-6.10.3406/bch.1994.4649
14. Warren (n. 15), 63, type 26 1 A, P326-9, D175-6; Cult Places, 85; Jouchtas : PAE (1975), 335-7, an inscribed example; (1976), 415; (1979). 280, 281, pl. 162 b; (1978), 257, fig. 15, pl. 171 c, d; Petsofas : A. Delt. 27 (1972), Chr. B2. 652, pl. 607 a Vrysinas : AAA 7 (1974), 211-12.
15. Warren (n. 15), 67, type 26, 7 B, P345, D183. Six examples are recorded from one Cretan peak sanctuary. Petsofas : A. Delt. 27 (1972), Chr. B2, pl. 607 b. For clay libation tables at a Minoan peak sanctuary see A. Peatfield, ‘Rural ritual in Bronze Age Crete: the peak sanctuary at Atsipades’, CAJ 2 (1992), 69.10.1017/S0959774300000482
16. Petsofas, 110, pl. 47. 5-11; Jouchtas : PAE (1974), 237, pl. 176 g (1976), 415, pl. 230 e; (1978), 256, pl. 170 b-c; Vrysinas : AAA 7 (1974), 211. Cf. Peatfield (n. 20), 72, fig. 25.
17. Platon (n. 11) pl. E2. 18; Cult Places, 85; Jouchtas : PAE (1976), 414, pl. 230 c Vrysinas : A. Delt. 28 (1973), Chr. B2. 584; AAA 7 (1974), 210, 211.
18. A. Pilali-Papasteriou, Die bronzenen Tierfiguren auf Kreta (PBF 1.3; Munich, 1985), 2-10.
19. e.g. J. A. Sakellarakis, PAE (1967), 156, figs. 142 b, 143c J. and E. Sakellarakis (n. 16), 97, fig. 10; J. A. Sakellarakis, PAE (1972), 327 id., RAE (1982), 501.
20. e.g. CMS 2.1. 307.
21. A. Onassoglou, Die ‘talismanischen’ Siegel (Berlin, 1985), 244-5.
22. R. Paribeni, ‘Ricerche nel sepolcreto di Haghia Triada presso di Phaistos’, Mon. Ant. 14 (1904), 677-756 at 735-9, figs. 35-6; PAE (1977), 420, pl. 222 d.
23. A. Delt. 38 (1983), Chr. B2. 355.
24. E. D. van Buren, ‘The scorpion in Mesopotamian art and religion’, Archiv für Orientforschung, 12 (1937-1939), 7 ff., figs. 1-27.
25. S. Eitrem, ‘Der Skorpion in Mythologie und Religion’, Symbolae Osloenses, 7 (1928), 58-82.10.1080/00397672808590206
26. Menschenfiguren, 9-97. Cf. ‘Der Skorpion in Mythologie und Religion’. n. 34 for the figurines in the Mitsotakis Collection and n. 136 below for those from Trianta on Rhodes.
27. Menschenfiguren, 121-34.
28. ‘Der Skorpion in Mythologie und Religion’., passim.
29. ‘Der Skorpion in Mythologie und Religion’., no. 73, pl. 1 (Archanes, Fourni); no. 5, pl. 2 (HM 2629); no. 18., pl. 36 (HM 427); no. 28, pl. 36 (HM 439); no. 38, pl. 32 (HM 623); no. 44, pl. 5; no. 40, pl. 33; no. 45, pl. 33.
30. ‘Der Skorpion in Mythologie und Religion’., no. 143, pl. 2. Cf. the clay male figurine from Piskokephalo, Menschenfiguren, pl. 40, no. 4. For a female bronze figurine with crossed hands see Menschenfiguren, no. 65, pl. 32.
31. ‘Der Skorpion in Mythologie und Religion’., no. 119, pl. 4 (HM 756); no. 123, pl. 12 (HM 761).
32. e.g. Petsofas, 92, nos. 6, 7, 11; 93, no. 12, pl. 43. 5-9; HM 3444, 3443, 3440.
33. e.g. Petsofas, 92, nos. 6, 11, pl. 43. 5-7.
34. e.g. Platon (n. 11), 109-10, pl. E1. 2, 9; Petsofas, 102-5, nos. 1-25, pls 24. 13; 41. 15-17; 44. 11; 45. 9-12, 16-17; 49. 14 (HM 3456, 3458, 3459, 3452, 4831, 3434, 3457, 3461); Jouchtas : PAE (1974), 237 (1978), 256. Atsipades Korakias: Peatfield (n. 20), 74, fig. 22.
35. e.g. Petsofas, 102, nos. 2-4, pls 41. 15; 45. 9, 12 (HM 3558, 3452).
36. e.g. Platon (n. 11), 110, no. 2, 143, pl. Z2. 1, 145; Petsofas, 102, nos. 5-8, 22, pls 44. 11; 45. 16; 46. 6-7, 11 (HM 4831, 4834).
37. Petsofas, 101-2, nos. 1-12, pls 45. 1, 7, 8, 13-15; 46. 1-5, 12 (HM 3450, 3451, 3443, 3460).
38. ‘Der Skorpion in Mythologie und Religion’. 101, nos. 4-5; 102, no. 10.
39. ‘Der Skorpion in Mythologie und Religion’., pl. 45. 8, 14, 15 (HM 3447-8).
40. Cult Places, 85; Kophinas, A. Delt. 17 (1961-1962), Chr. B 288; Petsofas : A. Delt. 27 (1972), Chr. B2. 652; Modi: ‘Der Skorpion in Mythologie und Religion’.; Vrysinas : AAA 7 (1974) 211 Jouchtas : PAE (1977), 420 Ergon (1988), 162. On similar finds from the Phaneromeni Cave see Marinatos (n. 51), 222.
41. Petsofas, 116-18, pl. 51; Cult Places, 85, 88 n. 90; Jouchtas : PAE (1974), 230, 236 (1978), 236, 247, 249, 256; (1980), 324.
42. Cult Places, 78; Vrysinas : AAA 7 (1974), 211.
43. Cult Places, 79, 84, 96-8; Jouchtas : PAE (1974) 232, pls 172, 173 a Karetsou (n. 16), 146, fig. 14; Vrysinas : AAA 7 (1974), 211.
44. Evans, PM iv. 101 J. C. Poursat, Fouilles exécutées à Mallia, le quartier Mu, ii (Études Crétoises, 26; Paris, 1980), 120-2, nos. 172-4, figs. 170-4; K. P. Foster, Minoan Ceramic Relief (Göteborg, 1982).
45. AAA 7 (1974), 210; PAE (1974), 238; (1975), 334; (1976), 415; (1978), 238, 241, 252-3, fig. 4. 3-5, pl. 167 a; (1979), 281; (1980), 340, 351; Peatfield (n. 20), 70; Cult Places, 79. For conical cups at Kastri see e.g. Kythera, 96, 99, 107, 108, 130, 136, 187.
46. AAA 7 (1974), 210; Peatfield (n. 20), 70. For incenseburners at Kastri see e.g. Kythera, pl. 24.
47. PAE (1974), 238, pl. 176 n; (1978), 249; Peatfield (n. 20), 70. For tripod cooking pots at Kastri cf. e.g. Kythera, 103, 114, 134, 144, 148, 187, 200, fig. 43.
48. e.g. RAE (1974), 238; (1978), 255, fig. 13. 6-7, pl. 167 b; (1980), 340, 349; Peatfield (n. 20), 71, fig. 15. For small jugs at Kastri see e.g. Kythera, pl. 51.
49. PAE (1974), 238; (1975), 334; (1978), 235, 236, 249; Cult Places, 94.
50. Cult Places, 85.
51. Kythera, 280-303.
52. ‘Der Skorpion in Mythologie und Religion’. 309.
53. O. Dickinson, The Aegean Bronze Age (Cambridge, 1994), 269 L. V. Watrous, ‘Review of Aegean prehistory, III: Crete from earliest times through the Protopalatial period’, AJA 98 (1994), 734 10.2307/506551 id., ‘some observations on Minoan peak sanctuaries’, Aegeum, 12 (1995), 400.
54. Cult Places, 81. Most peak sanctuaries do not contain buildings: Peatfield (n. 10), 277.
55. Cult Places, 89-90; Petsofas, 112, pl. 50. 6-14.
56. Piskokephalo: Platon (n. 11), 126, pl. 2. 1, 136-9; Proph. Ilias at Malia: Platon, The Aegean Bronze Age. 140.
57. Peatfield (n. 20), 74, 75, fig. 23. Cf. Dickinson (n. 67), 269; Watrous (n. 67), fig. 24. Parts of a bronze and of a clay phallus came to light at Agios Georgios on Vouno.
58. Nilsson (n. 11), 65, 66, 73, 74 ff.; Platon (n. 11), 104, 150, 158; B. C. Dietrich, ‘Peak cults and their places in Minoan religion’, Historia, 18 (1969), 266.
59. Cult Places, 85, 87; Petsofas, pl. 47. 1-3, 6-7; pls 48, 49; Platon (n. 11), 109-12, pl. E2, abundant. Jouchtas : PAE (1974), 236, a very great number; (1975), 339; (1976), 414; (1977), 420; (1978), 236, 247, 249, 256. Vrysinas : A. Delt. 28 (1973), Chr. B2. 584; AAA 7 (1974), 210-11.
60. Petsofas, pl. 51. 20, 21, 34-5; Jouchtas : PAE (1974), 237 (1975), pl. 264 c.
61. A. Peatfield, ‘Minoan peak sanctuaries: history and society’. Op. Ath. 18 (1990), 117, 122. Cf. Dickinson (n. 67), 267.
62. Peak sanctuary at Atsipades Korakias: Peatfield (n. 20), 79; N. Marinatos, ‘The West House at Akrotiri as a cult center’, AM 98 (1983), 16 ead., ‘Minoan threskeiocracy on Thera’, in Thalassocracy, 158.
63. Kythera, 207, 209, 217, figs. 59, 60, pls 59, 60. On the related loom-weights from Ag. Irini on Kea see J. L. Davis, ‘Cultural innovation and the Minoan thalassocracy at Ayia Irini’, in Thalassocracy, 161, fig. 2. See below, n. 129, for the loom-weight from Ialysos.
64. On the interpretation of votive human limbs at peak sanctuaries see Platon (n. 11), 120-1, 153; Cult Places, 88; Peatfield (n. 10), 276. For an opposite view see Nilsson (n. 11), 74-5.
65. Aristotle, fr. 521 Rose.
66. Kythera, 36-7, pl. 3 c; GAC 121: ‘Its prosperity may well have been founded on the extraction of purple dye from the murex shell’; ‘Minoans of Kythera’, 108; cf. S. Morris, ‘Minoans of Kythera’, III; Rutter and Zerner (n. 6), 76; Huxley (n. 83), 67. For finds of murex shell from neighbouring Pavlopetri see A. Harding, G. Cadogan, and R. Howell, ‘Pavlopetri: an underwater bronze age town in Laconia’, BSA 64 (1969), 139. On murex shell see most recently P. R. Stieglitz, ‘The Minoan origin of Tyrian purple’, Biblical Archaeologist, 57 (1994), 46-54.10.2307/3210395
67. Kythera, 206, Iota 23, pls 59-60.
68. For clay vessels imitating metal prototypes see ‘Minoans of Kythera’, 109. For the possible existence on Kythera of metal prototypes of the Keftiu cup type, because of its dissemination in clay in the Peloponnesian pottery repertoire, see F. Schachermeyr, Die mykenische Zeit (Vienna, 1976), 222-8; ‘Minoans of Kythera’, 109.
69. ‘Minoans of Kythera’, 109.
70. Evans, PM iii. 269, fig. 181; S. P. Morris, ‘Lakonian marble in the Bronze Age’, AJA 86 (1982), 278. See P. Warren, ‘Lapis Lacedaemonius’, in Sanders (n. 86), 290-2, fig. 79; Huxley (n. 83), 66; O. Dickinson, ‘Reflections in bronze age Laconia’, in Sanders (n. 86), III: ‘Lapis lacedaemonius may not yet have been in demand in Crete (and was never extensively used).’
71. Waterhouse and Hope Simpson (n. 3), 119-21; Warren (n. 15), 126. See Stos-Gale and Gale (n. 6), 61, and S. Morris and P. Warren in discussion, ‘Minoans of Kythera’, III; also A. Cooper, ‘A source of ancient marble in the southern Peloponnesos’, AJA 85 (1981), 190-1.
72. It has even been hypothesized that another factor may explain the Minoan colony on Kythera: fishing. See Rutter and Zerner (n. 6), 76; cf. J. B. Rutter, R. Hägg, and S. Morris in discussion, ‘Minoans of Kythera’, 111.
73. e.g. Jouchtas, following the oral communication of its excavator, A. Karetsou.
74. Dickinson (n. 67), 269: ‘Homogeneity may partly reflect what excavators chose to report.’
75. See K. Branigan and P. Warren in discussion, ‘Minoans of Kythera’, 111. For an opposite view see O. Dickinson, ‘Homogeneity may partly reflect what excavators chose to report.’.
76. Evans, PM i. 4 : ‘Juktas presents a good landmark for many miles out to sea.’
77. Platon (n. 11), 140 n. 106, 141-2; Morgan, Miniature Wall Paintings (n. 76), 157.
78. J. L. Caskey, ‘Investigations in Keos’, Hesp. 40 (1971), 392, 395.
79. W. Helck, in J. Schäfer, Ammsos (Berlin, 1993), 12, 16, fig. 1.
80. Ch. Tsountas and J. Manatt, The Mycenaen Age (Boston and New York, 1897), 277 A. Evans, ‘Further discoveries of Cretan and Aegean script’, JHS 17 (1897), 349-5010.2307/623835 K. Sethe, ‘Ein ägyptisches Denkmal des alten Reichs von der Insel Kythera mit dem Namen des Königs Userkef’, Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 53 (1917), 55-80, fig. 1 G. E. Mylonas, Archaeology, 1 (1948), 211, fig. 1 c W. Stevenson Smith, Interconnections in the Ancient Near East (Yale, 1965), 8-9, fig. 10; Kythera, 266, P1, pl. 86; ‘The Minoans of Kythera’, 107.
81. Rutkowski (n. 76), 167-8; Cult Places, 95; A. Peatfield, ‘Palace and peak: the political and religious relationship’, in N. Marinatos and R. Hägg (eds), The Function of the Minoan Palaces (Göteborg, 1987), 89-93. id., in Thalassocracy, 166. Cf. Dickinson (n. 66), 275; id. (n. 77), 126, 127. See recendy Peatfield (n. 20), 61.
82. Evans, PM iii. 463, fig. 323.
83. Kythera, 308.
84. W. Zerner, The Beginnings of the Middle Helladic Period at Lerna (Cincinnati, 1978) (University Microfilm 79-04772); Rutter and Zerner (n. 6), 79.
85. D. Matsas, ‘samothrace and the northeastern Aegean: the Minoan connection’, Studia Troica, 1 (1991), 159-79; id., CMS v, suppl. vol. IB, nos. 320-8; id., ‘Minoan long-distance trade: a view from the northern Aegean’, Aegeum, 12 (1995), 235-47.
86. ‘Minoans of Kythera’, 108.
87. Caskey (n. 100), 392-4; A. Delt. 22 (1967), Chr. B2. 476-9.
88. A. Delt. 22 (1967), Chr. B2. 476-9, Chr. B2. 476-9, fig. 1. 23; ‘The Keftiu and the Minoan thalassocracy’. 23 (1968), Chr. B2. 389, fig. 1; J. L. Caskey, ‘Excavations in Keos’, Hesp. 35 (1966), 376 10.2307/147565 : ‘It commands a free view of the whole channel from Sounion to Southern Euboea and it is in clear sight and signalling distance from Ayia Irini.’
89. Hood (n. 6), 34; Peatfield (n. 10), 273 n. 1, which he associates with the Maleatas shrine at Epidauros (see below, n. 187) as a ‘hill shrine’. He considers that ‘they don't reflect the same cult system as the Minoan peak sanctuaries’; L. Morgan, ‘Theme in the West House paintings at Thera’, Arch. Eph. (1983) 89, n. 1. See the discussion of the communication by J. L. Davis, ‘Cultural innovation and the Minoan thalassocracy at Agia Irini’, in Thalassocracy, 164-6, and the suspicions expressed by J. L. Davis, R. Hägg, and G. Cadogan that there might exist a peak sanctuary on Troullos. See also Morgan (n. 99), 156 and n. 5; Dickinson (n. 67), 282. Rutkowski, Cult Places, 211, classes Troullos with the ‘high places and sacred enclosures’ in his catalogue. The verbally expressed objection of A. Peatfield, referred to by Davis in Thalassocracy, 164 n. 23, that Troullos is extremely close to Agia Irini, does not appear to pose a problem.
90. Caskey (n. 100), fig. 13.
91. ‘The Keftiu and the Minoan thalassocracy’. 394. On the conical cups cf. Wiener (n. 6), 19 n. 20.
92. Caskey (n. 100), 394, pl. 84 a-c; Warren (n. 15), 49.
93. Caskey (n. 100), 394, pl. 84 d (drawing by M. R. Popham).
94. ‘The Keftiu and the Minoan thalassocracy’. 394, pl. 84 e.
95. ‘The Keftiu and the Minoan thalassocracy’., first left.
96. AR (1973), fig. 47; J. L. Caskey, ‘Notes on Keos and Tzia’, Hesp. 50 (1981), 323 10.2307/147875, pl. 78 i, j; Menschenfiguren 86-7, pl. 18, 148.
97. Benzi (n. 6), 93-104; cf. J. N. Coldstream, ‘The Phoenicians of Ialysos’, BICS 16 (1969), 1 n. 6.
98. Benzi (n. 6), 100.
99. R. Hope Simpson and J. F. Lazenby, ‘Notes from Dodekanese, III’, BSA 68 (1973), 137.
100. ‘The Keftiu and the Minoan thalassocracy’., adding: ‘On account of its height and its extent the hill would perhaps be an unusual choice for a normal habitation site.’ Papazoglou-Manioudaki (n. 123), 182, believes that the Minoans occupied Philerimos ‘for security reasons’.
101. Benzi (n. 6), 96, 97, 102, no. 2, figs. 4, 5, 8.
102. ‘The Keftiu and the Minoan thalassocracy’., 96, 97, 103, no. 12, fig. 15.
103. ‘The Keftiu and the Minoan thalassocracy’., 100, 104, no. 16, figs. 17-19.
104. The presence of two sword pommels (‘The Keftiu and the Minoan thalassocracy’. 100, 104, nos. 1-2, figs. 31-2) may be the result of a votive offering of weapons, as is the case with votive weapons on the Minoan peak sanctuaries (see above). The bronze mirror (‘The Keftiu and the Minoan thalassocracy’. 100, 104, no. 23, fig. 33), being of a later date, may be ‘a chance find’, as Benzi thinks.
105. For recent Minoan finds on Philerimos at the Prof. Ilias site, including conical cups, see A. Delt. 42 (1987), Chr. B2. 615-16, and T. Marketou in S. Dietz (ed.), Archaeology in the Dodecanese (Copenhagen, 1988), 27-8.
106. Papazoglou-Manioudaki (n. 123), pl. 49 a, taken from Philerimos.
107. Hope Simpson and Lasenby (n. 126); Benzi (n. 6), 100.
108. Ancient Rhodes: 2,400 Years (Athens, 1993), 13. Four bronze figurines ‘of the type of a Minoan adorant’ from Trianta and Kalamonas displayed in case 5a of gallery 1 in the exhibition.
109. R. L. N. Barber and O. Hadjianastasiou, ‘Mikre Vigla: a Bronze Age settlement on Naxos’, BSA 84 (1989), 63-162.
110. The presence of two sword pommels. 114-32, figs. 25-32, pls 25-9.
111. The presence of two sword pommels. 107-8.
112. The presence of two sword pommels. 114, 129, 141.
113. J. E. Coleman, Keos I: Kephala, a Late Neolithic Settlement and Cemetery (Princeton, 1977), 105-6, pls 26, 71, 73; Barber and Hadjianastasiou (n. 137), 129.
114. Barber and Hadjianastasiou (n. 137), 115, 125, 129. Cf. Dickinson (n. 67), 262.
115. Barber and Hadjianastasiou (n. 137), 129-30.
116. F. Schachermeyr, ‘Akrotiri: first maritime republic?’, Thera and the Aegean World, i (Papers Presented at the Second International Scientific Congress, Santorini, 1978) (London, 1978), 423-8; C. Doumas, in Thalassocracy, 139 : ‘Thera was independent.’
117. For example, see recently C. Doumas, The Wall Paintings of Thera (London, 1992), where even a simple reference to Crete is avoided in the text (though not in the preface by P. Warren, 12-13). Even the otherwise rich bibliography omits various articles such as that by E. Sapouna-Sakellaraki on the relationship between the Thera wall-paintings and Crete.
118. Apart from the figurines from Petsofas (Petsofas, pls 3-46), very few have been published: Sapouna-Sakellaraki (n. 79); Pilali-Papasteriou (n. 21). The large number of figurines from the peak sanctuary at Jouchtas (A. Karetsou) and especially the numerous examples from the peak sanctuaries excavated by K. Davaras (Vrysinas, Traostalos, Kophinas, etc.) remain unpublished; in themselves they could provide the material for a number of doctoral theses.
119. Barber and Hadjianastasiou (n. 137), 114-15.
120. ‘Cretans in Laconia?’. 121, fig. 28, pl. 26. Cf. Petsofas, 91, pls 33, 42; Sapouna-Sakellaraki (n. 79), pl. 12 a.
121. Barber and Hadjianastasiou (n. 137), 116, 130.
122. ‘Cretans in Laconia?’., 115, 125, no. 552, fig. 31, pl. 27.
123. Of the published examples see Petsofas, pls 3. 5, 4. 3, 14. 3, 18. 9; Sapouna-Sakellaraki (n. 79), pl. 10 c; Pilali-Papasteriou (n. 21), nos. 18, 47.
124. Barber and Hadjianastasiou (n. 137), 116, nos. 510, 512, 514-16, figs. 25-6, pl. 25.
125. Getz-Preziosi, ‘The “hunter-warrior” figure in Early Cycladic marble sculpture’, in J. L. Davis and J. E. Cherry, (eds), Papers in Cycladic Prehistory (Los Angeles, 1979), 87-96.
126. Sapouna-Sakellaraki (n. 79), 15, no. 22, fig. 2, pl. 11, 19, no. 38, fig. 3, 23, no. 48, fig. 4; Petsofas, pl. 16. 3-4.
127. Barber and Hadjianastasiou (n. 137), 116.
128. ‘The “hunter-warrior” figure in Early Cycladic marble sculpture’. 129.
129. Pilali-Papasteriou (n. 21), nos. 21, 27-8, 34, 37, 41-2, 46, 48.
130. Barber and Hadjianastasiou (n. 137), 119, no. 517, fig. 26, pl. 25.
131. Getz-Preziosi (n. 154), 89, fig. 1 a, b.
132. Sapouna-Sakellaraki (n. 79), 123-5.
133. Barber and Hadjianastasiou (n. 137), 116, no. 518; cf. Sapouna-Sakellaraki (n. 79), 131 ff.
134. Barber and Hadjianastasiou (n. 137), 116, no. 510, fig. 25, pl. 25, and nos. 510-11, 130.
135. ‘The “hunter-warrior” figure in Early Cycladic marble sculpture’. 128, nos. 571-6, fig. 32, pl. 29.
136. ‘The “hunter-warrior” figure in Early Cycladic marble sculpture’. 115.
137. ‘The “hunter-warrior” figure in Early Cycladic marble sculpture’. 115, 125-8, nos. 563-5, 130, fig. 32, pl. 28.
138. The figurine of a ‘kourotrophos’ (Barber and Hadjianastasiou (n. 137), 115-16, no. 520, fig. 27, pl. 25) is not taken into account here since the object is so poorly preserved that it could represent anything.
139. Barber and Hadjianastasiou (n. 137), 115, 129.
140. The fragments from a ‘fenestrated stand of Minoan type’ (The figurine of a ‘kourotrophos’. 106, nos. 380-2, fig. 21, pl. 21 b) are not clearly comparable to the Minoan parallels given for them (Evans, PM ii, figs. 67, 70 bis).
141. Barber and Hadjianastasiou (n. 137), passim, esp. 107-9.
142. The fragments from a ‘fenestrated stand of Minoan type’. 92, nos. 214-23, fig. 14.
143. The fragments from a ‘fenestrated stand of Minoan type’., 103, nos. 367-8, fig. 20, pl. 20 c-d.
144. The fragments from a ‘fenestrated stand of Minoan type’. 106, nos. 393-7, pl. 22 a-b.
145. The fragments from a ‘fenestrated stand of Minoan type’. 102, nos. 355-9, fig. 19.
146. The fragments from a ‘fenestrated stand of Minoan type’. 134-5, nos. 593-8, pl. 30 d-e.
147. I. A. Morrison in Barber and Hadjianastasiou (n. 137), 146.
148. ‘shrine’: Barber and Hadjianastasiou (n. 137), 131, 140; Morrison (n. 176), 146, 149.
149. Barber and Hadjianastasiou (n. 137), 140.
150. The fragments from a ‘fenestrated stand of Minoan type’. 132.
151. The fragments from a ‘fenestrated stand of Minoan type’. 71 ff., 140.
152. Cult Places, 73 ff., 98. Although not all the topographical criteria defined by Peatfield are met by Mikra Vigla, all his criteria regarding the finds are fulfilled, especially in the case of the votive limbs (Peatfield (n. 77), 120).
153. On the absence of a settlement further down see Morrison (n. 176), 146.
154. O. Hadjianastasiou, ‘some hints of Naxian external connections in the earlier Late Bronze Age’, BSA 84 (1989), 205-15.
155. See S. Marinatos, Thera, ii (Athens, 1969), 35 J. W. Sperling, Thera and Therasia (Athens, 1973), 24, no. 75; R. L. N. Barber, ‘The Late Cycladic period: a review’, BSA 76 (1981), 20, no. 50; Ch. Doumas, Thera: Pompei of the Ancient Aegean (London, 1983), 55-6, fig. 2, where the location is compared to the landscape on the miniature wall-painting and is identified as a lookout post (see above, n. 114). Doumas does not rule out the existence of a peak sanctuary on Mavro Rachidi (personal communication, 7 Feb. 1994).
156. E. K. Melas, The Islands of Karpathos, Saros and Kasos in the Neolithic and Bronze Age (Göteborg, 1985). Melas (personal communication, 19 Oct. 1995) suggests the existence of peak sanctuaries at the sites of Leftoporos in the sw part of Karpathos (‘Theme in the West House painting’. 36-7, E35) and Vouno (‘Theme in the West House painting’. 31-2, D18) in the SE part, sites with visibility and general prominence where, according to Melas, sherds of plain conical cups have come to light.
157. Niemeier (n. 6), 206.
158. Immerwahr (n. 196), 209 n. 12, from room 6 of building B with the monkeys and the wild goats; Doumas (n. 146), pls 85-91. Cf. the reconstruction by N. Marinatos, Art and Religion in Thera (Athens, 1984), fig. 83, along with Minoan wall-paintings from Agia Triada and the House of the Frescos at Knossos (‘The Minoan thalassocracy: lasos and the Carian coast’. 49, 61, 180).
159. On Minoan influence as indicated by the presence of the bronze double-axes at the shrine of Maleatas at Epidauros see n. 187; cf. the observations by O. Dickinson in Thalassocracy, 116.
160. On Minoan influence in Laconia and Messenia see H. Catling, AR 22 (1976-1977), 28 : ‘The new evidence from Laconia suggests that the development of the region at the beginning of the Late Bronze Age cannot be separated from the expansionist moves from Crete, seen most easily in Kythera, which find expression, too, in events at Nichoria and Ayios Stephanos’; Huxley (n. 83), 69-70. See recently S. Hood, in Sanders (n. 86), 135-9; also Rutter and Zerner (n. 6), 77.
161. Nilsson (n. 11), 455-8, 470; M. Mellink, Hyakinthos (Utrecht, 1943), 142-4. R. F. Willetts, Cretan Cults and Festivals (London, 1962), 222-3.
162. Nilsson (n. 201), 528 ff., 532.
163. Sapouna-Sakellaraki (n. 9), 137-43.
164. Harding, Cadogan, and Howell (n. 85), 138, no. 7,pl. 33 m; Menschenfiguren, 85, no. 146, pl. 1. 146.
165. E. Vermeule, Boston University Journal (1961), 119 Sapouna-Sakellaraki (n. 9), 138.
166. Sapouna-Sakellaraki (n. 9), 142-3, figs. 1-3.
167. ‘Minoans of Kythera’, 110.
168. Father Georgios Adikimenakis, from Listaro in Messara.