Radar Sensor signal acquisition and multidimensional FFT processing for surveillance applications in transport systems

IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement

Volumn 66, Issue 4, 2017, Pages 604-615

  Saponara, Sergio ^a   Neri, Bruno ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PISA   (Italy)

Author keywords

3 D fast Fourier transform (FFT); Fieldprogrammable gate array (FPGA); Light detection and ranging (Lidar); Radio detection and ranging (Radar) sensor; Sensor signal processing; Surveillance sensors

Indexed keywords

ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERSION; DATA HANDLING; ELECTRIC POWER UTILIZATION; FAST FOURIER TRANSFORMS; FIELD PROGRAMMABLE GATE ARRAYS (FPGA); FREQUENCY MODULATION; IMAGE SEGMENTATION; MONITORING; OPTICAL RADAR; POWER AMPLIFIERS; RADAR; RADAR EQUIPMENT; RADAR SIGNAL PROCESSING; RADIO TRANSCEIVERS; REAL TIME SYSTEMS; SIGNAL ANALYSIS; SIGNAL DETECTION; SIGNAL RECEIVERS; SURVEILLANCE RADAR; TRACKING RADAR; TRANSPORTATION;

CONTINUOUS-WAVE FREQUENCY; CROSS-RANGE RESOLUTION; DATA-COMMUNICATION; LIGHT DETECTION AND RANGING; MULTIPLE RECEIVERS; PROCESSING PLATFORM; RADIO DETECTION AND RANGING; SURVEILLANCE APPLICATIONS;

SIGNAL PROCESSING;

EID: 85008481788     PISSN: 00189456     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/TIM.2016.2640518     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. A. Mukhtar, L. Xia, and T. B. Tang, "Vehicle detection techniques for collision avoidance systems: A review," IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst., vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 2318-2338, Oct. 2015.
2. L. D. Baskar, B. D. Schutter, J. Hellendoorn, and Z. Papp, "Traffic control and intelligent vehicle highway systems: A survey," IET Intell. Transp. Syst., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 38-52, Mar. 2011.
3. H. Zhou, H. Kong, L. Wei, D. Creighton, and S. Nahavandi, "Efficient road detection and tracking for unmanned aerial vehicle," IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 297-309, Feb. 2015.
4. T. Horimatsu, "ITS sensor for railroad crossing safety," Fujitsu Sci. Tech. J., vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 220-226, 2007.
5. R. Ramchadran, "FPGA based SoC for railway level crossing management system," Int. J. Soft Comput. Eng., vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 134-137, 2012.
6. S. Saponara, L. Fanucci, R. Cassettari, R. Piernicola, and M. Righetto, "Networked radar system to increase safety of urban railroad crossing," in Proc. WASET ICSUTE, Paris, France, 2015, pp. 450-455.
7. S. Lischi et al., "X-band compact low cost multi-channel radar prototype for short range high resolution 3D-InISAR," in Proc. IEEE EuRAD, Oct. 2014, pp. 157-160.
8. D. Staglianò, E. Giusti, S. Lischi, and M. Martorella, "3D InISAR-based target reconstruction algorithm by using a multi-channel ground-based radar demonstrator," in Proc. IEEE Int. Radar Conf., Oct. 2014, pp. 1-6.
9. D. Göhring, M. Wang, M. Schnürmacher, and T. Ganjineh, "Radar/lidar sensor fusion for car-following on highways," in Proc. IEEE ICARA, Dec. 2011, pp. 407-412.
10. J. Johnston, "Off-highway obstacle detection," IEEE Instrum. Meas. Mag., vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 16-24, Oct. 2006.
11. A. Mammeri, T. Zuo, and A. Boukerche, "Extending the detection range of vision-based vehicular instrumentation," IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 856-873, Apr. 2016.
12. R. G. Lins, S. N. Givigi, and P. R. G. Kurka, "Velocity estimation for autonomous vehicles based on image analysis," IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 96-103, Jan. 2016.
13. M. Skolnik, Introduction to Radar Systems, 3rd ed. NewYork, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill, 2001.
14. B. Neri and S. Saponara, "Advances in technologies, architectures, and applications of highly-integrated low-power radars," IEEE Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Mag., vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 25-36, Jan. 2012.
15. L. Hawkins et al., "Radar defense vs. automotive," in Proc. EuMW Defense Forum, 2013, pp. 1-37.
16. S. Saponara, E. Ragonese, M. Greco, B. Neri, and G. Palmisano, Highly Integrated Low-Power Radars. Norwood, MA, USA: Artech House, 2014, p. 232.
17. Data Sheet, Scanter 1002 Ground Surveillance Radar, Terma A/S, Chesapeake, VA, USA, 2015
18. Data Sheet, SLAR9000: Side Looking Airborne Radar, Terma A/S, Chesapeake, VA, USA, 2015.
19. Y. Zhu, Y. Zhu, B. Y. Zhao, and H. Zheng, "Reusing 60GHz radios for mobile radar imaging," in Proc. ACM MobiCom, Paris, France, 2015, pp. 103-116.
20. Y. Zhu, Y. Zhu, Z. Zhang, B. Y. Zhao, and H. Zheng, "60GHz mobile imaging radar," in Proc. ACM HotMobile, Santa Fe, NM, USA, Feb. 2015, pp. 65-80.
21. T.-Y. J. Kao and J. Lin, "Vital sign detection using 60-GHz Doppler radar system," in Proc. IEEE Int. Wireless Symp., Apr. 2013, pp. 1-4.
22. D. Zito et al., "SoC CMOS UWB pulse radar sensor for contactless respiratory rate monitoring," IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst., vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 503-510, Dec. 2011.
23. C. Li, X. Yu, C.-M. Lee, D. Li, L. Ran, and J. Lin, "High-sensitivity software-configurable 5.8-GHz radar sensor receiver chip in 0.13-μm CMOS for noncontact vital sign detection," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn., vol. 58, no. 5, pp. 1410-1419, May 2010.
24. E. Piuzzi, S. Pisa, P. D'Atanasio, and A. Zambotti, "Radar cross section measurements of the human body for UWB radar applications," in Proc. IEEE Int. Instrum. Meas. Technol. Conf. (I2MTC), May 2012, pp. 1290-1293.
25. E. Piuzzi, P. D'Atanasio, S. Pisa, E. Pittella, and A. Zambotti, "Complex radar cross section measurements of the human body for breath-activity monitoring applications," IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 64, no. 8, pp. 2247-2258, Aug. 2015.
26. T. Huang, P. V. Brennan, D. Patrick, I. Weller, P. Roberts, and K. Hughes "FMCW based MIMO imaging radar for maritime navigation," Prog. Electromagn. Res., vol. 115, pp. 327-342, Apr. 2011.
27. S. Saponara and B. Neri, "Radar sensor signal acquisition and 3D FFT processing for smart mobility surveillance systems," in Proc. IEEE Sens. Appl. Symp., Apr. 2016, pp. 1-6.
28. J. Pallauf, J. Wagner, and F. P. León, "Evaluation of state-dependent pedestrian tracking based on finite sets," IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 64, no. 5, pp. 1276-1284, May 2015.
29. Y. Li, Y. Ruichek, and C. Cappelle, "Optimal extrinsic calibration between a stereoscopic system and a LIDAR," IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 62, no. 8, pp. 2258-2269, Aug. 2013.
30. Z. Hu, Y. Li, N. Li, and B. Zhao, "Extrinsic calibration of 2-D laser rangefinder and camera from single shot based on minimal solution," IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 915-929, Apr. 2016.
31. High-Definition Real-Time 3D LIDAR, document 97-0038 rev. F, Velodyne Lidar HDL32, 2016, pp. 1-2.
32. R. Lamb, "Long-range 3D imaging lidar," SPIE Newsroom, pp. 1-2, Apr. 10, 2014, doi: 10.1117/2.1201404.005422.
33. R. A. Lamb, P. A. Hiskett, and R. A. Lamb, "Advanced 3D imaging lidar concepts for long range sensing," Proc. SPIE, vol. 9114, p. 91140G, Jun. 2014.
34. Kestrel 32x32 Geiger-Mode Flash 3-D LIDAR Camera, accessed on Sep. 7, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://www.princetonlightwave. com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/PLI-Kestrel.pdf
35. SpectroScan 3D MEMS LIDAR System Model MLS 201, accessed on Sep. 7, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://www.spectrolab. com/sensors/pdfs/products/SPECTROSCAN3D-RevA%20071912.pdf
36. R. M. Marino and W. R. Davis, Jr., "Jigsaw: A foliage-penetrating 3D imaging laser radar system," Lincoln Lab. J., vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 23-36, 2005.
37. S. Shirmohammadi and A. Ferrero, "Camera as the instrument: The rising trend of vision based measurement," IEEE Instrum. Meas. Mag., vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 41-47, Jun. 2014.
38. J. J. Garcia, Á. Hernández, J. Ureña, and E. García, "FPGA-based architecture for a multisensory barrier to enhance railway safety," IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 65, no. 6, pp. 1352-1363, Jun. 2016.
39. The World's First Intelligent Thermal Sensor for Rail Transport Safety, document IT-0021-EN, FLIR Thermirail, 2016, pp. 1-2.
40. S. Scherr, S. Ayhan, B. Fischbach, A. Bhutani, M. Pauli, and T. Zwick, "An efficient frequency and phase estimation algorithm with CRB performance for FMCW radar applications," IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 64, no. 7, pp. 1868-1875, Jul. 2015.
41. O. Postolache, J. M. D. Pereira, V. Viegas, and P. S. Girão, "Gait rehabilitation assessment based on microwave Doppler radars embedded in walkers," in Proc. IEEE MeMeA, May 2015, pp. 208-213.
42. V. Giammello, E. Ragonese, and G. Palmisano, "A 24/77-GHz SiGe BiCMOS transmitter chipset for automotive radar," Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 782-786, 2013.
43. E. Ragonese, A. Scuderi, V. Giammello, and G. Palmisano, "A SiGe BiCMOS 24-GHz receiver front-end for automotive short-range radar," Analog Integr. Circuits Signal Process., vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 121-130, 2011.
44. J. Hatch, A. Topak, R. Schnabel, T. Zwick, R. Weigel, and C. Waldschmidt, "Millimeter-wave technology for automotive radar sensors in the 77 GHz frequency band," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn., vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 845-860, Mar. 2012.
45. E. Hyuun, W. Oh, and J.-H. Lee, "Design and implementation of automotive 77GHz FMCW radar system based on DSP and FPGA," in Proc. IEEE ICCE, Jan. 2011, pp. 517-528.
46. C. Baer, T. Jaeschke, N. Pohl, and T. Musch, "Contactless detection of state parameter fluctuations of gaseous media based on an mm-Wave FMCW radar," IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 64, no. 4, pp. 865-872, Apr. 2015.
47. V. Gregers-Hansen, Radio Propagation at 90 GHz, FCC Forum New Horizons: 90 GHz Technologies, document FCC 16-89, 2000, pp. 1-21.
48. G. Rubio-Cidre, A. Badolato, L. Úbeda-Medina, J. Grajal, B. Mencia-Oliva, and B.-P. Dorta-Naranjo, "DDS-based signalgeneration architecture comparison for an imaging radar at 300 GHz," IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 64, no. 11, pp. 3085-3098, Nov. 2015.
49. J. Kranjec, S. Beguš, J. Drnovšek, and G. Geršak, "Novel methods for noncontact heart rate measurement: A feasibility study," IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 63, no. 4, pp. 838-847, Apr. 2014.
50. S. Kazemi, A. Ghorbani, H. Amindavar, and D. R. Morgan, "Vital-sign extraction using bootstrap-based generalized warblet transform in heart and respiration monitoring radar system," IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 255-263, Feb. 2016.
51. J. Tu and J. Lin, "Fast acquisition of heart rate in noncontact vital sign radar measurement using time-window-variation technique," IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 112-122, Jan. 2016.
52. J. Wang, X. Wang, L. Chen, J. Huangfu, C. Li, and L. Ran, "Noncontact distance and amplitude-independent vibration measurement based on an extended DACM algorithm," IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 145-153, Jan. 2014.
53. S. S. Stuchly, M. S. Sabir, and A. Hamid, "Advances in monitoring of velocities and densities of particulates using microwave Doppler effect," IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 21-24, Mar. 1977.
54. Á. Parra-Cerrada, V, González-Posadas, J. Luis Jiménez-Martín, Á. Blanco-del-Campo, W. Hernandez, and C. Calderón-Córdova, "Lowcost measurement for a secondary mode S radar transmitter," IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 64, no. 12, pp. 3217-3225, Dec. 2015.
55. Y. Yang, C. Gu, Y. Li, R. Gale, and C. Li, "Doppler radar motion sensor with CMOS digital DC-tuning VGA and inverter-based sigma-delta modulator," IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 63, no. 11, pp. 2666-2674, Nov. 2014.
56. F. Tampieri and C. Tomasi, "Size distribution models of fog and cloud droplets and their volume extinction coefficients at visible and infrared wavelengths," Pure Appl. Geophys., vol. 114, no. 4, pp. 571-586, 1976.
57. S. N. Bhuiya, F. Islam, and M. A. Matin, "Analysis of direction of arrival techniques using uniform linear array," Int. J. Comput. Theory Eng., vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 931-934, 2012.
58. N. Wang, Q. Liu, C. Wu, L. Talbi, Q. Zeng, and J. Xu, "Wideband fabryperot resonator antenna with two complementary FSS layers," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 62, no. 5, pp. 2463-2471, May 2014.
59. LMX2492/LMX2492-Q1: 14 GHz Low Noise Fractional N PLL With Ramp/Chirp Generation, document SNAS624B, Texas Instruments, 2015.
60. RFVC1842: 9.3 GHz to 10.7 GHz MMIC VCO With Fo/2 and Fo/4 Outputs, document Data Sheet DS140428, RFMD Inc, 2013, pp. 1-10.
61. HMC952ALP5GE Data Sheet, V0.1, Analog Devices, Norwood, MA, USA, Dec. 2015.
62. R. Undheim, "Design of a linear FMCW radar synthesizer with focus on phase noise," M.S. thesis, Dept. Electron. Telecommun., Norwegian Univ. Sci. Technol., Trondheim, Norway, 2012.
63. Series FPGA Overview, document DS180, v1.17, Xilinx, 2015, pp. 1-17.
64. S. Saponara, M. Martina, M. Casula, L. Fanucci, and G. Masera, "Motion estimation and CABAC VLSI co-processors for real-time highquality H.264/AVC video coding," Microprocess. Microsyst., vol. 34, nos. 7-8, pp. 316-328, 2010.
65. L. Tirado, G. Ghazi, J. Á. Martínez-Lorenzo, C. M. Rappaport, Y. Álvarez, and F. Las-Heras, "A GPU implementation of the inverse fast multipole method for multi-bistatic imaging applications," in Proc. IEEE APURSI, Jul. 2014, pp. 874-875.
66. N. E. L'Insalata, S. Saponara, L. Fanucci, and T. Pierangelo, "Automatic synthesis of cost effective FFT/FFT cores for VLSI OFDM systems," IEICE Trans. Electron., vol. E91-C, no. 4, pp. 487-496, 2008.
67. V. Issakov, Microwave Circuits for 24GHz Automotive Radar in Silicon-Based Technologies. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 2010.
68. J.-H. Choi, J.-H. Jang, and J.-E. Roh, "Design of an FMCW radar altimeter for wide-range and low measurement error," IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 64, no. 12, pp. 3517-3525, Dec. 2015.
69. W. Wang, D. Liang, Z. Wang, H. Yu, and Q. Liu, "Design and implementation of a FPGA and DSP based MIMO radar imaging system," Radioengineering, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 518-526, 2015.
70. B. Isom, J. Helvin, M. Jones, and M. Knight, "A new compact polarimetric solid-state X-band radar: System description and performance analysis," in Proc. 93rd AMS Annu. Meeting, Jan. 2013, pp. 5-10.
71. Laser Measurement Systems LMS200 to LMS291, document 8008970/QI72/2006-12, Sick Inc., 2006, pp. 1-48.
72. S. Saponara, E. Petri, L. Fanucci, and P. Terreni, "Sensor modeling, low-complexity fusion algorithms, and mixed-signal IC prototyping for gas measures in low-emission vehicles," IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 372-384, Feb. 2011.