Competing Cultures: Canada and the World Trade Organization-The Lessons from Sports Illustrated

Canadian Yearbook of International Law

Volumn 36, Issue , 1999, Pages 279-302

  Tawfik, Myra J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WINDSOR   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85008477721     PISSN: 00690058     EISSN: 19250169     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0069005800006937     Document Type: Review

References (51)

1. Tom Henighan, The Presumption of Culture 2 (Vancouver: Raincoast Books, 1996) 2
2. Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO Agreement) included in the Final Act Embodying the Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations signed at Marrakesh, Apr. 15, 1994, entered into force Jan. i, 1995, as reprinted in (1994)
3. The Publications Assistance Program website at: http://www.pch.gc.ca/culture/cultind/pape.htm.
4. Starting with the O'Leary Commission: Canada, Report of the Royal Commission on Publications (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, May 1961).
5. A Question of Balance: Report of the Task Force on the Canadian Magazine Industry (Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1994) [hereinafter Task Force 1994].
6. www.wto.org/wto/archives/press58.htm.
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9. John H.Jackson, World Trade and the Law of GATT (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1969);
10. W. Ming Shao, "Is There No Business Like Show Business? Free Trade and Cultural Protectionism" (1995) Yale J.Int'l. L. 105;
11. Donald S. Macdonald, "The Canadian Cultural Industries Exemption under Canada-US Trade Law" (1994) Canada-United States LJ. 253-60.
12. GATT-Basic Instruments and Selected Documents, nth supp., Mar. 1963, unpublished report: "International Trade in Television Programmes" L/i74i.
13. Jon Filipek, "'Culture Quotas': The Trade Controversy over the European Community's Broadcasting Directive" (1992) StanfordJ. of Int'l Law 323;
14. Linda Reif and Philip Raworth, The Law of the WTO: Final Text of the GATT Uruguay Round Agreements (New York: Oceana Publications, 1995).
15. GATS/Agreement on Basic Telecommunications-www.wto.org/wto/services/tel.htm.
16. The U.S. and 14 other countries have made specific commitments regarding audio-visual services. 14ITR 585, 2/4/97, "GATS Classifications Called Unclear; Film Industry Urges Broader Application.
17. "Changes in European Union Directive to be Proposed" July 22, 1994, 11 BNA/ITR 1000 33, http://www.ustr.gov
18. United States Trade Representative National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers in respect of the EU for the years 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998.
19. Timothy M. Lupinacci "The Pursuit of Television Broadcasting Activities in the European Community: Cultural Preservation or Economic Protectionism?" (1991) Vanderbilt J. Transn'l L. 113;
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21. Graham Carr, "Trade Liberalization and the Political Economy of Culture: An International Perspective on FTA" (1991) Can-Am Pub Pol'y 1;
22. Rene Cote, "L'Avenement d'un Village Planetaire: L'Internationalisation Normative et le Droit de LTnformatique," in Rene Cote and Guy Rocher, eds., EntreDroit et Technique: Enjeux Normatifs et Sociaux (Montreal: Les Editions Themis, 1994).
23. Steven S. Wildman and Stephen E. Siwek, International Trade in Films and Television Programs 105 (Cambridge, Mass: Ballinger, 1988).
24. Ronald V. Bettig, Copyrighting Culture-the Political Economy of Intellectual Property 226 (Boulder: WestviewPress, 1996).
25. www.wto.org/wto/archives/wtodec.htm.
26. Frederick M. Abbott and David J. Gerber, symposium editors, "Symposium on Global Competition and Public Policy in an Era of Technological Integration" (1996) Chicago-Kent L. Rev. 345.
27. Myra J. Tawfik, "The Secret of Transforming Art into Gold: Intellectual Property Issues in Canada-US Relations" (1994) Can-Am PubPol'y I. 40
28. "Implementing the 1997 WTO Decision: Actions to be Taken" (www.pch. gc.ca/wn-qdn/culture/annexi .htm), annex to News Release, July 29, 1998
29. "New Advertising Services Measure to Promote Canadian Culture," www.pch.gc.ca/wn-qdn/culture/english.htm.
30. Passed Third Reading, Mar. 12, 1999.
31. Hansard, Official Report EPi95-1999-03-12-1315 at www.parl.gc.ca.
32. Exchange of Notes between Canada and the United States, dated June 3, 1999;
33. News Release, June 4, 1999, found at www.pch.gc.ca.
34. Durwood Zaelke, Paul Orbuch, Robert F. Housman, eds., Trade and the Environment, Law, Economics and Policy (Washington: Island Press, 1993);
35. John H.Jackson, The World Trade Organization: Constitution and Jurisprudence (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, Chatham papers, 1998).
36. "Ruggiero Announces Enhanced WTO Plan for Cooperation with NGOs," WTO Press Release, July 17, 1998, www.wto.org/wto/new/pressio7.htm.
37. further, Steve Charnovitz, "Participation of Nongovernmental Organizations in the World Trade Organization" (1996) U. Pa.J. Int'l Econ. L. 295;
38. Philip M. Nichols, "Extension of Standing in World Trade Organization Disputes to Nongovernment Parties" (1996) U. Pa.J. Int'l Econ. L. 295;
39. G. Richard Shell, "The Trade Stakeholders Model and Participation by Non-State Parties in the World Trade Organization" (1996) 17 U. Pa.J. Int'l Econ. L. 359.
40. "WTO Completes Framework on Environmental, Regional and R&D Subsidies," found at www.wto.org/wto/new/subpr2.htm.
41. Lynn H. Miller, Global Order: Values and Power in International Politics (3rd ed., Boulder: Westview Press, 1994);
42. Susan Hainsworth, "Sovereignty, Economic Integration, and the World Trade Organization" (1995) 33 Osgoode Hall L.J 583;
43. Bill Graham M.P. Chair, Public Works and Government Services Canada (Ottawa, Dec. 1997).
44. Director-General of UNESCO, Federico Mayor, cited in "Stockholm Action Plan Bridges Culture and Development," www.unesco.org/opi/eng/unescopress/98-64e.htm.
45. "Stockholm Action Plan Bridges Culture and Development,", 73.
46. UNESCO Press Release, "Stockholm Conference to Propose an Action Plan to Place Culture at the Heart of Development," Mar. 27, 1998.
47. www.unesco. org/opi/eng/unescopress/98-56e.htm.
48. Canadian Heritage background paper, "Putting Culture on the World Stage International Meeting on Cultural Policy," www.pch.gc.ca/polculpol/paper-e.htm.
49. News Release, Canadian Heritage, June 30, 1998, "Ottawa Group Forms International Alliance of Culture Ministers," www.pch.gc.ca/polculpol/news/close-e.htm.
50. In his opening remarks on the consideration of the resolution to hold an international conference on trade and employment, which was the conference that ultimately led to GATT 1947.
51. UN Journal of Economic and Social Council, istyear, no. 7, Feb. 13, 1946.