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Volumn 53, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 1-36

Principles as sources of international law (with special reference to good faith)

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EID: 85008201448     PISSN: 0165070X     EISSN: 17416191     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0165070X06000015     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (102)

References (63)
  • 1
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    • Storia del diritto modern° in Europa - Le fonti e il pensiero giuridico, Vol. I (Milan, Giuffre) pp. 105 et seq. and P. Grossi, L’ordine giuridico medievale (Rome, Laterza 1995). See also the encyclopedic work of W. Fikentscher, Methoden des Rechts, Vol. I (Tubingen, Mohr 1975) pp. 343 et seq. (roman law), 377 et seq. (scolastic method and mos gallicus), 412 et seq. (era of the modern codifications); L. Lombardi, Saggio sul diritto giurisprudenziale (Milan, Giuffre 1975); and C.K. Allen, Law in the Making
    • 6th edn. (Oxford, Oxford University Press 1958).
    • See, e.g., A. Cavanna Storia del diritto modern° in Europa - Le fonti e il pensiero giuridico, Vol. I (Milan, Giuffre 1982) pp. 105 et seq. and P. Grossi, L’ordine giuridico medievale (Rome, Laterza 1995). See also the encyclopedic work of W. Fikentscher, Methoden des Rechts, Vol. I (Tubingen, Mohr 1975) pp. 343 et seq. (roman law), 377 et seq. (scolastic method and mos gallicus), 412 et seq. (era of the modern codifications); L. Lombardi, Saggio sul diritto giurisprudenziale (Milan, Giuffre 1975); and C.K. Allen, Law in the Making, 6th edn. (Oxford, Oxford University Press 1958).
    • Cavanna, A.1
  • 2
    • 85023010458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Die obersten Grundsiitze des Rechts (Heidelberg, Schneider) pp. 150 et seq. More generally, see G. Tarello, Storia della cultura giuridica moderna (Bolo-gna, II Mulino 1976) pp. 97 et seq.; E. Opocher, Lezioni di filosofia del diritto (Padova, Cedam 1983) pp. 101 et seq. For more detailed studies, see the works of P. Caroni on codification, e.g., P. Caroni, Gesetz und Gesetzbuch
    • (Basel, Helbling & Lichtenhahn 2003), with references to his earlier writings and other texts.
    • See, e.g., H. Coing, Die obersten Grundsiitze des Rechts (Heidelberg, Schneider 1947) pp. 150 et seq. More generally, see G. Tarello, Storia della cultura giuridica moderna (Bolo-gna, II Mulino 1976) pp. 97 et seq.; E. Opocher, Lezioni di filosofia del diritto (Padova, Cedam 1983) pp. 101 et seq. For more detailed studies, see the works of P. Caroni on codification, e.g., P. Caroni, Gesetz und Gesetzbuch (Basel, Helbling & Lichtenhahn 2003), with references to his earlier writings and other texts.
    • See, e.g.1    Coing, H.2
  • 3
    • 85023114368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zur juristischen Methodenlehre im 19. Jahrhundert (Frankfurt, Klostermann). 4. Montesquieu, De l'esprit des lois, liv
    • XI, Cap. VI.
    • See, e.g., W. Wilhelm, Zur juristischen Methodenlehre im 19. Jahrhundert (Frankfurt, Klostermann 1958). 4. Montesquieu, De l'esprit des lois, liv. XI, Cap. VI.
    • See, e.g.1    Wilhelm, W.2
  • 4
    • 0003439062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Principles of Public International Law, 5th edn. (Oxford, Clarendon Press) p. 1. The sources thus deal with the Taw-creating processes’: G. Schwarzenberger, International Law - As Applied by International Courts and Tribunals
    • Stevens 1957)
    • I. Brownlie, Principles of Public International Law, 5th edn. (Oxford, Clarendon Press 1998) p. 1. The sources thus deal with the Taw-creating processes’: G. Schwarzenberger, International Law - As Applied by International Courts and Tribunals, Vol. 1 (London, Stevens 1957) p. 26.
    • , vol.1 , pp. 26
    • Brownlie, I.1
  • 5
    • 33749126158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dictionnaire de droit international public
    • ed., (Brussels, Bruylant 2001)
    • J. Salmon, ed., Dictionnaire de droit international public (Brussels, Bruylant 2001) pp. 1041–1042.
    • Salmon, J.1
  • 6
    • 33846996296 scopus 로고
    • Nozioni di diritto intemazionale
    • 7th edn. (Padova, Cedam), 8. The two perspectives need not necessarily be the two sides of the same coin, since you may have rules which are not created by a process of legislation, but which simply exist: e.g., general principles of law, found by way of comparative law.
    • G. Morelli, Nozioni di diritto intemazionale 7th edn. (Padova, Cedam 1967) p. 21. 8. The two perspectives need not necessarily be the two sides of the same coin, since you may have rules which are not created by a process of legislation, but which simply exist: e.g., general principles of law, found by way of comparative law.
    • (1967) , pp. 21
    • Morelli, G.1
  • 7
    • 0003603737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Akehurst’s Modern Introduction to International Law
    • ed., 7th edn. (London, Routledge 1997)
    • P. Malanczuk, ed., Akehurst’s Modern Introduction to International Law, 7th edn. (London, Routledge 1997) p. 35.
    • Malanczuk, P.1
  • 8
    • 85023078828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • eds
    • p. 23. See also, e.g., Malanczuk, ed., Human Rights in the World n. 9, at p. 35: These criteria [those of the sources] distinguish binding law from legally non-binding other social or moral norms and the law de lege lata (the law as it currently stands) from the law de lege ferenda, (the law as it may be, or should be, in the future).’
    • R.Y. Jennings and A. Watts, eds.,Oppenheim’s International Law, 9th edn. (London, Longman 1992) p. 23. See also, e.g., Malanczuk, ed., Human Rights in the World n. 9, at p. 35: These criteria [those of the sources] distinguish binding law from legally non-binding other social or moral norms and the law de lege lata (the law as it currently stands) from the law de lege ferenda (the law as it may be, or should be, in the future).’
    • Oppenheim’s International Law, 9th edn. (London, Longman
    • Jennings, R.Y.1    Watts, A.2
  • 9
    • 85023115555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grundsatz und Norm in der richterli-chen Fortbildung des Privatrechts, 4th edn. (Tubingen, Mohr 1990). And see already F. Geny, Methode d’interpretation et sources en droit prive positif
    • For a lucid criticism of this course, see J. Esser, 2nd Vol., LGDJ 1932).
    • For a lucid criticism of this course, see J. Esser, Grundsatz und Norm in der richterli-chen Fortbildung des Privatrechts, 4th edn. (Tubingen, Mohr 1990). And see already F. Geny, Methode d’interpretation et sources en droit prive positif, 2nd Vol. (Paris, LGDJ 1932).
  • 10
    • 85022989144 scopus 로고
    • Allowing the General Assembly of the
    • United Nations, under certain conditions, to recommend the use of force in the case of a threat to peace, a breach of peace, or an act of aggression. Resolution 377 (V) of 3 November
    • Allowing the General Assembly of the United Nations, under certain conditions, to recommend the use of force in the case of a threat to peace, a breach of peace, or an act of aggression. Resolution 377 (V) of 3 November 1950.
    • (1950)
  • 11
    • 0742326737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The United Nations and the Development of Collective Security: The Delegation by the United Nations Security Council of its Chapter VII Powers
    • (Oxford, Oxford University Press).
    • See D. Sarooshi, The United Nations and the Development of Collective Security: The Delegation by the United Nations Security Council of its Chapter VII Powers (Oxford, Oxford University Press 1999).
    • (1999)
    • Sarooshi, D.1
  • 12
    • 0345801584 scopus 로고
    • ICJ Reports
    • ICJ Reports (1949) pp. 178 et seq.
    • (1949) , pp. 178
  • 14
    • 85023091785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Commentaire du Reglement de la Cour intemationale de Justice, Interpretation et pratique (Paris, Pedone 1983). See also S. Rosenne, The Law and Practice of the International Court, 1920 – 1996, 3rd edn., Vol. II (Jurisdiction) and Vol. III (Procedure) (The Hague, Nijhoff 1997) and H. Thirlway, The Law and Procedure of the International Court of Justice, 1960 – 1989, Part Twelve’, 72 BYIL
    • See, e.g., G. Guyomar, Commentaire du Reglement de la Cour intemationale de Justice, Interpretation et pratique (Paris, Pedone 1983). See also S. Rosenne, The Law and Practice of the International Court, 1920 – 1996, 3rd edn., Vol. II (Jurisdiction) and Vol. III (Procedure) (The Hague, Nijhoff 1997) and H. Thirlway, The Law and Procedure of the International Court of Justice, 1960 – 1989, Part Twelve’, 72 BYIL (2001) pp. 37 et seq.
    • (2001) , pp. 37
    • See, e.g.1    Guyomar, G.2
  • 15
    • 85023030094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coenco freres v. Allemagne), Recueil des decisions des tribunaux arbi-traux mixtes
    • See, e.g., Coenco freres v. Allemagne (1927), Recueil des decisions des tribunaux arbi-traux mixtes, Vol. 7, p. 683.
    • , vol.7 , pp. 683
    • See, e.g.1
  • 16
    • 26044439669 scopus 로고
    • ICJ Reports
    • 21. See Esser, Human Rights in the World n. 11, at pp. 50 et seq.
    • ICJ Reports (1952) p. 196. 21. See Esser, Human Rights in the World n. 11, at pp. 50 et seq.
    • (1952) , pp. 196
  • 17
    • 85023094175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Les sanctions economiques du point de vue du droit international, public et prive
    • L. Forlati-Picchio and L.A. Sicilianos See R. Kolb, 'La proportionnalite dans le cadre des contre-vonabtmtpmesures et des sanctions - essai de clarification conceptuelle’, In, eds., (Leiden, Nijhoff 2004)
    • See R. Kolb, 'La proportionnalite dans le cadre des contre-vonabtmtpmesures et des sanctions - essai de clarification conceptuelle’, In L. Forlati-Picchio and L.A. Sicilianos, eds., Les sanctions economiques du point de vue du droit international, public et prive (Leiden, Nijhoff 2004) pp. 383–386.
  • 18
    • 85023101110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rechtsgedanken
    • As to the way of this channeling of ideas through principles in the forensic practice, see, e.g., H. Henkel, Einfiihrung in die Rechtsphilosophie, 2nd edn. (Munich, Beck 1977) p. 480: '[Es] bilden sich in einer stdndigen Praxis allmdhlich Ubereinstimmungen heraus, die erkennen lassen, dass es hier in der Fallentscheidung immer wiederkehrende Wertungs- und Beurteilungsgefiige gibt, die eine typisierende Betrachtung erlauben und es infolgedessen ermoglichen, den Raum der Generalklauseln in rechtliche Ordnungsbereiche zu gliedern. Im Zusammenwirken mit der dogmatisierenden Wissenschaft gelingt es dann, die zunachst vollkommene Unbestimmtheit der Klauseln durch Herausbildung von, Auf diese Weise werden die Raume der Generalklauseln, die urspriinglich jeder Positivierung entbehren und infolgedessen auf der Landkarte der Kodifikationen als weisse Flachen erscheinen, zu einem Gebiet gegliederten positiven Rechtsstoffs, in dem tragende Rechtsgedankenverfestigt sind.’ The present writer has elsewhere presented these ideas of Henkel in the following words: 'Comme H. Henkel Pa bien montre, de nombreux principes de droit sont issu d’une consolidation normative de standards juridiques. Sur la base de Vordonnancement de la pratique issue de standards en des categories constitutes par un ensemble d’elements typiques (Fallgruppen), emergent parfois des concepts ou idees juridiques plus generaux (Rechtsgedanken). Ils tendent a s’affermir, puis a s’affirmer. Par la definition progressive de leurs conditions d’application, par la differenciation des regimes qui tendent a creer un sentiment d’ordre, par le travail de la science du droit qui cherche a en degager le contenu juridique finissent par se degager des lineaments norrnafifs capables de se condenser en principes (Grundsatze). Le courant descendant du standard vers les faits de la vie finit ainsi par nourrir un contre-courant ascendant vers les concepts normatifs’ (in 32 RBDI,) p. 433, fn. 165).
    • As to the way of this channeling of ideas through principles in the forensic practice, see, e.g., H. Henkel, Einfiihrung in die Rechtsphilosophie, 2nd edn. (Munich, Beck 1977) p. 480: '[Es] bilden sich in einer stdndigen Praxis allmdhlich Ubereinstimmungen heraus, die erkennen lassen, dass es hier in der Fallentscheidung immer wiederkehrende Wertungs- und Beurteilungsgefiige gibt, die eine typisierende Betrachtung erlauben und es infolgedessen ermoglichen, den Raum der Generalklauseln in rechtliche Ordnungsbereiche zu gliedern. Im Zusammenwirken mit der dogmatisierenden Wissenschaft gelingt es dann, die zunachst vollkommene Unbestimmtheit der Klauseln durch Herausbildung von “Rechtsgedanken” zu iiberwinden und ihnen weitgehend die Form begrifflich-dogmatisch gefestigter “Grundsatze” zu geben. Auf diese Weise werden die Raume der Generalklauseln, die urspriinglich jeder Positivierung entbehren und infolgedessen auf der Landkarte der Kodifikationen als weisse Flachen erscheinen, zu einem Gebiet gegliederten positiven Rechtsstoffs, in dem tragende Rechtsgedankenverfestigt sind.’ The present writer has elsewhere presented these ideas of Henkel in the following words: 'Comme H. Henkel Pa bien montre, de nombreux principes de droit sont issu d’une consolidation normative de standards juridiques. Sur la base de Vordonnancement de la pratique issue de standards en des categories constitutes par un ensemble d’elements typiques (Fallgruppen), emergent parfois des concepts ou idees juridiques plus generaux (Rechtsgedanken). Ils tendent a s’affermir, puis a s’affirmer. Par la definition progressive de leurs conditions d’application, par la differenciation des regimes qui tendent a creer un sentiment d’ordre, par le travail de la science du droit qui cherche a en degager le contenu juridique finissent par se degager des lineaments norrnafifs capables de se condenser en principes (Grundsatze). Le courant descendant du standard vers les faits de la vie finit ainsi par nourrir un contre-courant ascendant vers les concepts normatifs’ (in 32 RBDI (1999) p. 433, fn. 165).
    • (1999) zu iiberwinden und ihnen weitgehend die Form begrifflich-dogmatisch gefestigter “Grundsatze” zu geben.
  • 19
    • 85023153601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ICJ Reports (1974) p. 268, para. 46: 'One of the basic principles governing the creation and performance of legal obligations, whatever their source, is the principle of good faith. Trust and confidence are inherent in international co-operation, in particular in an age when this co-operation in many fields is becoming increasingly essential. Just as the very rule of pacta sunt servanda
    • in the law of treaties is based on good faith, so also is the binding character of an international obligation assumed by unilateral declaration. Thus interested States may take cognizance of unilateral declarations and place confidence in them, and are entitled to require that the obligation thus created be respected.’
    • ICJ Reports (1974) p. 268, para. 46: 'One of the basic principles governing the creation and performance of legal obligations, whatever their source, is the principle of good faith. Trust and confidence are inherent in international co-operation, in particular in an age when this co-operation in many fields is becoming increasingly essential. Just as the very rule of pacta sunt servanda in the law of treaties is based on good faith, so also is the binding character of an international obligation assumed by unilateral declaration. Thus interested States may take cognizance of unilateral declarations and place confidence in them, and are entitled to require that the obligation thus created be respected.’
  • 20
    • 34247204538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Case Law on Equitable Maritime Delimitation, Digest and Commentaries
    • (The Hague, Nijhoff).
    • See R. Kolb, Case Law on Equitable Maritime Delimitation, Digest and Commentaries (The Hague, Nijhoff 2003).
    • (2003)
    • Kolb, R.1
  • 21
    • 85023148185 scopus 로고
    • Symbolae Verzijl: presentees au professeur J.H.W. Verzijl a V occasion de son LXX-ieme anniversaire
    • ICJ Reports,) pp. 3 et seq. 27. On possible implications of this distinction, see, e.g., G.G. Fitzmaurice, 'Some Problems Regarding the Formal Sources of International Law’, in F.M. van Aobeck, eds., (The Hague, Nijhoff 1958) pp. 153 et seq. and the critique of M.H. Mendelson, 'Are Treaties merely a Source of Obligation?’, in W.E. Butler, ed., Perestroika and International Law (Dordrecht, Nijhoff 1990) pp. 81 et seq.
    • ICJ Reports (1969) pp. 3 et seq. 27. On possible implications of this distinction, see, e.g., G.G. Fitzmaurice, 'Some Problems Regarding the Formal Sources of International Law’, in F.M. van Aobeck, et al., eds., Symbolae Verzijl: presentees au professeur J.H.W. Verzijl a V occasion de son LXX-ieme anniversaire (The Hague, Nijhoff 1958) pp. 153 et seq. and the critique of M.H. Mendelson, 'Are Treaties merely a Source of Obligation?’, in W.E. Butler, ed., Perestroika and International Law (Dordrecht, Nijhoff 1990) pp. 81 et seq.
    • (1969)
  • 22
    • 85023150788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ICJ Reports (1962) pp. 6 et seq., 22 et seq. On this jurisprudence, see R. Kolb, La bonne foi en droit international public (Paris, Presses Universitaires de France 2000) pp. 339 et seq. For a critique on the application of these Western, and quite elaborated, legal concepts in the context of Asiatic powers, see P.C. Jessup,The Price of International Justice
    • (New York, Columbia University Press 1971) pp. 15 et seq.
    • ICJ Reports (1962) pp. 6 et seq., 22 et seq. On this jurisprudence, see R. Kolb, La bonne foi en droit international public (Paris, Presses Universitaires de France 2000) pp. 339 et seq. For a critique on the application of these Western, and quite elaborated, legal concepts in the context of Asiatic powers, see P.C. Jessup,The Price of International Justice (New York, Columbia University Press 1971) pp. 15 et seq.
  • 23
    • 85023004619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • the speeches of the US representative at the San Francisco Conference, when the Charter of the United Nations was drafted
    • As to this last point, see, e.g., London, United Nations Information Organizations 1945),, 'I should like to say that we have been convinced by the arguments of our friends and are now eager to support this amendment. We had not realized exactly what the words meant to those who have lived and worked in the great tradition of the Roman law. We had thought they were quite unnecessary… But now we realize that this is a customary phrase, which… conveys the meaning that we are all to observe those obligations, not merely the letter of them, but the spirit of them…’
    • As to this last point, see, e.g., the speeches of the US representative at the San Francisco Conference, when the Charter of the United Nations was drafted:Documents of the United Nations Conference on International Organization, San Francisco, 1945, Vol. 6 (London, United Nations Information Organizations 1945), p. 74: 'I should like to say that we have been convinced by the arguments of our friends and are now eager to support this amendment. We had not realized exactly what the words meant to those who have lived and worked in the great tradition of the Roman law. We had thought they were quite unnecessary… But now we realize that this is a customary phrase, which… conveys the meaning that we are all to observe those obligations, not merely the letter of them, but the spirit of them…’
    • Documents of the United Nations Conference on International Organization, San Francisco , vol.6 , pp. 74
  • 24
    • 85023084644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Black’s Law Dictionary
    • See also, 5th edn. (St. Paul, Minn., West Publishing Co. 1979)
    • See also Black’s Law Dictionary, 5th edn. (St. Paul, Minn., West Publishing Co. 1979) p. 160.
  • 25
    • 85023016758 scopus 로고
    • II concetto dt buonafede nel diritto canonico
    • (Rome, Libreria dell’Uni versita). 34. As to this point, see Zoller, Human Rights in the World n. 30. The error of this author, in our eyes, is to have confined good faith to this subjective aspect, and to have ignored the other ones.
    • See L. Scavo Lombardo, II concetto dt buonafede nel diritto canonico (Rome, Libreria dell’Uni versita 1944). 34. As to this point, see Zoller, Human Rights in the World n. 30. The error of this author, in our eyes, is to have confined good faith to this subjective aspect, and to have ignored the other ones.
    • (1944)
    • See, L.1    Lombardo, S.2
  • 26
    • 85023150741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Kolb, Human Rights in the World
    • et seq.
    • See Kolb, Human Rights in the World n. 28, at pp. 117 et seq.
    • , Issue.28 , pp. 117
  • 27
    • 85023025444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sapphire International Petroleum case (1963), 19 Annuaire suisse de droit international (1962) pp. 273 et seq. The applicable law was 'les principes de la bonne foi et de la bonne volonte
    • It is not that international law requires subjective good faith in order to acquire the territory; it is rather that subjective good faith influences the interpretation of the titles and can bring to the conclusion that, if existent, the conditions for prescription are easier fulfilled, e.g., as to the required time-span. See Kolb, Human Rights in the World n. 28, at pp. 416 et seq. 37. See Kolb, Human Rights in the World n. 28, at pp. 124 et seq. 38. See, e.g., the,…’.
    • It is not that international law requires subjective good faith in order to acquire the territory; it is rather that subjective good faith influences the interpretation of the titles and can bring to the conclusion that, if existent, the conditions for prescription are easier fulfilled, e.g., as to the required time-span. See Kolb, Human Rights in the World n. 28, at pp. 416 et seq. 37. See Kolb, Human Rights in the World n. 28, at pp. 124 et seq. 38. See, e.g., the Sapphire International Petroleum case (1963), 19 Annuaire suisse de droit international (1962) pp. 273 et seq. The applicable law was 'les principes de la bonne foi et de la bonne volonte…’.
  • 28
    • 85023083368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paasivirta
    • pp. 59 et seq.; P. Weil, 'Principes generaux du droit et contrats d’Etat’, in P. Fouchart, et al., Le Droit des Relations Economiques Internationales: Etudes Offertes a Berthold Goldman, For the practice, see, e.g., E., (Paris, Litec 1982) pp. 387 et seq. 40. For a fuller account of these aspects, see Kolb, Human Rights in the World n. 28, at pp. 143 et seq., 179 et seq.
    • For the practice, see, e.g., E. Paasivirta, Participation of States in International Contracts (Helsinki, Lakimiesliiton Kustannus 1990) pp. 59 et seq.; P. Weil, 'Principes generaux du droit et contrats d’Etat’, in P. Fouchart, et al., Le Droit des Relations Economiques Internationales: Etudes Offertes a Berthold Goldman (Paris, Litec 1982) pp. 387 et seq. 40. For a fuller account of these aspects, see Kolb, Human Rights in the World n. 28, at pp. 143 et seq., 179 et seq.
    • Participation of States in International Contracts (Helsinki, Lakimiesliiton Kustannus
  • 29
    • 0013115268 scopus 로고
    • ICJ Reports
    • et seq. See on the point Kolb, Human Rights in the World n. 28, at pp. 283 et seq.
    • ICJ Reports (1986) pp. 135 et seq. See on the point Kolb, Human Rights in the World n. 28, at pp. 283 et seq.
    • (1986) , pp. 135
  • 31
    • 85023092735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hanc si tollis [bona fides], tollis mutua inter Principes commercia… et tollis ipsum ius gentium
    • As the present writer explained elsewhere: 'Entre toutes les fonctions si importantes du principe de la bonne foi, son essence la plus intime reside dans Vaffirmation du cote relationnel du droit. Toute action juridique est projetee vers I’exterieur car elle vise a affecter les interets et en general la position que le droit reconnait a autrui. En d’autres termes, le droit re git tou-jours un rapport social. Les principes du volontarisme ou de Vautonomie de la volonte, ancres pour le droit international dans la notion de souverainete ne considerent que la sphere du sujet qui agit: Vobligation n’est censee naitre que de sa volonte. Un tel parti, pense a bout, mene a la destruction de la regie de droit. II ramene a la categorie des devoirs contre soi-meme, c’est-d-dire a la morale. Ce n’est pas un hasard si les positivistes les plus imbus de la notion de souverainete ont parle du droit international comme d’une moralite positive. Le principe de bonne foi vise a reequilibrer ce rapport qui preside a la creation, a la mise en oeuvre, a la modification et a la terminaison de la regie de droit ou de l’obligation. II commande de tenir compte de la confiance legitime et des finalites objectives d’un rapport considere sub specie alteritatis. II rattache a cette exteriorite des effets de droit independants de la volonte reelle, mais inintelligible, d’un sujet. La bonne foi est done une notion solidariste particulierement importante en droit international precisement parce que le volontarisme individualiste a cher-che si longtemps a defendre une place exageree, incompatible avec la notion meme d’un droit objectif dans les relations internationales. La volonte est dans son role quand elle explique une grande partie de la formation du droit positif. Elle est facteur de progres quand elle permet une analyse nuancee des faits sociaux et quand elle permet a la liberte de s ’exercer en droit. Elle excede sa place quand elle cherche seule a jouer un role constitutif dans la creation et la modification des situations juridiques ou quand elle s ’assigne le role dle fondement unique du droit tout entier. En plagant le sujet (VEtat) au dessus du droit, en laissant a la puissance et a Ventreprise uti singuli les innombrables interstices entre les expressions ponctuelles de volonte, ce volontarisme aboutit invariablement au deperissement ou a Vaffaiblissement de la regie de droit. En reintroduisant Videe de bilateralite et done Videe de Vautre, la bonne foi se devoile etre le frere jumeau de Videe du droit dans les relations internationales (comme la souverainete Vest pour la volonte). Bonne foi et droit international relevent d’une communaute de destin: Vaffaiblissement de Vune est liee au declin de Vautre. D’ou le sens profond de ces mots si apocalyptiques de C. Van Bynkershoek:, Human Rights in the World n. 30, at
    • As the present writer explained elsewhere: 'Entre toutes les fonctions si importantes du principe de la bonne foi, son essence la plus intime reside dans Vaffirmation du cote relationnel du droit. Toute action juridique est projetee vers I’exterieur car elle vise a affecter les interets et en general la position que le droit reconnait a autrui. En d’autres termes, le droit re git tou-jours un rapport social. Les principes du volontarisme ou de Vautonomie de la volonte, ancres pour le droit international dans la notion de souverainete ne considerent que la sphere du sujet qui agit: Vobligation n’est censee naitre que de sa volonte. Un tel parti, pense a bout, mene a la destruction de la regie de droit. II ramene a la categorie des devoirs contre soi-meme, c’est-d-dire a la morale. Ce n’est pas un hasard si les positivistes les plus imbus de la notion de souverainete ont parle du droit international comme d’une moralite positive. Le principe de bonne foi vise a reequilibrer ce rapport qui preside a la creation, a la mise en oeuvre, a la modification et a la terminaison de la regie de droit ou de l’obligation. II commande de tenir compte de la confiance legitime et des finalites objectives d’un rapport considere sub specie alteritatis. II rattache a cette exteriorite des effets de droit independants de la volonte reelle, mais inintelligible, d’un sujet. La bonne foi est done une notion solidariste particulierement importante en droit international precisement parce que le volontarisme individualiste a cher-che si longtemps a defendre une place exageree, incompatible avec la notion meme d’un droit objectif dans les relations internationales. La volonte est dans son role quand elle explique une grande partie de la formation du droit positif. Elle est facteur de progres quand elle permet une analyse nuancee des faits sociaux et quand elle permet a la liberte de s ’exercer en droit. Elle excede sa place quand elle cherche seule a jouer un role constitutif dans la creation et la modification des situations juridiques ou quand elle s ’assigne le role dle fondement unique du droit tout entier. En plagant le sujet (VEtat) au dessus du droit, en laissant a la puissance et a Ventreprise uti singuli les innombrables interstices entre les expressions ponctuelles de volonte, ce volontarisme aboutit invariablement au deperissement ou a Vaffaiblissement de la regie de droit. En reintroduisant Videe de bilateralite et done Videe de Vautre, la bonne foi se devoile etre le frere jumeau de Videe du droit dans les relations internationales (comme la souverainete Vest pour la volonte). Bonne foi et droit international relevent d’une communaute de destin: Vaffaiblissement de Vune est liee au declin de Vautre. D’ou le sens profond de ces mots si apocalyptiques de C. Van Bynkershoek: “Hanc si tollis [bona fides], tollis mutua inter Principes commercia… et tollis ipsum ius gentium” [footnotes omitted; RK].’ See Kolb 2001, Human Rights in the World n. 30, at pp. 427–428.
    • (2001) [footnotes omitted; RK].’ See Kolb , pp. 427-428
  • 32
    • 85023082187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For the practice, see Kolb, Human Rights in the World
    • For the practice, see Kolb, Human Rights in the World n. 28, at pp. 179 et seq.
    • , Issue.28 , pp. 179
  • 33
    • 85023019394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Cheng, Human Rights in the World
    • See Cheng, Human Rights in the World n. 30, at pp. 138–139.
    • , Issue.30 , pp. 138-139
  • 34
    • 85023041148 scopus 로고
    • de la Pradelle and N. Politis
    • Editions internationales 1957), et seq.
    • See A. de la Pradelle and N. Politis, Recueil des arbitrages intemationaux Vol. 1 (1798–1855) (Paris, Editions internationales 1957) pp. 512 et seq.
    • (1798) Recueil des arbitrages intemationaux , vol.1 , pp. 512
    • See, A.1
  • 35
    • 1842592166 scopus 로고
    • ICJ Reports
    • ICJ Reports (1951) pp. 136–137.
    • (1951) , pp. 136-137
  • 36
    • 85023150675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human Rights in the World
    • 49. On this doctrine of acquiescence, see Kolb, Human Rights in the World n. 28, at pp. 339 et seq., with many further references.
    • Human Rights in the World, at p. 138. 49. On this doctrine of acquiescence, see Kolb, Human Rights in the World n. 28, at pp. 339 et seq., with many further references.
  • 37
    • 79953093787 scopus 로고
    • ICJ Reports
    • ICJ Reports (1960) pp. 210–212.
    • (1960) , pp. 210-212
  • 38
    • 85023114611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human Rights in the World
    • 214 et seq.
    • Human Rights in the World, at pp. 205, 207, 214 et seq.
    • , vol.205 , Issue.207
  • 39
    • 85023081819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ICJ Pleadings Series
    • See, (1960–1), et seq.; (1960–11) pp. 37 et seq.
    • See ICJ Pleadings Series (1960–1) pp. 502 et seq.; (1960–11) pp. 37 et seq.
  • 40
    • 79953093787 scopus 로고
    • ICJ Reports
    • 213. As it is said in the summary to the judgment on the internet site of the ICJ (): 'Finally, the Court considered that, having regard to the fact that the designation of the King of Spain was freely agreed to by Nicaragua, that no objection was taken by Nicaragua to his jurisdiction, either on the ground of irregularity in his designation or on the ground that the Treaty had lapsed, and that Nicaragua had fully participated in the arbitral proceedings, it was no longer open to Nicaragua to rely on either of those contentions as furnishing a ground for the nullity of the Award.’
    • ICJ Reports (1960) pp. 209, 213. As it is said in the summary to the judgment on the internet site of the ICJ (): 'Finally, the Court considered that, having regard to the fact that the designation of the King of Spain was freely agreed to by Nicaragua, that no objection was taken by Nicaragua to his jurisdiction, either on the ground of irregularity in his designation or on the ground that the Treaty had lapsed, and that Nicaragua had fully participated in the arbitral proceedings, it was no longer open to Nicaragua to rely on either of those contentions as furnishing a ground for the nullity of the Award.’
    • (1960) , pp. 209
  • 41
    • 79953093787 scopus 로고
    • ICJ Reports
    • ICJ Reports (1960) p. 213.
    • (1960) , pp. 213
  • 42
    • 85023132359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For further comments on this case, see Kolb, Human Rights in the World
    • 56. See the detailed analysis in Kolb, Human Rights in the World n. 28, at, et seq.
    • For further comments on this case, see Kolb, Human Rights in the World n. 28, at pp. 375–377, 381–382. 56. See the detailed analysis in Kolb, Human Rights in the World n. 28, at pp. 429 et seq.
    • , Issue.28 , pp. 375-377
  • 43
    • 85023097874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RIAA, Vol. X, p. 18. 58. See 80 ILR
    • See
    • See RIAA, Vol. X, p. 18. 58. See 80 ILR p. 613.
  • 44
    • 85023026295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • La responsabilite des organisations intemationales (Brussels, Bruylant 1998) pp. 490 et seq. 60. On this principle, see, e.g., C. Tomuschat, ed., Modern Law of Self-Determination (Dordrecht, Nijhoff 1993); A. Cassese, Self-Determination of People
    • On the question in general, see P. Klein, (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press 1995). See generally Jennings and Watts, eds., Human Rights in the World n. 10, at pp. 282 et seq., with many references.
    • On the question in general, see P. Klein, La responsabilite des organisations intemationales (Brussels, Bruylant 1998) pp. 490 et seq. 60. On this principle, see, e.g., C. Tomuschat, ed., Modern Law of Self-Determination (Dordrecht, Nijhoff 1993); A. Cassese, Self-Determination of People (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press 1995). See generally Jennings and Watts, eds., Human Rights in the World n. 10, at pp. 282 et seq., with many references.
  • 45
    • 85023065527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • the negative judgment of M. Bourquin
    • pp. 213 - 214; or of W. Friedmann, 'General Course in Public International Law’, 127 Recueil des cours, (1969–11), et seq.
    • See, e.g., the negative judgment of M. Bourquin, L’Etat souverain et l'Organisation intemationale (New York, Manhattan Publishing Company 1959) pp. 213 - 214; or of W. Friedmann, 'General Course in Public International Law’, 127 Recueil des cours (1969–11) pp. 185 et seq.
    • L’Etat souverain et l'Organisation intemationale (New York, Manhattan Publishing Company , pp. 185
    • See, e.g.1
  • 46
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    • International Law and the Use of Force by Nations Liberation Movements
    • (Oxford, Clarendon Press), with many references.
    • See H.A. Wilson International Law and the Use of Force by Nations Liberation Movements (Oxford, Clarendon Press 1988), with many references.
    • (1988)
    • Wilson, H.A.1
  • 47
    • 85023016058 scopus 로고
    • Verdross, 'Les principes generaux du droit applicables aux rapports internationaux
    • Other similar examples could be given for other principles. 64. A.,), 52.
    • Other similar examples could be given for other principles. 64. A. Verdross, 'Les principes generaux du droit applicables aux rapports internationaux’ 45, RGDIP (1938) pp. 50, 52.
    • (1938) RGDIP , pp. 50
  • 48
    • 85023001675 scopus 로고
    • Pacta sunt servanda
    • See, e.g., Whitton, 'La regie,-III), et seq., 175 et seq.
    • See, e.g., Whitton, 'La regie “Pacta sunt servanda’”, 49 Recueil des cours (1934-III) pp. 151 et seq., 175 et seq.
    • (1934) 49 Recueil des cours , pp. 151
  • 49
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    • principes generaux de droit reconnus par les nations civilisees
    • On this legislative history, see B. Vitanyi, 'Les positions doctrinales concernant le sens de la notion de,), et seq.
    • On this legislative history, see B. Vitanyi, 'Les positions doctrinales concernant le sens de la notion de “principes generaux de droit reconnus par les nations civilisees’”, 86 RGDIP (1982) pp. 48 et seq.
    • (1982) 86 RGDIP , pp. 48
  • 50
    • 85023134533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mendelson, 'The Formation of Customary International Law
    • See on this point, e.g., M.,), et seq.
    • See on this point, e.g., M. Mendelson, 'The Formation of Customary International Law’, Recueil des cours (1998) pp. 209 et seq.
    • (1998) Recueil des cours , pp. 209
  • 51
    • 85023067023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modern
    • Le droit international codifie (Paris, Guillaumin et cie 1870) p. 101, Art. 110: 'Lorsque les Etats rassembles en congres general europeen sont d’accord sur certaines dispositions, celles-ci deviennent obligatoires pour tous les Etats europeens On J.C. Bluntschli, see B. Baker Roben, 'The Method Behind Bluntschli’s,) pp. 249 et seq. 70. See C. de Visscher, Theories et realites en droit international public, 4th edn. (Paris, Pedone 1970) p. 419.
    • See, e.g., J.C. Bluntschli, Le droit international codifie (Paris, Guillaumin et cie 1870) p. 101, Art. 110: 'Lorsque les Etats rassembles en congres general europeen sont d’accord sur certaines dispositions, celles-ci deviennent obligatoires pour tous les Etats europeens On J.C. Bluntschli, see B. Baker Roben, 'The Method Behind Bluntschli’s “Modern” International Law’, 4 Journal of the History of International Law (2002) pp. 249 et seq. 70. See C. de Visscher, Theories et realites en droit international public, 4th edn. (Paris, Pedone 1970) p. 419.
    • (2002) International Law’, 4 Journal of the History of International Law
    • See, e.g.1    Bluntschli, J.C.2
  • 52
    • 85023137063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RIAA, Vol. X, pp. 551 et seq. See also Cheng, Human Rights in the World n. 30, at pp. 373 et seq.; B.E. King, 'Prescription of Claims in International Law’, 15 BYIL (1934) pp. 82 et seq.; P.A. Verykios, La prescription en droit international public
    • See, (Paris, Pedone 1934) pp. 129 et seq.; Kolb, Human Rights in the World n. 28, at pp. 423 et seq.
    • See RIAA, Vol. X, pp. 551 et seq. See also Cheng, Human Rights in the World n. 30, at pp. 373 et seq.; B.E. King, 'Prescription of Claims in International Law’, 15 BYIL (1934) pp. 82 et seq.; P.A. Verykios, La prescription en droit international public (Paris, Pedone 1934) pp. 129 et seq.; Kolb, Human Rights in the World n. 28, at pp. 423 et seq.
  • 53
    • 85022997758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • De Wet
    • See Kolb, Human Rights in the World n. 28, at pp. 509–510. 73. See E., (Oxford, Hart).
    • See Kolb, Human Rights in the World n. 28, at pp. 509–510. 73. See E. De Wet, The Chapter VII Powers of the United Nations Security Council (Oxford, Hart 2004).
    • (2004) The Chapter VII Powers of the United Nations Security Council
  • 54
    • 85023149956 scopus 로고
    • See on this point
    • Suppl. No. 3 (1959–1966), Vol. IV (1973) pp. 210 et seq. 75. RIAA, the Treaty of Guarantee relative to Cyprus (,) such as interpreted by Turkey would be contrary to the Charter of the United Nations and to the peremptory principle of non-recourse to force. Turkey interprets one provision of the treaty, which allows an intervention for protecting its nationals as allowing it to use unilateral force. If interpreted like this, the provision is void., Vol. IX
    • Thus, e.g., the Treaty of Guarantee relative to Cyprus (1960) such as interpreted by Turkey would be contrary to the Charter of the United Nations and to the peremptory principle of non-recourse to force. Turkey interprets one provision of the treaty, which allows an intervention for protecting its nationals as allowing it to use unilateral force. If interpreted like this, the provision is void. See on this point, Repertory of Practice of the United Nations Organs, Suppl. No. 3 (1959–1966), Vol. IV (1973) pp. 210 et seq. 75. RIAA, Vol. IX, p. 445.
    • (1960) Repertory of Practice of the United Nations Organs , pp. 445
    • Thus, e.g.1
  • 55
    • 85023036052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ILM (1998) pp. 1302 et seq.; 38 ILM (1999) pp. 581 et seq. See B. Zehnder, Immunitat von Staatsoberhauptern und der Schutz elementarer Menschenrechte - der Fall Pinochet
    • See 37, (Baden-Baden, Nomos 2003).
    • See 37 ILM (1998) pp. 1302 et seq.; 38 ILM (1999) pp. 581 et seq. See B. Zehnder, Immunitat von Staatsoberhauptern und der Schutz elementarer Menschenrechte - der Fall Pinochet (Baden-Baden, Nomos 2003).
  • 56
    • 85023000125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RIAA
    • et seq., See Kolb, Human Rights in the World n. 28, at, The point was that the legislative power of the UK for certain spaces under its sovereignty was limited by the existence of rights for US citizens; hence an obligation for the UK to exercise its jurisdiction is taking reasonably, in good faith, account of these US rights.
    • RIAA, Vol. 11, pp. 167 et seq., 187–188. See Kolb, Human Rights in the World n. 28, at pp. 269–270. The point was that the legislative power of the UK for certain spaces under its sovereignty was limited by the existence of rights for US citizens; hence an obligation for the UK to exercise its jurisdiction is taking reasonably, in good faith, account of these US rights.
    • , vol.11 , pp. 167-188
  • 57
    • 85023051281 scopus 로고
    • ICJ Reports
    • et seq., See Kolb, Human Rights in the World n. 28, at pp. 270. The point was the correct interpretation of some custom duties under a convention. The Court rejects the strict interpretations given by the two sides and holds that the principle of good faith and of reasonableness must be the measure to be followed in the specific case.
    • ICJ Reports (1952) pp. 176 et seq., 211–212. See Kolb, Human Rights in the World n. 28, at pp. 270. The point was the correct interpretation of some custom duties under a convention. The Court rejects the strict interpretations given by the two sides and holds that the principle of good faith and of reasonableness must be the measure to be followed in the specific case.
    • (1952) , pp. 176-212
  • 58
    • 85023115544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ILM (1984) p. 359. 80. See the already mentioned Sapphire International Petroleum case (1963), Human Rights in the World n. 38. The applicable law was 'les principes de la bonne foi et de la bonne volonte
    • ILM (1984) p. 359. 80. See the already mentioned Sapphire International Petroleum case (1963), Human Rights in the World n. 38. The applicable law was 'les principes de la bonne foi et de la bonne volonte…’.
  • 59
    • 0013115268 scopus 로고
    • ICJ Reports
    • para. 237.
    • ICJ Reports (1986) pp. 122–123, para. 237.
    • (1986) , pp. 122-123
  • 61
    • 85023005881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The International Law Commission's Articles on State Responsibility (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press 2002) pp. 281 et seq. See also L.A. Sicilianos, Les reactions decentralisees a Tillicite
    • See Arts. 49–504 of the Draft on State Responsibility for Internationally Wrongful Acts (,) by the International Law Commission: J. Crawford, (Paris, LGDJ 1990) pp. 20 et seq., 273 et seq. 84. See Kolb, Human Rights in the World n. 28, at pp. 260 et seq.
    • See Arts. 49–504 of the Draft on State Responsibility for Internationally Wrongful Acts (2001) by the International Law Commission: J. Crawford, The International Law Commission's Articles on State Responsibility (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press 2002) pp. 281 et seq. See also L.A. Sicilianos, Les reactions decentralisees a Tillicite (Paris, LGDJ 1990) pp. 20 et seq., 273 et seq. 84. See Kolb, Human Rights in the World n. 28, at pp. 260 et seq.
    • (2001)
  • 62
    • 0003486589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • L’utilisation du 'raisonnable’ par le juge international
    • (Brussels, Bruylant), et seq.
    • See, e.g., O. Corten, L’utilisation du 'raisonnable’ par le juge international (Brussels, Bruylant 1997) pp. 270 et seq.
    • (1997) , pp. 270
    • See, e.g.1    Corten, O.2
  • 63
    • 85023121501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Kolb, Human Rights in the World
    • See Kolb, Human Rights in the World n. 28, at pp. 474–476.
    • , Issue.28 , pp. 474-476


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