The Dilemmas of Dictatorship: Carl Schmitt and Constitutional Emergency Powers

Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 163-187

  McCormick, John P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 85008198072     PISSN: 08418209     EISSN: 20564260     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0841820900000291     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Political Theology: Four Chapters on the Theory of Sovereignty (1922), trans. G. Schwab (Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press, 1986) at 5
2. [hereinafter PT\. German references to the work come from Politische Theologie: Vier Kapitel zur Lehre von der Souveranitat (Miinchen: Duncker & Humblot, 1934)11.
3. Die Diktatur: Von den Anfdngen des modemen Souverdnitdtsgedankens bis zum proletarischen Klassenkampf (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1989) [hereinafter D].
4. See F.M. Watkins, The Failure of Constitutional Emergency Powers under the German Republic (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1939)(nils) at chs. 2 and 3
5. C. Rossiter, Constitutional Dictatorship: Crisis Government in Modern Democracies (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1948) at 41- 43.
6. J. Bendersky, Carl Schmitt: Theorist for the Reich (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983) at 30-31.
7. K.D. Bracher, Die Auflbsung der Weimarer Republik: Eine Studie zum Problem des Machtverfalls in der Demokratie (Dusseldorf: Droste, 1984)
8. D. Peukert, The Weimar Republic: The Crisis of Classical Modernity (New York: Hill and Wang, 1987)
9. A. Winkler, Weimar: 1918-1933 (Miinchen: C. H. Beck, 1993)
10. H. Heiber, The Weimar Republic, trans. W.E. Yuill (Oxford: Blackwell, 1993).
11. "The Socialist and Bolshevik Theory of the State" [published 1928] in F. S. Burin & K. L. Shell, eds., Politics, Law and Social Change: Selected Essays of Otto Kirchheimer (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969) 6.
12. W.E. Scheuerman, Between the Norm and the Exception: The Frankfurt School and the Rule of Law (Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press, 1994).
13. G. Schwab, The Challenge of the Exception: An Introduction to the Political Ideas of Carl Schmitt between 1921 and 1936 (New York: Greenwood Press, 1989) at 30-31
14. J.E. Finn, Constitutions in Crisis: Political Violence and the Rule of Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991)
15. J. LoBel, "Emergency Powers and the Decline of Liberalism" (1989) 98 Yale L. J. 1385.
16. "Notes on the Theory of Dictatorship" [published 1954] in Herbert Marcuse, ed., The Democratic and the Authoritarian State: Essays in Political and Legal Theory (New York: The Free Press, 1957) at 233, 254, n. 1.
17. "Diktatur und Belagerungszustand: Eine staatsrechtliche Studie", Zeitschrift fur die gesamte Strafrechtswissenschaft (1917) at 38.
18. P.C. Caldwell, Constitutional Theory in the Weimar Republic: Positivists, Anti-Positivists and the Democratic Welfare State (Doctoral Dissertation, Department of History, Cornell University [August 1993]).
19. John P. McCormick, "Addressing the Political Exception: Machiavelli's Accidents and the Mixed Regime" (1993) 87 Am. Pol. Science Rev. 888).
20. On Schmitt's appropriation of Hobbes, see H. Miinkler, "Carl Schmitt und Thomas Hobbes" (1984) 29 Neue Politische Literatur;
21. D. L. Dyzenhaus, '"Now the Machine Runs Itself: Carl Schmitt on Hobbes and Kelsen' (1994) 16 Cardozo L. Rev. 1;
22. and John P. McCormick, "Fear, Technology and the State: Carl Schmitt, Leo Strauss and the Revival of Hobbes in Weimar and National Socialist Germany" (1994) 22 Pol. Theory 619.
23. See G. Schwab, "Introduction" in PT, xv, n. 1.
24. On Schmitt and Weber, see W. Mommsen, Max Weber and German Politics, 1890-1920, trans. M. S. Steinberg (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1984).
25. G. L. Ulmen, Politische Mehrwert: Eine Studie iiber Max Weber und Carl Schmitt (Weinheim: VCH Acta Humaniora, 1991) 390-400.
26. C. Schmitt Verfassungslehre (1928) (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1989) at 26-27, 56, 110, 125, 146, 200.
27. S. Breuer, "Nationalstaat und pouvoir constituant bei Sieyes und Carl Schmitt", [1984] Archiv fur Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie LXX;
28. and P. Pasquino, "Die Lehre vom pouvoir constituant bei Abbe Sieyes und Carl Schmitt: Ein Beitrag zur Untersuchung der Grundlagen der modernen Demokratietheorie" in H. Quaritisch, ed., Complexio Oppositorum: Uber Carl Schmitt, (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1988)(nils).
29. Ulrich K. PreuB, "The Politics of Constitution Making: Transforming Politics into Constitutions" (1991) 13 Law & Policy;
30. "Constitutional Powermaking for the New Polity: Some Deliberations on the Relations Between Constituent Power and the Constitution" (1993) 14 Cardozo L. Rev. 639 at 651-52;
31. as well as the essays included in Revolution, Fortschritt und Verfassung (Frankfurt a/M: Fischer Verlag, 1994).
32. The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy, trans. Ellen Kennedy (Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press, 1985) at c. 4 [hereinafter Parliamentarism].
33. "The Age of Neutralizations and Depoliticizations (1929)", trans. M. Konzett & J.P. McCormick, (1993) 96 Telosll 9at 130.
34. R. Mehring, Pathetisches Denken. Carl Schmitts Denkweg am Leitfaden Hegels: Katholische Grundstellung und antimarxistische Hegelstrategie (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot 1989)
35. "Die Diktatur des Reichsprasident nach Art. 48 der Weimarer Verfassung" (1924), appended to subsequent editions of Die Diktatur [hereinafter D2]; Der Hiiter der Verfassung (Tubingen: Verlag von J.C.B. Mohr [Paul Siebeck], 1931) [hereinafter HV];
36. see The Dual State: A Contribution to the Theory of Dictatorship (1941), trans. E. A. Shils (New York: Octagon Books, 1969) at 213, n.17.
37. R. Cristi, "Carl Schmitt on Sovereignty and Constituent Power" (Paper presented at the 17th IVR World Congress, Bologna, 16-21 June, 1995) [unpublished];
38. S.L. Paulson, "The Reich President and Weimar Constitutional Politics: Aspects of the Schmitt-Kelsen Dispute on the 'Guardian of the Constitution'" (Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, 31 August-3 September, 1995) [unpublished].
39. For a detailed account of this strategy, see I. Maus, BUrgerliche Rechtstheorie und Faschismus: Zur sozialen Funktion und aktuellen Wirkung der Theorie Carl Schmitts (Miinchen: C. H. Beck, 1980) at 127-31.
40. On Schmitt's analysis of this relationship, see J. Cohen & A. Arato, Civil Society and Political Theory (Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press, 1992).
41. H. Kelsen, "Wer soil der Hitter der Verfassung sein?" (1930/31) 6 Die Justiz.
42. D.L. Dyzenhaus, Truth's Revenge: Carl Schmitt, Hans Kelsen and Hermann Heller in Weimar (Oxford: Oxford University Press [forthcoming]).
43. B. Riithers, Carl Schmitt im Dritten Reich: Wissenschaft als Zeitgeist-Verstdrkung? (Miinchen: C. H. Beck Verlag, 1989).
44. Another of Schmitt's students, historian Reinhart Koselleck, traces the historical decline of attention to the 'contingent' in the Enlightenment in Futures Past: On the Semantics of Historical Time (published 1979), trans. K. Tribe (Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press, 1985) at 119-25.
45. John Locke, "The Second Treatise on Government", ch. XIV at para. 159, lines 15-19, in Two Treatises on Government, P. Laslett, ed., (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988) at 375.
46. See Baron de Charles de Secondat Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws, trans. A. M. Cohler, B.C. Miller & H.S. Stone, eds., (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), XI, 6.
47. B. Manin, "Checks, Balances, and Boundaries: The Separation of Powers in the Constitutional Debate of 1787" in The Invention of the Modern Republic, B. Fontana, ed., (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) 41, n. 51.
48. A.V. Dicey, Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution [orig. pub. 1915] [Indianapolis, ID: Liberty Classics, 1982] at 120).
49. F.F. Gaus, "Public Reason and the Rule of Law" in Ian Shapiro, ed., The Rule of Law (NOMOS XXXVT) (New York: New York University Press, 1994).
50. R.J. Sharpe, The Law of Habeas Corpus (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991)
51. M.E. Neely, Jr., The Fate of Liberty (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991).
52. S. Holmes, "Precommitment and the Paradox of Democracy" in J. Elster & R. Slagstad, eds., Constitutionalism and Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).