Spiritual dimensions of entrepreneurship in transcendental meditation and tm-sidhi program practitioners

Journal of Management, Spirituality and Religion

Volumn 6, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 195-208

  Herriott, Eva Norlyk ^a   Schmidt Wilk, Jane ^a   Heaton, Dennis P ^a  

^a MAHARISHI UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT   (United States)

Author keywords

Entrepreneurship; Intuition; Meditation; Self development; Spirituality; Values

Indexed keywords

EID: 85007816030     PISSN: 14766086     EISSN: 1942258X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14766080903069299     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Alexander, C.N., DeArmond, D.L., Heaton, D.P., Stevens, M.M., and Schmidt-Wilk, J., 2004. Does spiritual practice reduces managerial stress? A prospective study of the Transcendental Meditation program in business. Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, New Orleans, LA.
2. Alexander, C.N., Langer, E.M.J., Newman, R.I., Chandler, H.M., and Davies, J.L., 1989. Transcendental Meditation, mindfulness, and longevity. An experimental study with the elderly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57 (6), 950-964.
3. Alexander, C.N., Rainforth, M.V., and Gelderloos, P., 1991. Transcendental Meditation, self-actualization, and psychological health: a conceptual overview and statistical meta-analysis. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 6 (5), 189-247.
4. Alexander, C.N., Swanson, G.C., Rainforth, M.V., Carlisle, T.W., Todd, C.C., and Oates, R., 1993. Effects of the Transcendental Meditation program on stress-reduction, health, and employee development: a prospective study in two occupational settings. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 6, 245-262.
5. Barnett, C.K., Krell, T., and Sendry, J., 2000. Learning to learn about spirituality: a categorical approach to introducing the topic into management courses. Journal of Management Education, 25 (5), 562-579.
6. Boyd, D.P. and Gumpert, D.E., 1983. Coping with entrepreneurial stress. Harvard Business Review, March/April, 44-46.
7. Chandler, H.M., Alexander, C.N., and Heaton, D.P., 2005. The Transcendental Meditation program and post conventional self development: a 10-year longitudinal study. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 17 (1), 93-121.
8. Cooper, A.C. and Dunkelberg, W., 1984. A new look at business entry. San Mateo, CA: National Federation of Independent Business.
9. Cranson, R.W., Orme-Johnson, D.W., Gackenbach, J., Dillbeck, M.C., Jones, C.H., and Alexander, C.N., 1991. Transcendental Meditation and improved performance on intelligence-related measures. A longitudinal study. Personality and Individual Differences, 12, 1105-1116.
10. Csikszentmihalyi, M., 2003. Good business: leadership, flow, and the making of meaning. New York: Viking.
11. Daniels, D., Franz, R.S., and Wong, K., 2000. Classroom with a worldview: making spiritual assumptions explicit in management education. Journal of Management Education, 25 (5), 540-561.
12. Dillbeck, M.C., 1982. Meditation and flexibility of visual perception and verbal problemsolving. Memory and Cognition, 10 (3), 207-215.
13. Dillbeck, M.C., Assimakis, P.D., Raimondi, D., Orme-Johnson, D.W., and Rowe, R., 1986. Longitudinal effects of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program on cognitive ability and cognitive style. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 62, 731-738.
14. Dillbeck, M.C., Orme-Johnson, D.W., and Wallace, R.K., 1981. Frontal EEG coherence, H- reflex recovery, concept learning, and the TM-Sidhi program. International Journal of Neuroscience, 15, 151-157.
15. Ferguson, A., 2002. Commentary. Reflections, 3 (3), 45.
16. Fernando, M., 2005. Self-actualizing workplace spirituality, Paper presented at the 2005 Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Honolulu, Hawaii. Available from: http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1164andcontext=commpapers [Accessed 20 December 2008].
17. Fielding, N.G., and Lee, R.M., eds, 1991. Using computers in qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
18. Frew, D.R., 1974. Transcendental Meditation and productivity. Academy of Management Journal, 17, 245-262.
19. Fry, L.W., 2008. Spiritual leadership: state-of-the-art and future directions for theory, research, and practice. In: G. Biberman and L. Tischler, eds. Spirituality in business: current theory and practice and future directions. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 106-124.
20. Gelderloos, P. and van den Berg, W.P., 1989. Maharishi’s TM-Sidhi program: participating in the infinite creativity of nature to enliven the totality of the cosmic psyche in all aspects of life. Modern Science and Vedic Science, 2 (4), 373-414.
21. Gibbons, P., 2000. Spirituality and work: definitions, measures, assumptions, and validity claims. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Toronto, Ont.
22. Glaser, B.G. and Strauss, A.L., 1967. The discovery of grounded theory: strategies for qualitative research. Chicago, IL: Aldine Publishing Company.
23. Gummesson, E., 1999. Qualitative methods in management research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
24. Gustavsson, B., 1992. The Transcendent Organization. Doctoral dissertation. University of Stockholm, Department of Business Administration.
25. Harlos, K.P., 2000. Towards a spiritual pedagogy: meaning, practice and applications in management education. Journal of Management Education, 25 (5), 612-627.
26. Harper, T., 1999. Silicorn valley. Sky—Delta Airlines, July, 21-22.
27. Heaton, D. and Schmidt-Wilk, J., 2008. Awakening the leader within: behavior depends on consciousness. In: G. Biberman and L. Tischler, eds. Spirituality in business: current theory and practice and future directions. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 125-140.
28. Heaton, D.P., Schmidt-Wilk, J., and Travis. F., 2004. Constructs, methods, and measures for researching spirituality in organizations. Journal of Organizational Change Management, Special issue on Researching Spirituality in Organizations, 17 (1), 62-82.
29. Herriott, E.M., 2000. Elements of entrepreneurial success: the links among inner competencies, inner development and success. Dissertation Abstracts International No. 9956511. Doctoral dissertation. Maharishi University of Management, Fairfield, IA.
30. Jedrczak, A., 1989. The TM-Sidhi program and age-related psychological variables. In: R.A. Chalmers, G. Clements, H. Schenkluhn, and M Weinless, eds. Scientific research on the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi Program: collected papers volume 3. Vlodrop, The Netherlands: Maharishi Vedic University Press, 1743-1751.
31. Jedrczak, A., Beresford, M., and Clements, G., 1985. The TM-Sidhi program, pure consciousness, creativity and intelligence. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 19 (4), 270-275.
32. Johnson, D., 1995. Stress and stress management among owner-managers of small and medium-sized enterprises. Employee Counseling Today, 7 (5), 14-19.
33. Jue, A.L., 2006. A phenomenological taxonomy of spirit-centered leadership in entrepreneurial firms. Workshop presented at the 2006 Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Atlanta, GA.
34. Kauanui, S.K., Thomas, K.D., Sherman, C.L., Waters, G.R., and Gilea, M., in press. An exploration of entrepreneurship and play. Journal of Organizational Change Management.
35. King-Kauanui, S., Thomas, K.D., and Waters, G.R., 2005. Entrepreneurship and spirituality: integration of spirituality into the workplace. Journal of Management, Spirituality and Religion, 2 (2), 255-274.
36. Kvale, S., 1996. InterViews: an introduction to qualitative research interviewing. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
37. Locke, K., 2001. Grounded theory in management research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
38. Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, 1976. Creating an ideal society: a global undertaking. Rheinweiler, Germany: MERU Press.
39. Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, 1995. Maharishi University of Management: wholeness on the move. Vlodrop, the Netherlands: Maharishi Vedic University Press.
40. McCollum, B.C., 1999. Leadership development and self development: an empirical study. Career Development International, 4 (3), 149-154.
41. Milliman, J., Fergusson, J. Trickett, D., and Condemi, B., 1999. Spirit and community at Southwest Airlines: an investigation of a spiritual values-based model. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 12 (3), 221-233.
42. Mitroff, I.I. and Denton, E.A., 1999. A study of spirituality in the workplace. Sloan Management Review, 40 (4), 83-92.
43. Mukherjee, S., 2007. Non-conventional entrepreneurial learning spiritual insights from India. Journal of Human Values, 11, 23-34.
44. Murphy, M. and Donovan, S., 1996. The physical and psychological effects of meditation: a review of contemporary research with a comprehensive bibliography 1931—1996. 2nd ed. Sausalito, CA: Institute of Noetic Sciences.
45. Orme-Johnson, D.W., 1987. Medical care utilization and the Transcendental Meditation program. Psychosomatic Medicine, 49, 493-507.
46. Orme-Johnson, D.W., Wallace, R.K., and Dillbeck, M.C., 1989. Increased orderliness and integration of brain functioning as a result of the TM-Sidhi Program: longitudinal increases in EEG alpha and theta coherence. In: R.A. Chalmers, G. Clements, H. Schenkluhn, and M. Weinless, eds. Scientific research on the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi
47. Program: collected papers volume 3. Vlodrop, The Netherlands: Maharishi Vedic University Press, 1678-1686.
48. Orme-Johnson, D.W. and Walton, K.G., 1998. All approaches to preventing and reversing the effects of stress are not the same. American Journal of Health Promotion, 12, 297-299.
49. Rainforth, M.V., Schneider, R.H., Nidich, S.I., King, C.G., Salerno, J.W., and Anderson, J.W., 2007. Stress reduction programs in patients with elevated blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Current Hypertension Reports, 9, 520-528.
50. Sandberg, W.R., 1986. New venture performance: the role of strategy and industry performance. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
51. Schmidt-Wilk, J., 2000. Consciousness-based management development: case studies of international top management teams. Journal of Transnational Management Development, 5 (3), 61-85.
52. Schmidt-Wilk, J., 2003. TQM and the Transcendental Meditation program in a Swedish top management team. The TQM Magazine, 15 (4), 219-229.
53. Schmidt-Wilk, J., Heaton, D.P., and Steingard D., 2000. Higher education for higher consciousness: Maharishi University of Management as a model for spirituality in management education. Journal of Management Education, 25 (5), 580-611.
54. Schneider, R., Alexander, C., Salerno, J., Rainforth, M., and Nidich, S., 2005. Stress reduction in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease in African Americans: a review of controlled research on the Transcendental Meditation program. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 17 (1), 159-180.
55. Sfeir-Younis, A., 2002. The spiritual entrepreneur. Reflections, 3 (3), 43-45.
56. Shear, J., ed., 2006. The experience of meditation: experts introduce the major traditions. St Paul, MN: Paragon House.
57. So, K.-T., and Orme-Johnson, D.W., 2001. Three randomized experiments on the longitudinal effects of the Transcendental Meditation technique on cognition. Intelligence, 29, 419-440.
58. Steingard, D.S. and Fitzgibbons, D.E., 2004. Towards a spiritually integral theory of management. Journal of Management, Spirituality and Religion, 1 (1), 145-175.
59. Strauss, A. and Corbin, J., 1994. Grounded theory methodology: an overview. In: N.K. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln, eds. Handbook of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 272-285.
60. Tesch, R., 1990. Qualitative research. New York: Taylor and Francis.
61. Travis, F., 2006. Are all meditations the same? Comparing the neural patterns of mindfulness meditation, Tibetan Buddhism practice “unconditional loving-kindness and compassion” and the Transcendental Meditation technique. Paper presented at the Science of Consciousness conference, Tucson, AZ. Available from: http://www.fredtravis.com/talk.html [Accessed 26 December 2008].
62. Tuck, I., 2004. Development of a spirituality intervention to promote healing. The Journal of Theory Construction and Testing, 8 (2), 67-71.
63. Urseny, L., 2004. How did a community of 10,000 become the nation’s top entrepreneurial city? Chico Enterprise Record, 23 October. Article D. 2486983. http://nl.newsbank.com/
64. Wagner-Marsh, F. and Conley, J., 1999. The fourth wave: the spiritually-based firm. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 12 (4), 292-302.
65. Zhao, H. and Seibert, S., 2006. The big five personality dimensions and entrepreneurial status: a meta-analytical review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91 (2), 259-271.