A tutorial on synthetic aperture radar

IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 6-43

  Moreira, Alberto ^a   Prats Iraola, Pau ^a   Younis, Marwan ^a   Krieger, Gerhard ^a   Hajnsek, Irena ^a   Papathanassiou, Konstantinos P ^a  

^a GERMAN AEROSPACE CENTER DLR   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE CHANGE; EARTH (PLANET); HOLOGRAPHIC INTERFEROMETRY; INTERPLANETARY SPACECRAFT; MAPPING; MIMO SYSTEMS; MODELS; POLARIMETERS; REMOTE SENSING; SPACE OPTICS; TOMOGRAPHY;

APPLICATION EXAMPLES; DIFFERENTIAL INTERFEROMETRY; DIGITAL BEAM FORMING; EARTH REMOTE SENSING; INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY; PARAMETER INVERSION; PLANETARY EXPLORATION; POLARIMETRIC SAR INTERFEROMETRY;

SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR;

EID: 85007493861     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21686831     Source Type: Trade Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/MGRS.2013.2248301     Document Type: Article

References (199)

1. F. Henderson and A. Lewis, Manual of Remote Sensing: Principles and Applications of Imaging Radar. New York: Wiley, 1998.
2. J. C. Curlander and R. N. McDonough, Synthetic Aperture Radar: Systems and Signal Processing. New York: Wiley, 1991.
3. C. Elachi and J. van Zyl, Introduction to the Physics and Techniques of Remote Sensing. New York: Wiley, 2006.
4. K. Tomiyasu, "Tutorial review of synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) with applications to imaging of the ocean surface," Proc. IEEE, vol. 66, no. 5, May 1978.
5. C. Oliver and S. Quegan, Understanding Synthetic Aperture Radar Images. Herndon, VA: SciTech Publishing, 2004.
6. R. Raney, "Theory and measure of certain image norms in SAR," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 23, no. 3, May 1985.
7. I. Woodhouse, Introduction to Microwave Remote Sensing. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2006.
8. G. Franceschetti and R. Lanari, Synthetic Aperture Radar Processing. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1999.
9. I. G. Cumming and F. H. Wong, Digital Processing of Synthetic Aperture Radar Data: Algorithms and Implementation. Norwood, MA: Artech House, 2005.
10. C. A. Wiley, "Pulsed doppler radar methods and apparatus," U.S. Patent 3 196 436, 1954.
11. C. Wiley, "Synthetic aperture radars: A paradigm for technology evolution," IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 440-443, May 1985.
12. L. Cutrona, W. Vivian, E. Leith, and G. Hall, "Synthetic aperture radars: A paradigm for technology evolution," IRE Trans. Military Electron., pp. 127-131, Apr. 1961.
13. P. A. Rosen, S. Hensley, I. R. Joughin, F. K. Li, S. N. Madsen, E. Rodriguez, and R. M. Goldstein, "Synthetic aperture radar interferometry," Proc. IEEE, vol. 88, no. 3, pp. 333-382, Mar. 2000.
14. D. Massonnet and J. Souryis, Imaging with Synthetic Aperture Radar. EPFL Press, 2008.
15. J.-S. Lee and E. Pottier, Polarimetric Radar Imaging: From Basics to Applications. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2009.
16. D. Massonnet, M. Rossi, C. Carmona, F. Adragna, G. Peltzer, K. Feigl, and T. Rabaute, "The displacement field of the Landers earthquake mapped by radar interferometry," Nature, vol. 364, pp. 138-142, 1993.
17. A. Ferretti, C. Prati, and F. Rocca, "Permanent scatterers in SAR interferometry," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 8-30, Jan. 2001.
18. K. P. Papathanassiou and S. R. Cloude, "Single-baseline polarimetric SAR interferometry," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 39, no. 11, pp. 2352-2363, Nov. 2001.
19. A. Reigber and A. Moreira, "First demonstration of airborne SAR tomography using multibaseline L-band data," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 2142-2152, Sept. 2000.
20. G. Fornaro, A. Pauciullo, D. Reale, X. Zhu, and R. Bamler, "SAR tomography: an advanced tool for 4D spaceborne radar scanning with application to imaging and monitoring of cities and single buildings," IEEE Geosci. Remote Sensing Newslett., pp. 10-18, 2012.
21. A. Reigber, R. Scheiber, M. Jäger, P. Prats-Iraola, I. Hajnsek, T. Jagdhuber, K. Papathanassiou, M. Nannini, E. Aguilera, S. Baumgartner, R. Horn, A. Nottensteiner, and A. Moreira, "Very-high-resolution airborne synthetic aperture radar imaging: Signal processing and applications," Proc. IEEE, vol. 101, no. 3, Mar. 2013.
22. (2012, Oct.) Catalogue of satellite instruments. CEOS EO Handbook. [Online]. Available: http://www.eohandbook.com
23. C. Elachi, Spaceborne Radar Remote Sensing: Applications and Techniques. New York: IEEE Press, 1988.
24. A. Freeman, "SAR calibration: An overview," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 1107-1121, Nov. 1992.
25. C. Cafforio, C. Prati, and F. Rocca, "SAR data focusing using seismic migration techniques," IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 194-207, Mar. 1991.
26. A. Reigber, E. Alivizatos, A. Potsis, and A. Moreira, "Extended wavenumber domain SAR focusing with integrated motion compensation," IEE Proc. Radar, Sonar Navigat. (1994-2006), vol. 153, no. 3, pp. 301-310, June 2006.
27. C. Wu, K. Y. Liu, and M. Jin, "Modeling and a correlation algorithm for spaceborne SAR signals," IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 563-574, Sept. 1982.
28. M. Y. Jin and C. Wu, "A SAR correlation algorithm which accommodates large-range migration," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 592-597, Nov. 1984.
29. C. Y. Chang, M. Y. Jin, and J. C. Curlander, "SAR processing based on the exact two-dimensional transfer function," in Proc. IEEE Int. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symp. (IGARSS), Houston, TX, 1995.
30. R. K. Raney, H. Runge, R. Bamler, I. Cumming, and F. H. Wong, "Precision SAR processing using chirp scaling," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 786-799, July 1994.
31. A. Moreira, J. Mittermayer, and R. Scheiber, "Extended chirp scaling algorithm for air- and spaceborne SAR data processing in stripmap and ScanSAR imaging modes," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 1123-1136, Sept. 1996.
32. W. G. Carrara, R. S. Goodman, and R. M. Majewski, Spotlight Synthetic Aperture Radar: Signal Processing Algorithms (IPF). Norwood, MA: Artech House, 1995.
33. F. De Zan and A. Monti Guarnieri, "TOPSAR: Terrain observation by progressive scans," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 44, no. 9, pp. 2352-2360, Sept. 2006.
34. (2013). POLinSAR. 6th International Workshop on Science and Applications of SAR Polarimetry and Polarimetric Interferometry. Frascati, Italy, 2013. [Online]. Available: https://earth.esa.int/web/guest/polinsar-2013
35. S. R. Cloude, Polarisation: Applications in Remote Sensing. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2009.
36. G. Sinclair, "The transmission and reception of elliptically polarized waves," Proc. IRE (through 1962), vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 148-151, 1950.
37. P. Dubois-Fernandez, H. Cantalloube, B. Vaizan, G. Krieger, R. Horn, M. Wendler, and V. Giroux, "ONERA-DLR bistatic SAR campaign: Planning, data acquisition, and first analysis of bistatic scattering behaviour of natural and urban targets," IEE Proc. Radar, Sonar Navigat. (1994-2006), vol. 153, no. 3, p. 214, 2006.
38. I. Joughin, B. E. Smith, I. M. Howat, D. Floricioiu, R. B. Alley, M. Truffer, and M. Fahnestock, "Seasonal to decadal scale variations in the surface velocity of Jakobshavn Isbrae, Greenland: Observation and model-based analysis," J. Geophys. Res., vol. 117, 2012.
39. R. Schneider, K. Papathanassiou, I. Hajnsek, and A. Moreira, "Polarimetric and interferometric characterization of coherent scatterers in urban areas," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 971-984, 2006.
40. H. Skriver, F. Mattia, G. Satalino, A. Balenzano, V. R. Pauwels, N. E. Verhoest, and M. Davidson, "Crop classification using short-revisit multitemporal SAR data," IEEE J. Select. Topics Appl. Earth Observ. Remote Sensing, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 423-431, 2011.
41. A. K. Fung, Microwave Scattering and Emission Models and Their Applications. Boston, MA: Artech House, 1994.
42. H. C. van de Hulst, Light Scattering by Small Particles. New York: Dover, 1981.
43. S. Nghiem, S. Yueh, R. Kwok, and F. Li, "Symmetry properties in polarimetric remote sensing," Radio Sci., vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 693-711, 1992.
44. J.-S. Lee, M. R. Grunes, and G. de Grandi, "Polarimetric SAR speckle filtering and its implication for classification," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 2363-2373, 1999.
45. A. Freeman and S. L. Durden, "A three-component scattering model for polarimetric SAR data," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 963-973, 1998.
46. Y. Yamaguchi, T. Moriyama, M. Ishido, and H. Yamada, "Fourcomponent scattering model for polarimetric SAR image decomposition," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 43, no. 8, pp. 1699-1706, 2005.
47. Y. Yamaguchi, Y. Yajima, and H. Yamada, "A four-component decomposition of POLSAR images based on the coherency matrix," IEEE Geosci. Remote Sensing Lett., vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 292-296, 2006.
48. A. Freeman, "Fitting a two-component scattering model to polarimetric SAR data from forests," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 45, no. 8, pp. 2583-2592, 2007.
49. I. Hajnsek, T. Jagdhuber, H. Schon, and K. P. Papathanassiou, "Potential of estimating soil moisture under vegetation cover by means of PolSAR," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 442-454, 2009.
50. T. Jagdhuber. (2012). Soil parameter retrieval under vegetation cover using SAR polarimetry. Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. Potsdam, Germany [Online]. Available: http//: opus.kobv.de
51. J. M. Lopez-Sanchez, I. Hajnsek, and J. Ballester-Berman, "First demonstration of agriculture height retrieval with POLinSAR airborne data," IEEE Geosci. Remote Sensing Lett., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 242-246, 2012.
52. R. Bamler and P. Hartl, "Synthetic aperture radar interferometry," Inverse Problems, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. R1-R54, Aug. 1998.
53. D. Massonnet and K. L. Feigl, "Radar interferometry and its application to changes in the Earth's surface," Rev. Geophys., vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 441-500, 1998.
54. R. F. Hanssen, Radar Interferometry: Data Interpretation and Error Analysis. The Netherlands: Kluwer, 2001.
55. L. C. Graham, "Synthetic interferometric radar for topographic mapping," Proc. IEEE, vol. 62, pp. 763-768, 1974.
56. H. Zebker and R. M. Goldstein, "Topographic mapping from interferometric synthetic aperture radar observations," J. Geophys. Res., vol. 91, no. B5, pp. 4993-4999, 1986.
57. R. Goldstein and H. Zebker, "Interferometric radar measurement of ocean surface currents," Nature, vol. 328, no. 20, pp. 707-709, 1987.
58. A. L. Gray and P. J. Farris-Manning, "Repeat-pass interferometry with airborne synthetic aperture radar," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 180-191, Jan. 1993.
59. R. E. Carande, "Estimating ocean coherence time using dualbaseline interferometric synthetic aperture radar," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 846-854, 1994.
60. R. M. Goldstein, H. A. Zebker, and C. L. Werner, "Satellite radar interferometry: Two-dimensional phase unwrapping," Radio Sci., vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 713-720, July 1988.
61. A. K. Gabriel, R. M. Goldstein, and H. A. Zebker, "Mapping small elevation changes over large areas: Differential radar interferometry," J. Geophys. Res., vol. 94, pp. 9183-9191, 1989.
62. R. M. Goldstein, H. Engelhardt, B. Kamb, and R. M. Frolich, "Satellite radar interferometry for monitoring ice sheet motion: Application to an Antarctic ice stream," Science, vol. 262, pp. 763-768, 1993.
63. M. A. Fahnestock, R. A. Bindschadler, R. Kwok, and K. C. Jezek, "Greenland ice sheet surface properties and ice flow from ERS-1 SAR imagery," Science, vol. 262, pp. 1530-1534, 1993.
64. J. Askne and J. O. Hagberg, "Potential of interferometric SAR for classification of land surfaces," in Proc. IEEE Int. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symp. (IGARSS), Tokyo, 1993.
65. U. Wegmuller and C. L. Werner, "SAR interferometric signatures of forest," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 1153-1163, 1995.
66. D. Massonnet, P. Briole, and A. Arnaud, "Deflation of mount Etna monitored by spaceborne radar interferometry," Nature, vol. 375, pp. 567-570, 1995.
67. P. Dammert, M. Lepparanta, and J. Askne, "SAR interferometry over Baltic Sea ice," Int. J. Remote Sens., vol. 19, no. 16, pp. 3019-3037, 1998.
68. S. R. Cloude and K. P. Papathanassiou, "Polarimetric SAR interferometry," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 1551-1565, Sept. 1998.
69. A. Ferretti, C. Prati, and F. Rocca, "Nonlinear subsidence rate estimation using permanent scatterers in differential SAR interferometry," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 2202-2212, Sept. 2000.
70. H. Breit, M. Eineder, J. Holzner, H. Runge, and R. Bamler, "Traffic monitoring using SRTM along-track interferometry," in Proc. IEEE Int. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symp. (IGARSS), Toulouse, France, 2003.
71. D. C. Ghiglia and M. D. Pritt, Two-Dimensional Phase Unwrapping: Theory, Algorithms, and Software. New York: Wiley, 1998.
72. C. E. Livingstone, I. Sikaneta, C. H. Gierull, S. Chiu, A. Beaudoin, J. Campbell, J. Beaudoin, S. Gong, and T. A. Knight, "An airborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) experiment to support RADARSAT-2 ground moving target inidication (GMTI)," Can. J. Remote Sens., vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 794-813, 2002.
73. R. Romeiser, H. Breit, M. Eineder, H. Runge, P. Flament, J. de Karin, and J. Vogelzang, "Current measurements by SAR along-track interferometry from a space shuttle," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 43, no. 10, pp. 2315- 2324, 1995.
74. J. Hagberg, L. Ulander, and J. Askne, "Repeat-pass SAR interferometry over forested terrain," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 331-340, 1995.
75. U. Wegmuller and C. Werner, "Retrieval of vegetation parameters with SAR interferometry," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 18-24, 1997.
76. G. Krieger, A. Moreira, H. Fiedler, I. Hajnsek, M. Werner, M. Younis, and M. Zink, "TanDEM-X: A satellite formation for high-resolution SAR interferometry," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 45, no. 11, pp. 3317-3341, 2007.
77. H. A. Zebker and J. Villasenor, "Decorrelation in interferometric radar echoes," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 950-959, 1992.
78. E. Rodriguez and J. Martin, "Theory and design of interferometric synthetic aperture radars," Radar and Signal Processing, IEE Proc. F (1988-1993), vol. 139, no. 2, pp. 147-159, 1992.
79. F. Gatelli, A. M. Guamieri, F. Parizzi, P. Pasquali, C. Prati, and F. Rocca, "The wavenumber shift in SAR interferometry," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 855-865, July 1994.
80. A. Ferretti, A. Monti Guarnieri, C. Prati, and F. Rocca, "Multi-baseline interferometric techniques and applications," in Proc. Fringe Workshop, Zurich, 1996.
81. M. Eineder and N. Adam, "A maximum-likelihood estimator to simultaneously unwrap, geocode, and fuse SAR interferograms from different viewing geometries into one digital elevation model," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 24-36, 2005.
82. M. Lachaise, U. Balss, T. Fritz, and H. Breit, "The dual-baseline interferometric processing chain for the TanDEM-X mission," in Proc. IEEE Int. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symp. (IGARSS), Munich, 2012.
83. G. Krieger, I. Hajnsek, K. Papathanassiou, M. Younis, and A. Moreira, "Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) missions employing formation flying," Proc. IEEE, vol. 98, no. 5, pp. 816-843, 2010.
84. T. Fritz, C. Rossi, N. Yague-Martinez, F. Rodriguez-Gonzalez, M. Lachaise, and H. Breit, "Interferometric processing of TanDEM-X data," in Proc. IEEE Int. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symp. (IGARSS), Vancouver, Canada, 2011.
85. P. Prats, M. Rodriguez-Cassola, L. Marotti, M. Nannini, S. Wollstadt, D. Schulze, N. Tous-Ramon, M. Younis, G. Krieger, and A. Reigber, "TAXI: A versatile processing chain for experimental TanDEM-X product evaluation," in Proc. IEEE Int. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symp. (IGARSS), Honolulu, Hawaii, 2010.
86. F. Rocca, "Modeling interferogram stacks," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 45, no. 10, pp. 3289-3299, 2007.
87. Z.-W. Xu, J. Wu, and Z.-S. Wu, "A survey of ionospheric effects on space-based radar," Waves Random Media, vol. 14, pp. S189- S273, 2004.
88. D. P. Belcher, "Theoretical limits on SAR imposed by the ionosphere," IET Radar, Sonar Navigat., vol. 2, no. 6, 2008.
89. J. van Zyl, "The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM): A breakthrough in remote sensing of topography," Acta Astronaut., vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 559-565, 2001.
90. A. Ortega-Guerrero, D. Rudolph, and J. Cherry, "Analysis of long-term land subsidence near Mexico City: Field investigations and predictive modeling," Water Resour. Res., vol. 35, no. 11, pp. 3327-3341, 1999.
91. P. Berardino, G. Fornaro, R. Lanari, and E. Sansosti, "A new algorithm for surface deformation monitoring based on small baseline differential SAR interferograms," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 40, no. 11, pp. 2375-2383, Nov. 2002.
92. O. Mora, J. J. Mallorqui, and A. Broquetas, "Linear and nonlinear terrain deformation maps from a reduced set of interferometric SAR images," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 41, no. 10, pp. 2243-2253, Oct. 2003.
93. R. Lanari, O. Mora, M. Manunta, J. J. Mallorqui, P. Berardino, and E. Sansosti, "A small-baseline approach for investigating deformations on full-resolution differential SAR interferograms," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 42, no. 7, pp. 1377-1386, July 2004.
94. A. Ferretti, A. Fumagalli, F. Novali, C. Prati, F. Rocca, and A. Rucci, "A new algorithm for processing interferometric datastacks: SqueeSAR," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 49, no. 9, pp. 3460-3470, 2011.
95. C. Colesanti, A. Ferretti, F. Novali, C. Prati, and F. Rocca, "SAR monitoring of progressive and seasonal ground deformation using the permanent scatterers technique," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 41, no. 7, pp. 1685-1701, 2003.
96. A. Hooper, H. Zebker, P. Segall, and B. Kampes, "A new method for measuring deformation on volcanoes and other natural terrains using InSAR persistent scatterers," Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 31, no. 23, 2004.
97. M. Costantini, S. Falco, F. Malvarosa, and F. Minati, "A new method for identification and analysis of persistent scatterers in series of SAR images," in Proc. IEEE Int. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symp. (IGARSS), 2008.
98. A. Monti Guarnieri and S. Tebaldini, "On the exploitation of target statistics for SAR interferometry applications," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 46, no. 11, pp. 3436-3443, 2008.
99. R. Iglesias, D. Monells, G. Centolanza, J. Mallorquí, and P. López-Dekker, "A new approach to DInSAR pixel selection with spectral correlation along time between sublooks," in Proc. European Conf. Synthetic Aperture Radar, Nuremberg, Germany, 2012, pp. 665-668.
100. M. Sanjuan-Ferrer, I. Hajnsek, and K. Papathanassiou, "Analysis of the detection performance of coherent scatterers in SAR images," in Proc. IEEE Int. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symp. (IGARSS), 2012.
101. M. Costantini, F. Malvarosa, F. Minati, L. Pietranera, and G. Milillo, "A three-dimensional phase unwrapping algorithm for processing of multitemporal SAR interferometric measurements," in Proc. IEEE Int. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symp. (IGARSS), 2002, vol. 3, pp. 1741-1743.
102. A. Hooper and H. Zebker, "Phase unwrapping in three dimensions with application to InSAR time series," J. Opt. Soc. Amer. A, Opt. Image Sci., vol. 24, no. 9, pp. 2737-2747, 2007.
103. F. van Leijen, R. Hanssen, P. Marinkovic, and B. Kampes, "Spatio-temporal phase unwrapping using integer leastsquares," in Proc. Fringe Workshop, 2006, vol. 610, p. 62.
104. D. Perissin and F. Rocca, "High-accuracy urban DEM using permanent scatterers," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 44, no. 11, pp. 3338-3347, 2006.
105. O. Mora, R. Arbiol, V. Pala, A. Adell, and M. Torre, "Generation of accurate DEMs using DInSAR methodology (TopoDInSAR)," IEEE Geosci. Remote Sensing Lett., vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 551-554, 2006.
106. Y. Wang, X. Zhu, Y. Shi, and R. Bamler, "Operational TomoSAR processing using TerraSAR-X high resolution spotlight stacks from multiple view angles," in Proc. IEEE Int. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symp. (IGARSS), 2012, pp. 7047-7050.
107. S. R. Cloude and K. P. Papathanassiou, "Polarimetric SAR interferometry," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 1551-1565, 1998.
108. G. Krieger, K. P. Papathanassiou, and S. R. Cloude, "Spaceborne polarimetric SAR interferometry: Performance analysis and mission concepts," EURASIP J. Appl. Signal Processing, vol. 2005, pp. 3272-3292, 2005.
109. S. R. Cloude and K. P. Papathanassiou, "Three-stage inversion process for polarimetric SAR interferomtry," IEE Proc. Radar, Sonar Navigat. (1994-2006), vol. 150, no. 3, pp. 125-134, 2003.
110. R. N. Treuhaft and P. R. Siqueira, "The vertical structure of vegetated land surfaces from interferometric and polarimetric radar," Radio Sci., vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 141-177, 2000.
111. R. N. Treuhaft, S. N. Madsen, M. Moghaddam, and J. J. van Zyl, "Vegetation characteristics and underlying topography from interferometric data," Radio Sci., vol. 31, pp. 1449-1495, 1996.
112. F. Garestier, P. C. Dubois-Fernandez, and I. Champion, "Forest height inversion using high-resolution P-band Pol-InSAR data," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 46, no. 11, pp. 3544-3559, 2008.
113. F. Garestier and T. Le Toan, "Estimation of the backscatter vertical profile of a pine forest using single baseline P-band (Pol-) InSAR data," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 48, no. 9, pp. 3340-3348, 2010.
114. F. Garestier and T. Le Toan, "Forest modeling for height inversion using single-baseline InSAR/Pol-InSAR data," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 1528-1539, 2010.
115. R. N. Treuhaft and S. R. Cloude, "The structure of oriented vegetation from polarimetric interferometry," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 2620-2624, 1999.
116. I. Hajnsek and S. R. Cloude, "Differential extinction estimation over agricultural vegetation from POLinSAR," in Proc. 2nd Int. Workshop POLinSAR, Frascati, Italy, 2005.
117. J. D. Ballester-Berman, J. M. Lopez-Sanchez, and J. Fortuny- Guasch, "Retrieval of biophysical parameters of agricultural crops using polarimetric SAR interferometry," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 683-694, 2005.
118. J. M. Lopez-Sanchez, J. D. Ballester-Berman, and J. Fortuny- Guasch, "Indoor wide-band polarimetric measurements on maize plants: A study of the differential extinction coefficient," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 758-767, 2006.
119. S. R. Cloude, "Polarization coherence tomography," Radio Sci., vol. 41, no. 4, p. RS4017, 2006.
120. S. R. Cloude, "Dual-baseline coherence tomography," IEEE Geosci. Remote Sensing Lett., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 127-131, 2007.
121. F. Kugler, F. N. Koudogbo, K. Gutjahr, and K. P. Papathanassiou, "Frequency effects in Pol-InSAR forest height estimation," in Proc. 2006, 6th European Conf. Synthetic Aperture Radar (EUSAR).
122. F. Kugler, S.-K. Lee, and K. Papathanassiou, "Estimation of forest vertical sructure parameter by means of multi-baseline Pol-InSAR," in Proc. IEEE Int. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symp. (IGARSS), Cape Town, South Africa, 2009.
123. K. Papathanassiou and S. R. Cloude, "The effect of temporal decorrelation on the inversion of forest parameters from PoI-InSAR data," in Proc. IEEE Int. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symp. (IGARSS), Toulouse, France, 2003.
124. S. Lee, F. Kugler, K. Papathanassiou, and I. Hajnsek, "Temporal decorrelation of forest vegetation at L- and P-band," in Proc. 2006, 7th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar (EUSAR), Friedrichshafen, Germany, 2008.
125. S.-K. Lee, F. Kugler, K. Papathanassiou, and I. Hajnsek, "Quantification of temporal decorrelation effects at L-band for polarimetric SAR interferometry applications," IEEE J. Select. Topics Appl. Earth Observ. Remote Sensing (JSTARS), to be published.
126. S.-K. Lee, F. Kugler, I. Hajnsek, and K. P. Papathanassiou, "The impact of temporal decorrelation over forest terrain in polarimetric SAR interferometry," in Proc. 2nd Int. Workshop POLinSAR, Frascati, Italy, 2009.
127. M. Lavalle, M. Simard, and S. Hensley, "A temporal decorrelation model for polarimetric radar interferometers," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 50, no. 7, p. 2880-2888, 2012.
128. J. Praks, F. Kugler, K. Papathanassiou, I. Hajnsek, and M. Hallikainen, "Tree height estimation for boreal forest by means of Land X-band POLinSAR and HUTSCAT profiling scatterometer," IEEE Geosci. Remote Sensing Lett., vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 466-470, 2007.
129. F. Garestier, P. C. Dubois-Fernandez, and K. P. Papathanassiou, "Pine forest height inversion using single-pass X-band POLinSAR data," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 59-68, 2008.
130. F. Garestier, P. C. Dubois-Fernandez, D. Guyon, and T. Le Toan, "Forest biophysical parameter estimation using L-band P-band polarimetric SAR data," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 47, no. 10, pp. 3379-3388, 2009.
131. I. Hajnsek, F. Kugler, S.-K. Lee, and K. P. Papathanassiou, "Tropical-forest-parameter estimation by means of Pol-InSAR: The INDREX-II campaign," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 481-493, 2009.
132. S.-K. Lee, F. Kugler, I. Hajnsek, and K. Papathanassiou, "Multibaseline Pol-InSAR forest height estimation in the presence of temporal decorrelation," in Proc. 2010, 8th European Conf. Synthetic Aperture Radar (EUSAR), Aachen, Germany.
133. S. R. Cloude, K. P. Papathanassiou, and W. M. Boerner, "A fast method for vegetation correction in topographic mapping using polarimetric radar interferometry," in Proc. 2010, 3rd European Conf. Synthetic Aperture Radar (EUSAR), Munich, 2000.
134. L. Ferro-Famil, M. Neumann, and Y. Huang, "Multi-baseline POL-inSAR statistical techniques for the characterization of distributed media," in Proc. IEEE Int. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symp. (IGARSS), Cape Town, South Africa, 2009.
135. C. López-Martínez and K. P. Papathanassiou, "Cancellation of scattering mechanisms in POLinSAR: Application to underlying topography estimation," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, to be published.
136. T. Mette, K. Papathanassiou, and I. Hajnsek, "Estimating forest biomass from polarimetric interferometric SAR data in combination with forest allometry - results from temperate spruce forest test site Traunstein," in Proc. Retrieval Bio and Geophysical Parameters from SAR Data for Land Applications, Innsbruck, Austria, 2004.
137. T. Mette, K. Papathanassiou, and I. Hajnsek, "Biomass estimation from polarimetric SAR interferometry over heterogeneous forest terrain," in Proc. IEEE Int. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symp. (IGARSS), Anchorage, AK, 2004.
138. S. R. Cloude, M. Brolly, and I. H. Woodhouse, "A study of forest vertical structure estimation using coherence tomography coupled to a macro-ecological scattering model," in Proc. IEEE Int. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symp. (IGARSS), Cape Town, South-Africa, 2009.
139. R. N. Treuhaft, F. G. Gonçalves, J. B. Drake, B. D. Chapman, J. R. dos Santos, L. V. Dutra, P. Graça, and G. H. Purcell, "Biomass estimation in a tropical wet forest using Fourier transforms of profiles from lidar or interferometric SAR," Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 37, no. 23, 2010.
140. J. Dall, "InSAR elevation bias caused by penetration into uniform volumes," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 45, no. 7, pp. 2319-2324, 2007.
141. J. J. Sharma, I. Hajnsek, and K. P. Papathanassiou, "Multifrequency Pol-InSAR signatures of a subpolar glacier," in Proc. 3rd Int. Workshop POLinSAR, Frascati, Italy, 2007.
142. S. Oveisgharan and H. A. Zebker, "Estimating snow accumulation from InSAR correlation observations," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 10-20, 2007.
143. E. Weber Hoen and H. A. Zebker, "Penetration depths inferred from interferometric volume decorrelation observed over the Greenland ice sheet," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 2571-2583, 2000.
144. J. J. Sharma, I. Hajnsek, and K. P. Papathanassiou, "Vertical profile reconstruction with Pol-InSAR data of a subpolar glacier," in Proc. IEEE Int. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symp. (IGARSS), Barcelona, Spain, 2007.
145. J. J. Sharma, I. Hajnsek, and K. P. Papathanassiou, "Longwavelength POLinSAR for glacier ice extinction estimation," in Proc. 2010, 8th European Conf. Synthetic Aperture Radar (EUSAR), Aachen, Germany.
146. J. Sharma, I. Hajnsek, K. Papathanassiou, and A. Moreira, "Estimation of glacier ice extinction using long-wavelength airborne POLinSAR," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, to be published.
147. J. Homer, I. Longstaff, and G. Callaghan, "High resolution 3-D SAR via multi-baseline interferometry," in Proc. IEEE Int. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symp. (IGARSS), Lincoln, NE, 1996.
148. S. Tebaldini, "Single and multipolarimetric SAR tomography of forested areas: A parametric approach," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 2375-2387, 2010.
149. M. Nannini, R. Scheiber, R. Horn, and A. Moreira, "First 3D reconstructions of targets hidden beneath foliage by means of polarimetric SAR tomography," IEEE Geosci. Remote Sensing Lett., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 60-64, 2012.
150. E. Candès and M. Wakin, "An introduction to compressive sampling," IEEE Signal Processing Mag., vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 21-30, 2008.
151. F. Lombardini, "Differential tomography: A new framework for SAR interferometry," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 37-44, 2005.
152. G. Fornaro, D. Reale, and F. Serafino, "Four-dimensional SAR imaging for height estimation and monitoring of single and double scatterers," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 224-237, 2009.
153. X. Zhu and R. Bamler, "Let's do the time warp: Multicomponent nonlinear motion estimation in differential SAR tomography," IEEE Geosci. Remote Sensing Lett., vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 735- 739, 2011.
154. X. Zhu and R. Bamler, "Very high resolution spaceborne SAR tomography in urban environment," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 48, no. 12, pp. 4296-4308, 2010.
155. G. Fornaro, F. Serafino, and D. Reale, "4-D SAR imaging: The case study of Rome," IEEE Geosci. Remote Sensing Lett., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 236-240, 2010.
156. D. Reale, G. Fornaro, A. Pauciullo, X. Zhu, and R. Bamler, "Tomographic imaging and monitoring of buildings with very high resolution SAR data," IEEE Geosci. Remote Sensing Lett., vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 661-665, 2011.
157. X. Zhu and R. Bamler, "Demonstration of super-resolution for tomographic SAR imaging in urban environment," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 50, no. 8, pp. 3150-3157, 2012.
158. E. Aguilera, M. Nannini, and A. Reigber, "Wavelet-based compressed sensing for SAR tomography of forested areas," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, to be published.
159. M. Soumekh, "Reconnaissance with slant plane circular SAR imaging," IEEE Trans. Image Processing, vol. 5, no. 8, pp. 1252-1265, 1996.
160. A. Ishimaru, T. Chan, and Y. Kuga, "An imaging technique using confocal circular synthetic aperture radar," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 1524-1530, 1998.
161. H. Cantalloube, E. Colin-Koeniguer, and H. Oriot, "High resolution SAR imaging along circular trajectories," in Proc. IEEE Int. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symp. (IGARSS), 2007, pp. 850-853.
162. E. Ertin, C. Austin, S. Sharma, R. Moses, and L. Potter, "Gotcha experience report: Three-dimensional SAR imaging with complete circular apertures," in Proc. SPIE, 2007, vol. 6568, p. 656802.
163. H. Oriot and H. Cantalloube, "Circular SAR imagery for urban remote sensing," in Proc. 7th Eurpean Conf. Synthetic Aperture Radar (EUSAR), 2008, pp. 1-4.
164. M. Pinheiro, P. Prats, R. Scheiber, M. Nannini, and A. Reigber, "Tomographic 3D reconstruction from airborne circular SAR," in Proc. IEEE Int. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symp. (IGARSS), 2009, vol. 3, pp. III-21.
165. O. Ponce, P. Prats, R. Scheiber, A. Reigber, and A. Moreira, "Multibaseline 3-D circular SAR imaging at L-band," in Proc. 9th European Conf. Synthetic Aperture Radar (EUSAR), 2012, pp. 113-116.
166. O. Ponce, P. Prats, R. Scheiber, A. Reigber, and A. Moreira, "Polarimetric 3-D reconstruction from multicircular SAR at P-band," in Proc. IEEE Int. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symp. (IGARSS), 2012, pp. 3130-3133.
167. A. Moreira, I. Hajnsek, G. Krieger, K. Papathanassiou, M. Eineder, F. De Zan, M. Younis, and M. Werner, "Tandem-L: Monitoring the Earth's dynamics with InSAR and POLinSAR," in Proc. Int. Workshop Applications Polarimetry and Polarimetric Interferometry (POLinSAR), Frascati, Italy, Jan. 2009.
168. J. H. Blythe, "Radar systems," U.S. Patent 4 253 098, Feb., 1981.
169. A. Currie and M. Brown, "Wide-swath SAR," Radar and Signal Processing, IEE Proc. F (1988-1993), vol. 139, no. 2, pp. 122-135, 1992.
170. J. T. Kare, "Moving receive beam method and apparatus for synthetic aperture radar," U.S. Patent 6 175 326, Jan. 2001.
171. G. D. Callaghan and I. Longstaff, "Wide-swath space-borne SAR using a quad-element array," IEE Proc. Radar, Sonar Navigat. (1994-2006), vol. 146, no. 3, pp. 155-165, 1999.
172. M. Süß, B. Grafmüller, and R. Zahn, "A novel high resolution, wide swath SAR," in Proc. IEEE Int. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symp. IGARSS'01, vol. 3, pp. 1013-1015.
173. G. Krieger, J. Mittermayer, S. Buckreuss, M. Wendler, T. Sutor, and A. Moreira, "Sector imaging radar for enhanced vision," Aerosp. Sci. Technol., no. 7, pp. 147-158, 2003.
174. M. Younis, C. Fischer, and W. Wiesbeck, "Digital beamforming in SAR systems," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 41, no. 7, pp. 1735-1739, July 2003.
175. G. Krieger and A. Moreira, "Potential of digital beamforming in bi-and multistatic SAR," in Proc. IEEE Int. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symp. (IGARSS), 2003, vol. 1, pp. 527-529.
176. G. Krieger, N. Gebert, and A. Moreira, "Unambiguous SAR signal reconstruction from non-uniform displaced phase centre sampling," IEEE Geosci. Remote Sensing Lett., vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 260-264, Oct. 2004.
177. J. Klare, A. Brenner, and J. Ender, "A new airborne radar for 3D imaging - Image formation using the ARTINO principle," in Proc. European Conf. Synthetic Aperture Radar, Dresden, Germany, 2006.
178. G. Krieger, N. Gebert, and A. Moreira, "Multidimensional waveform encoding: A new digital beamforming technique for synthetic aperture radar remote sensing," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 31-46, Jan. 2008.
179. G. Krieger, N. Gebert, M. Younis, F. Bordoni, A. Patyuchenko, and A. Moreira, "Advanced concepts for ultra-wide swath SAR imaging," in Proc. European Conf. Synthetic Aperture Radar, Friedrichshafen, Germany, June 2008.
180. J. Li and P. Stoica, MIMO Radar Signal Processing. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2009.
181. J. Ender and J. Klare, "System architectures and algorithms for radar imaging by MIMO-SAR," in Proc. IEEE Radar Conf., 2009, pp. 1-6.
182. N. Gebert, G. Krieger, and A. Moreira, "Digital beamforming on receive: Techniques and optimization strategies for highresolution wide-swath SAR imaging," IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., vol. 45, pp. 564-592, 2009.
183. F. Bordoni, M. Younis, E. Varona, N. Gebert, and G. Krieger, "Performance investigation on scan-on-receive and adaptive digital beam-forming for high-resolution wide-swath synthetic aperture radar," in Proc. Int. ITG Workshop Smart Antennas, 2009.
184. M. Younis, S. Huber, A. Patyuchenko, F. Bordoni, and G. Krieger. (2009, June). Performance comparison of reflector- and planar- antenna based digital beam-forming SAR. Int. J. Antennas Propagat.[Online]. 2009. Available: http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijap/2009.
185. A. Freeman, G. Krieger, P. Rosen, M. Younis, W. Johnson, S. Huber, R. Jordan, and A. Moreira, "SweepSAR: Beam-forming on receive using a reflector-phased array feed combination for spaceborne SAR," in Proc. IEEE Radar Conf. (RadarCon'09), Pasadena, CA, May 2009.
186. N. Gebert, G. Krieger, and A. Moreira, "Multichannel azimuth processing in ScanSAR and TOPS mode operation," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 48, no. 7, pp. 2994-3008, 2010.
187. C. Fischer, C. Heer, and R. Werninghaus, "Development of a high-resolution wide-swath SAR demonstrator," in Proc. European Conf. Synthetic Aperture Radar (EUSAR), Aachen, Germany, 2010.
188. C. Schaefer, C. Heer, and M. Ludwig, "Advanced C-band instrument based on digital beamforming," in Proc. European Conf. Synthetic Aperture Radar (EUSAR), Aachen, Germany, 2010.
189. D. Cristallini, D. Pastina, and P. Lombardo, "Exploiting MIMO SAR potentialities with efficient cross-track constellation configurations for improved range resolution," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 38-52, 2011.
190. W. Wang, "Space-time coding MIMO-OFDM SAR high-resolution imaging," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 49, no. 8, pp. 3094-3104, 2011.
191. N. Gebert, F. de Almeida, and G. Krieger, "Airborne demonstration of multichannel SAR imaging," IEEE Geosci. Remote Sensing Lett., vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 963-967, 2011.
192. S. Huber, M. Younis, A. Patyuchenko, G. Krieger, and A. Moreira, "Spaceborne reflector SAR systems with digital beamforming," IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 3473-3493, 2012.
193. M. Villano, G. Krieger, and A. Moreira, "Staggered-SAR for highresolution wide-swath imaging," in Proc. IET Radar, Glasgow, U.K., 2012.
194. W. Wang, "Mitigating range ambiguities in high-PRF SAR with OFDM waveform diversity," IEEE Geosci. Remote Sensing Lett., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 101-105, 2013.
195. G. Krieger, "MIMO-SAR: Opportunities and pitfalls," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, to be published.
196. J. Kim, M. Younis, P. Prats-Iraola, M. Gabele, and G. Krieger, "First spaceborne demonstration of digital beamforming for azimuth ambiguity suppression," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 579-590, Jan. 2013.
197. P. Prats-Iraola, R. Scheiber, L. Marotti, S. Wollstadt, and A. Reigber, "TOPS interferometry with TerraSAR-X," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 50, no. 8, pp. 3179-3188, 2012.
198. J. Kim, "Multiple-input multiple-output synthetic aperture radar for multimodal operation," Ph.D. dissertation, Karlsruhe Inst. Technol. (KIT), Germany, 2012.
199. J. Kim, M. Younis, A. Moreira, and W. Wiesbeck, "A novel OFDM chirp waveform scheme for use of multiple transmitters in SAR," IEEE Geosci. Remote Sensing Lett., vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 568-572, May 2013.