The ethics of risk: Ethical analysis in an uncertain world

The Ethics of Risk: Ethical Analysis in an Uncertain World

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 1-172

  Hansson, Sven Ove ^a  

^a ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85006664613     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1057/9781137333650     Document Type: Book

References (420)

1. Abbott, Philip (1978) 'Philosophers and the abortion question', Political Theory 6: 313-35.
2. ACGIH (1991) Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices, Sixth edition. Cincinnati: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.
3. Adler, Nancy E. and Judith Stewart (2009) 'Reducing obesity: motivating action while not blaming the victim', Milbank Quarterly 87: 49-70.
4. Albin, R. L. (2005) 'Sham surgery controls are mitigated trolleys', Journal of Medical Ethics 31: 149-52.
5. Al-Hibri, Azizah (1980) 'Conditionality and Ross's deontic distinction', Southwestern Journal of Philosophy 11: 79-87.
6. Altham, J. E. J. (1983) 'Ethics of risk', Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 84: 15-29.
7. Anand, Paul (1993) Foundations of rational choice under risk. Oxford: Clarendon.
8. Anstey, Peter R. (2002) 'Robert Boyle and the heuristic value of mechanism', Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 33: 161-74.
9. Aquinas, Thomas (1966) Die Deutsche Thomas-Ausgabe: Vollständige, ungekürzte deutsch-lateinische Ausgabe der Summa theologica, Bd 17B, Die Liebe (2. Teil); Klugheit: II-II, 34-56. Josef Endres, ed., Salzburg: Pustet.
10. Aristotle (1976) The ethics of Aristotle: The Nicomachean ethics. Translated by J. A. K. Thomson, revised edition, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
11. Aristotle (1999) Nicomachean ethics. Translated with Introduction, Notes, and Glossary, by Terence Irwin. Second Edition. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company.
12. Ashford, Elizabeth (2003) 'The demandingness of Scanlon's contractualism', Ethics 113: 273-302.
13. Arnauld, Antoine ([1962] 1964) The art of thinking. Port-Royal logic, transl. by James Dickoff and Patricia James. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.
14. Arnauld, Antoine and Pierre Nicole ([1662] 1965) La logique ou l'art de penser, Pierre Clair and François Girbal, eds, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
15. Arrow, Kenneth J (1951) 'Alternative approaches to the theory of choice in risktaking situations', Econometrica 19: 404-37.
16. Athanassoulis, Nafsika and Allison Ross (2010) 'A virtue ethical account of making decisions about risk', Journal of Risk Research 13: 217-30.
17. Baker, B.M. (1988) 'Consent, assault and sexual assault'. In A. Bayefsky, ed., Legal theory meets legal practice. Edmonton: Academic Printing & Publishing. 223-38.
18. Ball, P. (2008) 'Of myths and men', Nature News 2 May 2008. http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080502/full/news.2008.797.html. Accessed in January 2013.
19. Banja, John (2004) 'Obesity, responsibility and empathy', Case Manager 15: 43-6.
20. Barker, Ernest (1930) 'The authorship of the Vindiciae contra tyrannos', Cambridge Historical Journal 3(2): 164-81.
21. Baron, Marcia (1988) 'Remorse and agent-regret', Midwest Studies in Philosophy 13: 259-81.
22. Barry, B (1988) 'Equal opportunity and moral arbitrariness'. In Norman E. Bowie, ed., Equal opportunity. Boulder: Westview Press, 23-44.
23. Bazarian, J. J., I. Cernak, L. Noble-Haeusslein, S. Potolicchio, and N. Temkin (2009) 'Long-term neurologic outcomes after traumatic brain injury', Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 24: 439-51.
24. Beauchamp, T. L. and Childress J. F. (2001) Principles of biomedical ethics, 5th ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
25. Becker, M. H. (1986) 'The tyranny of health promotion', Public Health Reviews 14: 15-25.
26. Bell, D.E. (1982) 'Regret in decision making under uncertainty', Operations Research 30: 961-81.
27. Bengtsson, Lennart (2006) 'Geo-engineering to confine climate change: is it at all feasible?', Climatic Change 77: 229-34.
28. Bennett, Jonathan (1995) The act itself. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
29. Berger, Ruth (1998) 'Understanding science: why causes are not enough', Philosophy of Science 65: 306-32.
30. Bernoulli, Daniel (1738) 'Specimen theoriae novae de mensura sortis'. Commentarii Academiae Scientarium Imperialis Petropolitanae 5: 175-92.
31. Bernoulli, Daniel ([1738] 1954) 'Exposition of a new theory on the measurement of risk', Econometrica 22: 23-36.
32. Bicevskis, A. (1982) 'Unacceptability of acceptable risk', Search 13(1-2): 31-4.
33. Bittner, Rüdiger (1992) 'Is it reasonable to regret things one did?', Journal of Philosophy 89: 262-73.
34. Biwer, B. M. and J. P. Butler (1999) 'Vehicle emission unit risk factors for transportation risk assessments', Risk Analysis 19: 1157-71.
35. Bondi, H. (1985) 'Risk in perspective', In M.G. Cooper, ed. Risk. Man-made hazard to man. Oxford: Clarendon, 8-17.
36. Bordley, Robert F. and Gordon Hazen (1992) 'Nonlinear utility models arising from unmodelled small world intercorrelations', Management Science 38: 1010-17.
37. Boyle, P. (1997) 'Cancer, cigarette smoking and premature death in Europe: a review including the Recommendations of European Cancer Experts Consensus Meeting, Helsinki, October 1996.' Lung Cancer 17(1): 1-60.
38. Bradley, Ben (2005) 'Virtue consequentialism', Utilitas 17: 282-98.
39. Brandt, Richard B (1965) 'The concepts of obligation and duty', Mind 73: 374-93.
40. Brett, N. (1988) 'Commentary'. In A. Bayefsky, ed. Legal theory meets legal practice. Edmonton: Academic Printing & Publishing. 253-57.
41. Brighouse, Harry and Adam Swift (2008) 'Putting educational equality in its place', Education Finance and Policy 3: 444-66.
42. Brink, David O. (1986) 'Utilitarian morality and the personal point of view', Journal of Philosophy 83: 417-38.
43. Broad, C.D. ([1914] 1971) 'The doctrine of consequences in ethics', reprinted in D.R. Cheney (ed.) Broad's critical essays in moral philosophy. London: George Allen and Unwin, 17-42.
44. Broome, John (1978) 'Trying to value a life', Journal of Public Economics 9: 91-100.
45. Brummer, J. J. (1996) 'The structure of residual obligations', Journal of Social Philosophy 27: 164-80.
46. Bryant, B. and P. Mohai, eds (1992) Race and the incidence of environmental hazards. Boulder: Westview Press.
47. Buchmueller, T. C., K. Grumbach, R. Kronick, and J. G. Kahn (2005) 'The effect of health insurance on medical care utilization and implications for insurance expansion: a review of the literature.' Medical Care Research and Review 62(1): 3-30.
48. Budescu, David V. and Timothy R. Johnson (2011) 'A model-based approach for the analysis of the calibration of probability judgments', Judgment and Decision Making 6: 857-69.
49. Burgos, R. and O. Defeo (2004) 'Long-term population structure, mortality and modeling of a tropical multi-fleet fishery: the red grouper Epinephelus morio of the Campeche Bank, Gulf of Mexico', Fisheries Research 66: 325-35.
50. Burris, S. (1997) 'The invisibility of public health: population-level measures in a politics of market individualism', American Journal of Public Health 87: 1607-10.
51. Byron, Michael, ed. (2004) Satisficing and maximizing. moral theorists on practical reason. New York: Cambridge University Press.
52. Carlson, Erik (1995) Consequentialism reconsidered. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
53. Carlson, Erik (2002) 'Deliberation, foreknowledge, and morality as a guide to action', Erkenntnis 57: 71-89.
54. Chalmers, Alan (1993) 'The lack of excellency of Boyle's mechanical philosophy', Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 24: 541-64.
55. Chalmers, Alan (2002) 'Experiment versus mechanical philosophy in the work of Robert Boyle: a reply to Anstey and Pyle', Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 33: 191-7.
56. Chan, Wing-tsit (1963) A source book in Chinese philosophy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
57. Charnley, G. (1999) 'President's message', RISK newsletter, 19(2): 2.
58. Charnley, G. (2000) '1999 Annual meeting: past president's message: risk analysis under fire', RISK newsletter, 20(1): 3.
59. Christensen-Szalanski, J. J. J. and J. B. Bushyhead (1981) 'Physicians use of probabilistic information in a real clinical setting', Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 7: 928-35.
60. Christophersen, Jens A. (1966) The meaning of 'democracy' as used in European ideologies from the French to the Russian Revolution. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
61. Coburn, Robert C. (1981) 'Imposing risks', Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 62: 240-8.
62. Cohen, Alma and Liran Einav (2003) 'The effects of mandatory seat belt laws on driving behavior and traffic fatalities', Review of Economics and Statistics 85: 828-43.
63. Cohen, Bernard L. (1985) 'Criteria for technology acceptability', Risk Analysis 5: 1-3.
64. Cohen, Bernard L. (2003) 'Probabilistic risk analysis for a high-level radioactive waste repository', Risk Analysis 23: 909-15.
65. Colburn, Ben (2008) 'Debate: the concept of voluntariness', Journal of Political Philosophy 16: 101-11.
66. Coleman, Jules (1980) 'Efficiency, utility, and wealth maximization', Hofstra Law Review 8: 509-51.
67. Condorcet ([1793] 1847) 'Plan de constitution, presentéa la convention nationale les 15 et 16 février 1793'. In Oeuvres de Condorcet, A. Condorcet O'Connor and M. F.Arago, eds, vol. 12. Paris: Frimin Didot Frères. 333-415.
68. Cottingham, John (1983) 'Ethics and impartiality', Philosophical Studies 43: 83-99.
69. Coval, S. C. and J. C. Smith (1982) 'Rights, goals, and hard cases', Law and Philosophy 1: 451-80.
70. Coyne, Margaret Urban (1985) 'Moral luck?' Journal of Value Inquiry 19: 319-25.
71. Cranor, Carl F. (2011) Legally poisoned. How the laws puts us at risk from toxicants. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
72. Danley, John R. (1978) 'An examination of the fundamental assumption of hypothetical process arguments', Philosophical Studies 34: 187-95.
73. Dent, Eric B (2003) 'The interaction model: An alternative to the direct cause and effect construct for mutually causal organizational phenomena', Foundations of Science 8: 295-314.
74. Descartes, R. ([1632] 1987) Traitéde l'Homme. In Descartes, R., Oeuvres et lettres. Textes présentés par André Bridoux. Paris: Gallimard.
75. Dickenson, Donna (1991) Moral luck in medical ethics and practical politics, Aldershot: Avebury.
76. Domar, Evsey D. and Richard A. Musgrave (1944) 'Proportional income taxation and risk-taking', Quarterly Journal of Economics 68: 388-422.
77. Donagan, Alan (1977) The theory of morality, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
78. Donahoe, F. J. (1969) '"Anomalous" water', Nature 224: 198.
79. Douglas, Heather (2004) 'The irreducible complexity of objectivity', Synthese 138: 453-73.
80. Dworkin, Ronald (1975) 'The original position'. In Norman Daniels, ed., Reading Rawls. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 16-53.
81. Dworkin, Ronald (1981) 'What is equality? Part 2: equality of resources', Philosophy and Public Affairs 10: 283-345.
82. Edvardsson, Karin (2008) 'Utopian goals: four objections and a cautious defense', Philosophy in the Contemporary World 15: 139-54.
83. Edvardsson, Karin and Sven Ove Hansson (2005) 'When is a goal rational?', Social Choice and Welfare 24: 343-61.
84. Edwards, David W. (2005) 'Export inherent safety NOT risk', Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 18: 254-60.
85. Ellerman, David (2005) 'Translatio versus concessio. Retrieving the debate about contracts of alienation with an application to today's employment contract', Politics & Society 33: 449-80.
86. Ellis, J., G. Giudice, M. Mangano, I. Tkachev, and U. Wiedemann (2008) 'Review of the safety of LHC collisions', Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics 35(11): 115004.
87. Ellsberg, Daniel ([1961] 1988) 'Risk, ambiguity, and the Savage axioms'. In P. Gärdenfors and N.-E. Sahlin, eds, Decision, probability, and utility. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 245-269.
88. Faden, R. and T. Beauchamp (1986) A history and theory of informed consent. New York: Oxford University Press.
89. Feinberg, J. (1975) 'Legal paternalism'. In Wasserstrom, R. (ed.) Today's moral problems. New York: MacMillan Publishing. 33-50.
90. Feldman, Fred (2006) 'Actual utility, the objection from impracticality, and the move to expected utility', Philosophical Studies 129: 49-79.
91. Festinger, Leon (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
92. Fiksel, J. (1985) 'Toward a de minimis policy in risk regulation', Risk Analysis 5: 257-9.
93. Finkelstein, Claire (2003) 'Is risk a harm?', University of Pennsylvania Law Review 151: 963-1001.
94. Fischhoff, Baruch, Sarah Lichtenstein, Paul Slovic, Stephen L. Derby, and Ralph L. Keeney (1981) Acceptable risk. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
95. Fishkin, J. S. (1983) Justice, equal opportunity, and the family. New Haven: Yale University Press.
96. Fletcher, George (1972) 'Fairness and utility in tort theory', Harvard Law Review 85: 537-73.
97. Fleurbaey, Marc (2001) 'Egalitarian opportunities', Law and Philosophy 20: 499-530.
98. Fotion, Nicholas (1987) 'Simmons and the concept of consent: commentary on "Consent and fairness in planning land use"', Business and Professional Ethics Journal 6(2): 21-4.
99. Frankena, W.K. (1952) 'The concept of universal human rights'. In Science, language and human rights, American Philosophical Association, Eastern Division, vol 1, Philadelphia. 189-207.
100. Fried, Barbara H. (2012) 'Can contractualism save us from aggregation?', Journal of Ethics 16: 39-66.
101. Fried, Charles (1978) Right and wrong. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
102. Garvin, Lucius (1953) A modern introduction to ethics. Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press.
103. Gauthier, David (1986) Morals by agreement. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
104. Gibbard, Allan and William Harper (1988) 'Counterfactuals and two kinds of expected utility'. In Peter Gärdenfors and Nils-Eric Sahlin, eds, Decision, probability and utility: Selected readings. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. 341-76.
105. Gilles, S.G. (1994) 'The invisible hand formula', Virginia Law Review 80: 1015-54.
106. Girill, T. R. (1978) 'On the defeasibility of duties', Journal of Value Inquiry 12: 197-209.
107. Godman, Marion and Sven Ove Hansson (2009) 'European public advice on nanobiotechnology - four convergence seminars', Nanoethics 3: 43-59.
108. Goldman, Alan H. (2001) 'Moral reasoning without rules', Mind & Society 2(4): 105-18.
109. Graham, John D and Jonathan Baert Wiener (1995) Risk versus risk: Tradeoffs in protecting health and the environment. Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press.
110. Griffin, Dale and Lyle Brenner (2004) 'Perspectives on probability judgment calibration'. In Derek. J. Koehler and Nigel Harvey (eds), Blackwell handbook of judgment and decision making. Malden, MA: Blackwell. 177-191.
111. Gruzalski, Bart (1986) 'Parfit's impact on utilitarianism', Ethics 96: 760-83.
112. Guay, Robert (2005) 'A refutation of consequentialism', Metaphilosophy 36: 348-62.
113. Gustafsson, Johan (2010) 'Freedom of choice and expected compromise', Social Choice and Welfare 35: 65-79.
114. Guthrie, Chris (1999) 'Better settle than sorry: the regret aversion theory of litigation behavior', University of Illinois Law Review 43-90.
115. Hall, Ned (2000) 'Causality and the price of transitivity', Journal of Philosophy 97: 198-222.
116. Hamlin, Alan P. (1989) 'Rights, indirect utilitarianism, and contractarianism', Economics and Philosophy 5: 167-87.
117. Hansson, Sven Ove (1988a) 'Deontic logic without misleading alethic analogies -Part I', Logique et Analyse 31: 337-53.
118. Hansson, Sven Ove (1988b) 'Deontic logic without misleading alethic analogies -Part II', Logique et Analyse 31: 355-70.
119. Hansson, Sven Ove (1989a) 'Dimensions of risk', Risk Analysis 9: 107-12.
120. Hansson, Sven Ove (1989b) 'Preference logic as a model for risk comparisons'. In Proceedings, management of risk from genotoxic substances in the environment: symposium, Stockholm. 355-364.
121. Hansson, Sven Ove (1991) 'Norms and values', Critica 23(67): 3-13.
122. Hansson, Sven Ove (1992) 'A procedural model of voting', Theory and Decision 32: 269-301.
123. Hansson, Sven Ove (1993) 'The false promises of risk analysis', Ratio 6: 16-26.
124. Hansson, Sven Ove (1995) 'The detection level', Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 22: 103-9.
125. Hansson, Sven Ove (1996a) 'Decision-making under great uncertainty', Philosophy of the Social Sciences 26: 369-86.
126. Hansson, Sven Ove (1996b) 'What is philosophy of risk?', Theoria 62: 169-86.
127. Hansson, Sven Ove (1996c) 'Legal relations and potestative rules', Archiv für Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie 82: 266-74.
128. Hansson, Sven Ove (1996d) 'Social choice with procedural preferences', Social Choice and Welfare 13: 215-30.
129. Hansson, Sven Ove (1997a) 'Can we reverse the burden of proof?', Toxicology Letters 90: 223-28.
130. Hansson, Sven Ove (1997b) 'The limits of precaution', Foundations of Science 2: 293-306.
131. Hansson, Sven Ove (1998a) Setting the limit: Occupational health standards and the limits of science. New York: Oxford University Press.
132. Hansson, Sven Ove (1998b) 'Should we avoid moral dilemmas?', Journal of Value Inquiry 32: 407-16.
133. Hansson, Sven Ove (1999a) 'Adjusting scientific practices to the precautionary principle', Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 5: 909-21.
134. Hansson, Sven Ove (1999b) 'But what should I do?', Philosophia 27: 433-40.
135. Hansson, Sven Ove (1999c) 'The moral significance of indetectable effects', Risk 10: 101-8.
136. Hansson, Sven Ove (1999d) 'A philosophical perspective on risk', Ambio, 28: 539-42.
137. Hansson, Sven Ove (1999e) A textbook of belief dynamics: Theory change and database updating. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
138. Hansson, Sven Ove (2001a) The structure of values and norms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
139. Hansson, Sven Ove (2001b) 'The modes of value', Philosophical Studies 104: 33-46.
140. Hansson, Sven Ove (2002a) 'Replacing the No Effect Level (NOEL) with Bounded Effect Levels (OBEL and LEBEL)', Statistics in Medicine, 21: 3071-3078.
141. Hansson, Sven Ove (2002b) 'Uncertainties in the knowledge society', Social Science Journal 171: 39-46.
142. Hansson, Sven Ove (2003a) 'Ethical criteria of risk acceptance', Erkenntnis 59: 291-309.
143. Hansson, Sven Ove (2003b) 'Are natural risks less dangerous than technological risks?', Philosophia Naturalis 40: 43-54.
144. Hansson, Sven Ove (2003c) 'Ten philosophical problems in belief revision', Journal of Logic and Computation 13: 37-49.
145. Hansson, Sven Ove (2004a) 'Weighing risks and benefits', Topoi 23: 145-52.
146. Hansson, Sven Ove (2004b) 'Great uncertainty about small things', Techne 8(2): 26-35. Also published in Joachim Schummer and Davis Baird, eds,Nanotechnology challenges: Implications for philosophy, ethics and society, Singapore: World Scientific Publishing, 2006, 315-325.
147. Hansson, Sven Ove (2004c) 'Welfare, justice, and Pareto efficiency', Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 7: 361-80.
148. Hansson, Sven Ove (2004d) 'What are opportunities and why should they be equal?', Social Choice and Welfare 22: 305-16.
149. Hansson, Sven Ove (2004e) 'Fallacies of risk', Journal of Risk Research, 7: 353-60.
150. Hansson, Sven Ove (2005a) 'Extended antipaternalism', Journal of Medical Ethics 31: 97-100.
151. Hansson, Sven Ove (2005b) 'Seven myths of risk', Risk Management, 7(2): 7-17.
152. Hansson, Sven Ove (2006a) 'Ideal worlds - wishful thinking in deontic logic', Studia Logica 82: 329-36.
153. Hansson, Sven Ove (2006b) 'Informed consent out of context', Journal of Business Ethics 63: 149-54.
154. Hansson, Sven Ove (2006c) 'Condensed examples in philosophy', Theoria 72: 97-9.
155. Hansson, Sven Ove (2006d) 'Economic (ir)rationality in risk analysis', Economics and Philosophy 22: 231-41.
156. Hansson, Sven Ove (2006e) 'How to define - a tutorial', Princípios, Revista de Filosofia 13(19-20): 5-30.
157. Hansson, Sven Ove (2006f) 'The modal status of philosophy', Theoria 72: 173-6.
158. Hansson, Sven Ove (2006g) 'Uncertainty and the ethics of clinical trials', Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 27: 149-67.
159. Hansson, Sven Ove (2006h) 'Levi's ideals'. In Erik J. Olsson, ed., Knowledge and inquiry: Essays on the pragmatism of Isaac Levi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 241-7.
160. Hansson, Sven Ove (2007a) 'Hypothetical retrospection', Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 10: 145-57.
161. Hansson, Sven Ove (2007b) 'Philosophical problems in cost-benefit analysis', Economics and Philosophy 23: 163-83.
162. Hansson, Sven Ove (2007c) 'Social decisions about risk and risk-taking', Social Choice and Welfare 29: 649-63.
163. Hansson, Sven Ove (2007d) 'Risk and ethics: three approaches'. In Tim Lewens, ed., Risk: Philosophical perspectives. London: Routledge. 21-35.
164. Hansson, Sven Ove (2007e) 'Risk', Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/risk/.
165. Hansson, Sven Ove (2007f) 'Ethics and radiation protection', Journal of Radiological Protection 27: 147-56.
166. Hansson, Sven Ove (2008a) 'Regulating BFRs - from science to policy', Chemosphere 73: 144-7.
167. Hansson, Sven Ove (2008b) 'Do we need second-order probabilities?', Dialectica 62: 525-33.
168. Hansson, Sven Ove (2009a) 'Measuring uncertainty', Studia Logica 93: 21-40.
169. Hansson, Sven Ove (2009b) 'Ethics beyond application'. In T. Takala, P. Herissone-Kelly and S. Holm (eds) Cutting through the surface: Philosophical approaches to bioethics, Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi. 19-28.
170. Hansson, Sven Ove (2009c) 'From the casino to the jungle: Dealing with uncertainty in technological risk management', Synthese 168: 423-32.
171. Hansson, Sven Ove (2009d) 'Risk and safety in technology'. In Anthonie Meijers (ed.), Handbook of the philosophy of science, Volume 9: Philosophy of technology and engineering sciences. Elsevier. 1069-102.
172. Hansson, Sven Ove (2009e) 'Should we protect the most sensitive people?', Journal of Radiological Protection 29: 211-18.
173. Hansson, Sven Ove (2010a) 'Risk - objective or subjective, facts or values?', Journal of Risk Research, 13: 231-8.
174. Hansson, Sven Ove (2010b) 'The harmful influence of decision theory on ethics', Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 13: 585-93.
175. Hansson, Sven Ove (2010c) 'Promoting inherent safety', Process Safety and Environmental Protection 88: 168-72.
176. Hansson, Sven Ove (2010d) 'L'incertitude en matière de technologie', Annales des Mines 57: 70-4.
177. Hansson, Sven Ove (2011a) 'Coping with the unpredictable effects of future technologies', Philosophy and Technology 24: 137-49.
178. Hansson, Sven Ove (2011b) 'Radiation protection - sorting out the arguments', Philosophy and Technology 24: 363-8.
179. Hansson, Sven Ove (2012a) 'Safety is an inherently inconsistent concept', Safety Science 50: 1522-7.
180. Hansson, Sven Ove (2012b) 'A panorama of the philosophy of risk'. In Sabine Roeser et al. (eds), Handbook of risk theory. Dordrecht: Springer. 27-54.
181. Hansson, Sven Ove (2012c) 'The trilemma of moral preparedness', Review Journal of Political Philosophy 9: 1-5.
182. Hansson, Sven Ove (2013a) 'The moral oracle's test', Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, in press.
183. Hansson, Sven Ove (2013b) 'Alternative semantics for deontic logic', to be published in Dov Gabbay, John Horty, Ron van der Meyden, and Leon van der Torre (eds), Handbook on Deontic Logic and Normative Systems. London: College Publications.
184. Hansson, Sven Ove (2013c) 'Representing supererogation', Journal of Logic and Computation, in press.
185. Hansson, Sven Ove and Gert Helgesson (2003) 'What is stability', Synthese 136(2): 219-35.
186. Hansson, Sven Ove and Mikael Johannesson (1997) 'Decision-theoretic approaches to global climate change'. In Gunnar Fermann, ed., International politics of climate change. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press. 153-78.
187. Hansson, Sven Ove and David Makinson (1997) 'Applying normative rules with restraint'. In M.L. Dalla Chiara et al., eds, Logic and scientific method. Dordrecht: Kluwer. 313-332.
188. Hansson, Sven Ove and Martin Peterson (2001) 'Rights, risks, and residual obligations', Risk Decision and Policy 6: 1-10.
189. Hansson, Sven Ove and Christina Rudén (2008) 'A risk-neutral default for chemical risk management', American Journal of Industrial Medicine 51: 964-7.
190. Hardin, Russell (1989) 'Ethics and stochastic processes', Social Philosophy and Policy 7: 69-80.
191. Hare, R. M. (1973a) 'Rawls's theory of justice - I', Philosophical Quarterly 23: 144-55.
192. Hare, R. M. (1973b) 'Rawls's theory of justice - II', Philosophical Quarterly 23: 241-52.
193. Harrison, J. (1953) 'Utilitarianism, universalisation, and our duty to be just', Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 53: 105-34.
194. Harsanyi, J.C. (1953) 'Cardinal utility in welfare economics and in the theory of risk-taking', Journal of Political Economy 61: 434-5.
195. Harsanyi, J.C. (1955) 'Cardinal welfare, individualistic ethic, and interpersonal comparison of utility', Journal of Political Economy 63: 309-21.
196. Harsanyi, J.C. (1975) 'Can the maximin principle serve as a basis for morality -Critique of Rawls, J. theory', American Political Science Review 69(2): 594-606.
197. Hausman, Daniel M. and James Woodward (1999) 'Independence, invariance and the causal Markov condition', British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 50: 521-83.
198. Hayenhjelm, Madeleine and Jonathan Wolff (2012) 'The moral problem of risk impositions: A survey of the literature', European Journal of Philosophy 20: e26-e51.
199. Healey, Richard (1994) 'Non-separable processes and causal explanation', Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 25: 337-74.
200. Health Physics Society (1996) Radiation risk in perspective. Position statement of the Health Physics Society, adopted January 1996. Downloaded in December 1998 from http://www2.org/hps/rad.htm.
201. Health Physics Society (2004) Radiation risk in perspective. Position statement of the Health Physics Society, revised August 2004. Downloaded in March 2007 from http://www.hps.org.
202. Health Physics Society (2010) Radiation risk in perspective. Position statement of the Health Physics Society, revised July 2010. Downloaded in May 2012 from http://www.hps.org.
203. Heinzerling, Lisa (2000) 'The rights of statistical people', Harvard Environmental Law Review 24: 189-207.
204. Hermansson, Hélène and Sven Ove Hansson (2007) 'A three party model tool for ethical risk analysis', Risk Management 9: 129-44.
205. Hesslow, Germund (1981) 'The transitivity of causation', Analysis 41: 130-3.
206. Hobbes, Thomas ([1651] 2012) Leviathan I-III.Ed.Noel Malcolm. Clarendon Edition of the works of Thomas Hobbes. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
207. Hoover, Kevin D (1990) 'The logic of causal inference', Economics and Philosophy 6: 207-34.
208. Höpfl, Harro and Martyn P. Thompson (1979) 'The history of contract as a motif in political thought', American Historical Review 84: 919-44.
209. Howe, Roger E. and John E. Roemer (1981) 'Rawlsian justice as the core of a game', American Economic Review 71: 880-95.
210. Humberstone, I. L. (1980) 'You'll regret it', Analysis 40: 175-6.
211. Hynes, M. and E. Vanmarcke (1976) 'Reliability of embankment performance predictions', Proceedings of the ASCE Engineering Mechanics Division, Specialty Conference, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, University of Waterloo Press.
212. International Organization for Standardization (2002) Risk management -Vocabulary - Guidelines for use in standards, ISO/IEC Guide 73.
213. IPCC (1990) Climate change: The IPCC scientific assessment. J.T. Houghton, G.J. Jenkins, and J.J. Ephraums, eds, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
214. IPCC (2007) Climate change 2007: The physical science basis:. Contribution of Working Group I to the fourth assessment report of the IPCC. New York: Cambridge University Press.
215. Jackson, Frank and Robert Pargetter (1986) 'Oughts, options and actualism', Philosophical Review 95: 233-55.
216. Janssen, Wiel (1994) 'Seat-belt wearing and driving behavior: an instrumentedvehicle study', Accident Analysis and Prevention 26: 249-61.
217. Jebari, Karim and Sven Ove Hansson (2013) 'European public deliberation on brain machine interface technology - five convergence seminars', Science and Engineering Ethics, in press.
218. Jeffrey, Richard C. (1956) 'Valuation and acceptance of scientific hypotheses', Philosophy of Science 23: 237-49.
219. Jeffrey, Richard C. (1983) The logic of decision, 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
220. Kagan, S. (1989) The limits of morality. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
221. Kamm, Frances Myrna (1985) 'Supererogation and obligation', Journal of Philosophy 82: 118-38.
222. Kant, Immanuel ([1797] 1912) 'Über ein vermeintes Recht aus Menschenliebe zulügen'. In Immanuel Kant, Gesammelte Schriften (Akademie-Ausgabe), Abt. 1, Bd 8. Berlin: Königliche Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften. 423-430.
223. Kant, Immanuel (1996) Practical philosophy. Translated and edited by Mary J. Gregor. The Cambridge edition of the works of Immanuel Kant. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
224. Kernohan, Andrew (2000) 'Individual acts and accumulative consequences', Philosophical Studies 97: 343-66.
225. Keynes, J. M. (1921) A treatise on probability. London: Macmillan.
226. Klemm, Peter G. (1989) 'Risiko - Gedanken zu einer Begriffspräzisierung', Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie 37: 348-50.
227. Klibanoff, Peter (2001) 'Characterizing uncertainty aversion through preference for mixtures', Social Choice and Welfare 18: 289-301.
228. Klosko, George (1990) 'Parfit's moral arithmetic and the obligation to obey the law', Canadian Journal of Philosophy 20: 191-214.
229. Knight, F. H. ([1921] 1935) Risk, uncertainty and profit. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
230. Knuutila, Simo (1981) 'Deontic logic in the fourteenth century'. In Risto Hilpinen (ed.) New studies in deontic logic. Dordrecht: Reidel. 37-85.
231. Kolm, Serge-Christophe (1998) 'Chance and justice: Social policies and the Harsanyi-Vickrey-Rawls problem', European Economic Review 42: 1393-416.
232. Kress, Ken (1995) 'The seriousness of harm thesis for abnormally dangerous activities'. In David G. Owen, Philosophical foundations of tort law. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 277-297.
233. Kuhn, Thomas S. (1971) 'La notion de causalitéans le devéloppement de la physique'. In M. Bunge (ed.) Les théories de la causalit é. Paris: Presses univ. de France. 4-15.
234. Kumar, Rahul (2003) 'Who can be wronged?', Philosophy and Public Affairs 31: 99-118.
235. Kupperman, Joel J (1980) 'Vulgar consequentialism', Mind 89: 321-37.
236. Kvart, Igal (1991) 'Transitivity and preemption of causal relevance', Philosophical Studies 64: 125-60.
237. Lackey, D. (1976) 'Empirical disconfirmation and ethical counter-example', Journal of Value Inquiry 10: 30-4.
238. Ladmore, Charles (1999) 'The idea of a life plan', Social Philosophy and Policy 16: 96-112.
239. Larson, K., S. A. Russ, J. J. Crall, and N. Halfon (2008) 'Influence of multiple social risks on children's health', Pediatrics 121: 337-44.
240. Leclerc, S. and C. D. Herrera (1999) 'Sports medicine and the ethics of boxing', British Journal of Sports Medicine 33: 426-9.
241. Lee, Jig-chuen (1988) 'The nontransitivity of causation', American Philosophical Quarterly 25: 87-94.
242. Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm ([1704] 1962) Sämtliche Schriften und Briefe, Herausgegeben von der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Sechste Reihe, Philosophische Schriften, vol. 6. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.
243. Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm ([1704] 1996) New essays on human understanding, translated and edited by Peter Remnant and Jonathan Bennett. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
244. Lenman, James (2000) 'Consequentialism and cluelessness', Philosophy and Public Affairs 29: 342-70.
245. Lenman, James (2008) 'Contractualism and risk imposition', Politics, Philosophy and Economics 7: 99-122.
246. Leonard, Herman B. and Richard J. Zeckhauser (1986) 'Cost-benefit analysis applied to risk: Its philosophy and legitimacy'. In Douglas MacLean, Values at risk. Savage, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. 31-48.
247. Levi, Don S. (1987) 'Hypothetical cases and abortions', Social Theory and Practice 13: 17-48.
248. Lichtenstein, Sarah et al. (1982) 'Calibration of probabilities: The state of the art to 1980'. In Daniel Kahneman, Paul Slovic, and Amos Tversky, eds, Judgment under uncertainty, heuristics and biases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 306-34.
249. Lochner, Kim, Elsie Pamuk, Diane Makuc, Bruce P. Kennedy, and Ichiro Kawachi (2001) 'State-level income inequality and individual mortality risk: a prospective, multi-level study', American Journal of Public Healt h 91: 385-91.
250. Lockhart, T. (2000) Moral uncertainty and its consequences. New York: Oxford University Press.
251. Lomasky, Loren E. (1978) 'Is actual consequence utilitarianism incoherent?', Southern Journal of Philosophy 16: 71-8.
252. Loomes, G. and R. Sugden (1982) 'Regret theory: an alternative theory of rational choice under uncertainty', Economic Journal 92: 805-24.
253. Louise, Jennie (2004) 'Relativity of value and the consequentialist umbrella', Philosophical Quarterly 54: 518-36.
254. Lübbe, Weyma (1998) Verantwortung in komplexen kulturellen Prozesssen. München: Verlag Karl Alber Freiburg.
255. Luce, R. Duncan and Howard Raiffa (1957) Games and decisions: Introduction and critical survey. New York: Wiley.
256. Lucey, K. G. (1976) 'Counter-examples and borderline cases', Personalist 57: 351-5.
257. Lyons, David (1981) 'The new Indian claims and original rights to land', pp. 355-379 in Jeffrey Paul, ed., Reading Nozick: Essays on Anarchy, state, and Utopia. Totowa, N.J.: Rowman & Littlefield.
258. Machan, T. R. (1987) 'Human rights, workers' rights, and the "right" to occupational safety'. In G. Ezorsky, ed., Moral rights in the workplace. Albany: State University of New York Press. 45-50.
259. Macinko, James A., Leiyu Shi, Barbara Starfield, and John T. Wulu (2003) 'Income inequality and health: a critical review of the literature', Medical Care Research and Review 60: 407-52.
260. Mackie, John L. (1974) The cement of the universe: a study of causation. Oxford: Clarendon.
261. Marcus, Ruth Barcan (1980) 'Moral dilemmas and consistency', Journal of Philosophy 77: 121-36.
262. Mastromatteo, Ernest (1981) 'On the concept of threshold', American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 42: 763-70.
263. McCarthy, David (1996) 'Liability and risk', Philosophy and Public Affairs 25: 238-62.
264. McCarthy, David (1997) 'Rights, explanation, and risk', Ethics 107: 205-25.
265. McCrory, Paul, Tsharni Zazryn and Peter A. Cameron (2007) 'The evidence for chronic traumatic encephalopathy in boxing', Sports Medicine 37: 467-76.
266. McKerlie, Dennis (1986) 'Rights and risk', Canadian Journal of Philosophy 16: 239-51.
267. Mellers, B. A. and A. P. McGraw (2001) 'Anticipated emotions as guides to choice', Current Directions in Psychological Science 10: 210-14.
268. Messias, Erick (2003) 'Income inequality, illiteracy rate, and life expectancy in Brazil', American Journal of Public Health 93: 1294-6.
269. Mill, John Stuart ([1843] 1996) A system of logic. In: Collected works of John Stuart Mill. vol 7. London: Routledge.
270. Mo Tzu (1963) Basic writings, Translated by Burton Watson. New York: Columbia University Press.
271. Moore, G. E. ([1912] 1958) Ethics. London: Oxford University Press.
272. Moreno, Jonathan D. (2001) Undue risk: Secret state experiments on humans. New York: Routledge.
273. Morton, Adam (1991) Disasters and dilemmas: Strategies for real-life decision making. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
274. Mosley, Albert (2004) 'Does HIV or poverty cause AIDS? Biomedical and epidemiological perspectives', Theoretical Medicine 25: 399-421.
275. Mulvaney, Robert J. (1992) 'Wisdom, time, and avarice in St Thomas Aquinas's treatise on prudence', Modern Schoolman 69: 443-62.
276. Nagel, Thomas (1970) The possibility of altruism. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
277. Nagel, Thomas (1986) The view from nowhere. New York: Oxford University Press.
278. Nagel, Thomas (1991) Equality and partiality. New York: Oxford University Press.
279. National Research Council (NRC) (1983) Risk assessment in the federal government: Managing the process. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
280. Needleman H. L. (1998) 'Childhood lead poisoning: the promise and abandonment of primary prevention', American Journal of Public Health 88: 1871-7.
281. Nickel, James W. (1982) 'Are human rights utopian?', Philosophy and Public Affairs 11: 246-64.
282. Nida-Rümelin, Julian, Johann Schulenburg and Benjamin Rath (2012) Risikoethik. Berlin: De Gruyter.
283. Nozick, Robert (1974) Anarchy, state, and utopia. New York: Basic Books.
284. Nozick, Robert (1989) The examined life: Philosophical meditat ions. New York: Simon & Schuster.
285. Oberdiek, John (2009) 'Towards a right against risking', Law and Philosophy 28: 367-92.
286. Oberdiek, John (2012) 'The moral significance of risking', Legal Theory 18: 339-56.
287. O'Brien, Jonathan and Timothy Folta (2009) 'Sunk costs, uncertainty and market exit: A real options perspective', Industrial and Corporate Change 18: 807-33.
288. Okasha, Samir (2007) 'Rational choice, risk aversion, and evolution', Journal of Philosophy 104: 217-35.
289. Okasha, Samir (2011) 'Optimal choice in the face of risk: decision theory meets evolution ', Philosophy of Science 78: 83-104.
290. Olsaretti, Serena (1998) 'Freedom, force and choice: against the rights-based definition of voluntariness', Journal of Political Philosophy 6: 53-78.
291. Olsaretti, Serena (2008) 'Debate: the concept of voluntariness-a reply', Journal of Political Philosophy 16: 112-21.
292. Oppenheimer, Robert (1980) Letters and recollections, ed. Alice Kimball Smith and Charles Weiner. London: Harvard University Press.
293. O'Riordan, T. and J. Cameron (eds), (1994) Interpreting the precautionary principle. London: Earthscan.
294. O'Riordan, T., J. Cameron, and A. Jordan (eds) (2001) Reinterpreting the precautionary principle. London: Cameron May.
295. Österberg, Jan (1989) 'One more turn on the lawn'. In Sten Lindstr öm and Wlodek Rabinowicz, (eds), In so many words: Philosophical essays dedicated to Sven Danielsson on the occasion of his fiftieth birthday. Uppsala: Uppsala University, Department of Philosophy. 125-33.
296. Otway, Harry J. and Detlof von Winterfeldt (1982) 'Beyond acceptable risk: on the social acceptability of technologies', Policy Sciences 14: 247-56.
297. Overbye, D. (2008) 'Gauging a collider's odds of creating a black hole', New York Times, 15 April 2008. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/15/science/15risk.html. Accessed in January 2013.
298. Parfit, Derek (1984) Reasons and persons. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
299. Parfit, Derek (1986) 'Comments', Ethics 96: 832-72.
300. Parfit, Derek (1997) 'Equality and priority', Ratio 10: 202-21.
301. Paté -Cornell, M. E. and J. E. Neu (1985) 'Warning systems and defense policy: a reliability model for the command and control of U.S. nuclear forces', Risk Analysis 5: 121-38.
302. Pattanaik, P. K. and Y. Xu (1990) 'On ranking opportunity sets in terms of freedom of choice', Recherches Économiques de Louvain 56: 383-90.
303. Pattanaik, P. K. and Y. Xu (2000) 'On ranking opportunity sets in economic environment', Journal of Economic Theory 93: 48-71.
304. Pearce, D. W., S. Russell, and R. F. Griffiths (1981) 'Risk assessment: use and misuse' Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences 376(1764): 181-92.
305. Perry, Stephen (2007) 'Risk, harm, interests, and rights,'. In Tim Lewens, ed. Risk: Philosophical perspectives. London: Routledge. 190-209.
306. Peter, Fabienne (2004) 'Choice, consent, and the legitimacy of market transactions', Economics and Philosophy 20: 1-18.
307. Peterson, Martin (2002) 'What is a de minimis risk?', Risk Management 4: 47-55.
308. Pettit, Philip (1988) 'The consequentialist can recognize rights', Philosophical Quarterly 38: 42-55.
309. Pietroski, P. (1993) 'Prima facie obligations: ceteris paribus laws in moral theory', Ethics 103: 489-515.
310. Plato (1997) Protagoras. In Plato, Complete Works, ed. John M. Cooper. Indianapolis, Ind.: Hachett.
311. Pontzen, Henrik (2007) Risikoethik: Vom klugen Umgang mit moralisch relevanten Risiken. Bonn: Universität Bonn.
312. Portmore, Douglas W. (2007) 'Consequentializing moral theories', Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 88: 39-73.
313. Price, Terry L. (1999) 'Egalitarian justice, luck, and the costs of chosen ends', American Philosophical Quarterly 36: 267-78.
314. Prior, A. N. (1956) 'The consequences of actions', Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplement 30: 91-99.
315. Pyle, Andrew (2002) 'Boyle on science and the mechanical philosophy: a reply to Chalmers', Studies in History and Philosophy of Science ' 33: 175-90.
316. Quine, W. V. (1972) Review of Milton K. Munitz, Identity and individuation, Journal of Philosophy 69: 488-97.
317. Rabinowicz, Wlodek (2002). 'Does practical deliberation crowd out self-prediction?' Erkenntnis 57: 91-122.
318. Railton, Peter (1983) 'Locke, stock, and peril'. In Mary Gibson, ed., To breathe freely: Risk, consent, and air. Totowa, N.J.: Rowman & Allanheld. 89-123.
319. Railton, Peter (1986) 'Moral realism', Philosophical Review 95: 163-207.
320. Rappeport, Mike (2003) 'The democratic ethos and the positive sum society', Society 40(5): 36-43.
321. Rawls, John (1972) A theory of justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
322. Rawls, John (2001) Justice as fairness: A restatement. Erin Kelly, ed. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
323. Rechard, R. P. (1999) 'Historical relationship between performance assessment for radioactive waste disposal and other types of risk assessment', Risk Analysis 19(5): 763-807.
324. Reddy, Sanjay G. (1996) 'Claims to expert knowledge and the subversion of democracy: the triumph of risk over uncertainty', Economy and Society 25: 222-54.
325. Reibetanz, Sophia (1998) 'Contractualism and aggregation', Ethics 108: 296-311.
326. Ringer, Fritz K. (1989) 'Causal analysis in historical reasoning', History and Theory 28: 154-72.
327. Ringquist, E. J. (2000) 'Environmental justice: normative concerns and empirical evidence'. In N. J. Vig and M. E. Kraft, eds, Environmental policy: New directions for the twenty-first century. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. 232-56.
328. Ripstein, Arthur (1994) 'Equality, luck, and responsibility', Philosophy and Public Affairs 23: 3-23.
329. Ripstein, Arthur (1999) Equality, responsibility and the law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
330. Rizzi, Dominick A. and Stig Andur Pedersen (1992) 'Causality in medicine: towards a theory and terminology', Theoretical Medicine 13: 233-54.
331. Robespierre, Maximilien ([1794] 1967), 'Sur les principes de morale politique qui doivent guider la Convention nationale dans l'administration intérieure de la République'. In OE uvres de Maximilien Robespierre, Marc Bouloiseau and Albert Soboul, eds, Tome X. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. 350-67.
332. Rogerson, Kenneth F. (1984) 'Rights at risk', Southwest Philosophy Review 1: 119-30.
333. Rosebury, Brian (1995) 'Moral responsibility and "moral luck"', Philosophical Review 104: 499-524.
334. Rosencrantz, Holger, Karin Edvardsson, and Sven Ove Hansson (2007) 'Vision zero - Is it irrational?', Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 41: 559-67.
335. Ross, Alf (1941) 'Imperatives and logic', Theoria 7: 53-71.
336. Ross, Andrew and H. Damon Matthews (2009). 'Climate engineering and the risk of rapid climate change', Environmental Research Letters 4: 1-6.
337. Rothschild, Michael and Joseph E. Stiglitz (1970) 'Increasing risk: I. A definition', Journal of Economic Theory 2: 225-43.
338. Rothschild, Victor (1978), 'Risk - The Richard Dimbleby lecture', The Listener, 1978(30): 715-18.
339. Rousseau, Denis L. (1992). 'Case studies in pathological science', American Scientist 80(1): 54-63.
340. Royal Society (1983) Risk assessment: Report of a Royal Society study group. London: Royal Society.
341. Rudén, Christina and Sven Ove Hansson (2008) 'Evidence based toxicology -"soundscience"in new guise', International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health 14: 299-306.
342. Russell, Bertrand (1913) 'On the notion of a cause', Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 13: 1-26. Reprinted in Bertrand Russell (1994) Mysticism and logic, London: Routledge. 173-99.
343. Russell, Bertrand (1966) Philosophical essays, rev. ed. (first edition 1910). London: Allen and Unwin.
344. Russo, J. Edward and Paul J. H. Schoemaker (1989) Decision traps: the ten barriers to brilliant decision-making and how to overcome them. New York: Doubleday.
345. Ruthen, Russell (1993) 'Strange matters', Scientific American 269(2): 17.
346. Sartorius R., ed. (1983) Paternalism. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press.
347. Savage, Leonard J. (1972) The foundations of statistics, 2nd edition. New York: Dover.
348. Scanlon, Thomas M., (1998) What we owe to each other, Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press.
349. Schoemaker, Paul J. H. (1982) 'The expected utility model: its variants, purposes, evidence and limitations', Journal of Economic Literature 20: 529-63.
350. Schroeder, C. H. (1986) 'Rights against risks', Columbia Law Review 86: 495-562.
351. Segall, Shlomi (2010) Health, luck and justice. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
352. Sen, Amartya (1979) 'Utilitarianism and welfarism', Journal of Philosophy 76(9): 463-89.
353. Sen, Amartya (1983) 'Evaluator-relativity and consequential evaluation', Philosophy and Public Affairs 12: 113-32.
354. Sen, Amartya (1999) Development as freedom. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
355. Sen, Amartya (2000) 'Consequential evaluation and practical reason', Journal of Philosophy 97: 477-502.
356. Shrader-Frechette, Kristin (1987) 'Parfit and mistakes in moral mathematics', Ethics 98: 50-60.
357. Shrader-Frechette, Kristin (1988) 'Parfit, risk assessment and imperceptible effects', Public Affairs Quarterly 2: 75-96.
358. Shrader-Frechette, Kristin (2002) Environmental justice: Creating equality, reclaiming democracy. New York: Oxford University Press.
359. Sidgwick, Henry ([1907] 1962) The methods of ethics, 7th ed. London: MacMillan.
360. Simmons, J. (1987) 'Consent and fairness in planning land use', Business and Professional Ethics Journal 6(2): 5-20.
361. Simons, Kenneth W. (1999) 'Negligence'. In Ellen Frankel Paul, Fred D. Miller, Jr., and Jeffrey Paul, eds, Responsibility. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 52-93.
362. Sin, Don D., Larry W. Svenson, Robert L. Cowie, and S. F. Paul Man (2003) 'Can universal access to health care eliminate health inequities between children of poor and nonpoor families?' Chest 124: 51-6.
363. Singer, Marcus (1977) 'Actual consequence utilitarianism', Mind 86: 67-77.
364. Singer, Marcus (1982) 'Incoherence, inconsistency, and moral theory: More on actual consequence utilitarianism', Southern Journal of Philosophy 20: 375-91.
365. Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter (1999) 'Some varieties of particularism', Metaphilosophy 30: 1-12.
366. Skorupski, John (1995) 'Agent-neutrality, consequentialism, utilitarianism... a terminological note', Utilitas 7: 49-54.
367. Slote, Michael (1984) 'Satisficing consequentialism', Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volume 58: 139-64.
368. Smart, J. J. C. and Bernard Williams (1973) Utilitarianism for and against. London: Cambridge University Press.
369. Sobel, David (2012) 'Backing away from libertarian self-ownership', Ethics 123: 32-60.
370. Sosa, David (1993) 'Consequences of consequentialism', Mind 102: 101-22.
371. Spielthenner, Georg (2005) 'Consequentialism or deontology?', Philosophia 33: 217-35.
372. Spohn, W. (1977) 'Where Luce and Krantz do really generalize Savage's decision model', Erkenntnis 11, 113-34.
373. Spurgin, Earl W. (2006) 'Occupational safety and paternalism: Machan revisited', Journal of Business Ethics 63: 155-73.
374. Stark, Cynthia (2000) 'Hypothetical consent and justification', Journal of Philosophy 97: 313-34.
375. Steigleder, Klaus (2013) 'Risk and rights: towards a rights-based risk ethics', manuscript.
376. Strasser, Mark (1989) 'Actual versus probable utilitarianism', Southern Journal of Philosophy 27: 585-97.
377. Sugden, Robert (1985) Regret, recrimination and rationality, Theory and Decision 19: 77-99.
378. Sugden, Robert (2003) 'Opportunity as a space for individuality: its value and the impossibility of measuring it', Ethics 113: 783-809.
379. Taylor, P. (1984) Smoke ring: The politics of tobacco. London: Bodley Head.
380. Teuber, Andreas (1990), 'Justifying risk', Daedalus 119: 235-54.
381. Thomson, Judith J. (1984) 'Remarks on causation and liability', Philosophy and Public Affairs 13: 101-33.
382. Thomson, Judith J. (1986) Rights, restitution and risk: Essays in moral theory. Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press.
383. Thomson, Judith J. (1990) The realm of rights. Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press.
384. Trachtman, Leon E. (1985) 'Why tolerate the statistical victim?', Hastings Center Report 15(1): 14.
385. Trebilcot, Joyce (1974) 'Aprudentialism', American Philosophical Quarterly 11: 203-10.
386. Urmson, J. O. (1958) 'Saints and heroes'. In A. I. Melden, ed., Essays in moral philosophy. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 198-216.
387. Vainio, Harri and Lorenzo Tomatis (1985) 'Exposure to carcinogens: scientific and regulatory aspects', Annals of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists 12: 135-143.
388. Vallentyne, Peter (1987) 'Utilitarianism and the outcome of actions', Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 68: 57-70.
389. Van de Vate, Dwight and James Kelly (1978) 'The concept of risk', Southern Journal of Philosophy 16: 115-23.
390. van Hees, Martin (2004) 'Freedom of choice and diversity of options: Some difficulties', Social Choice and Welfare 22: 253-66.
391. Vanden Houten, Art (2002) 'Prudence in Hobbes's political philosophy', History of Political Thought 23: 266-87.
392. Viscusi, W. Kip (2002) 'The new cigarette paternalism', Regulation 25(4): 58-64.
393. von Wright, Georg Henrik (1951) 'Deontic logic', Mind 60: 1-15.
394. von Wright, Georg Henrik (1963) The varieties of goodness. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
395. von Wright, Georg Henrik (1968) An essay in deontic logic and the general theory of action, Acta Philosophica Fennica 21.
396. Waddington, C. H. (1960) The ethical animal. London: George Allen & Unwin.
397. Walzer, Michael (1983) Spheres of justice. New York: Basic Books.
398. Ward, David E. (1995) 'Imaginary scenarios, black boxes and philosophical method', Erkenntnis 43: 181-98.
399. Wattles, Jeffrey (1996) The golden rule. New York: Oxford University Press.
400. Weale, Alfred (1979) 'Statistical lives and the principle of maximum benefit', Journal of Medical Ethics 5: 185-95.
401. Weber, M. (1998) 'The resilience of the Allais paradox', Ethics 109: 94-118.
402. Weijer, Charles, Stanley H. Shapiro, and Kathleen Cranley Glass (2000) 'Clinical equipoise and not the uncertainty principle is the moral underpinning of the randomised controlled trial', British Medical Journal 321: 756-57.
403. Weirich, Paul (1981) 'A bias of rationality', Australasian Journal of Philosophy 59: 31-7.
404. Wellman, Carl (1975) 'Upholding legal rights', Ethics 86: 49-60.
405. Whiting, Jennifer (2006) 'The Nicomachean account of philia'. In Richard Kraut (ed.) The Blackwell guide to Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics. Oxford: Blackwell. 276-304.
406. Wilkinson, Richard and Kate Pickett (2009) The spirit level. London: Allen Lane.
407. Williams, Bernard (1973) 'Ethical consistency'. In Problems of the self: Philosophical essays 1956-1972. London: Cambridge University Press. 166-186.
408. Williams, Bernard (1976) 'Moral luck', Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volume 50: 115-35.
409. Williams, Bernard (1981) Moral luck: Philosophical papers 1973-1980. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
410. Wilson, Robert A. (1971) 'Anomie in the ghetto: A study of neighborhood type, race, and anomie', American Journal of Sociology 77: 66-88.
411. Wit, Ernst-Jan (1997) The ethics of chance. Ph.D. Thesis, Pennsylvania State University.
412. Wynne, Brian (1992) 'Carving out science (and politics) in the regulatory jungle', Social Studies of Science 22: 745-58.
413. Zamir, Tzachi (2001) 'One consequence of consequentialism: morality and overdetermination', Erkenntnis 55: 155-68.
414. Zazryn, Tsharni R., Paul R. McCrory, and Peter A. Cameron (2008) 'Neurologic injuries in boxing and other combat sports', Neurologic Clinics 26: 257-70.
415. Zeelenberg, M., J. Beattie, J. van der Pligt and N. K. de Vries (1996) 'Consequences of regret aversion: Effects of expected feedback on risky decision making', Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 65: 148-58.
416. Zeelenberg, Marcel (1999) 'Anticipated regret, expected feedback and behavioral decision making', Journal of Behavioural Decision Making 12: 93-106.
417. Zeelenberg, Marcel and Rik Pieters (2004) 'Consequences of regret aversion in real life: The case of the Dutch postcode lottery', Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 93: 155-68.
418. Zeelenberg, Marcel and Rik Pieters (2007) 'A theory of regret regulation 1.0', Journal of Consumer Psychology 17: 3-18.
419. Zimmerman, M. J. (2006) 'Risk, rights, and restitution', Philosophical Studies 128: 285-311.
420. Zimmerman, M. J. (2008) Living with uncertainty: The moral significance of ignorance. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.