Europe after the Cold War: Interstate order or post-sovereign regional system?

Review of International Studies

Volumn 25, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 201-223

  Wallace, William ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 85006531367     PISSN: 02602105     EISSN: 14699044     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0260210599002016     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. There is a substantial recent literature reassessing the development of the Westphalian system. See, for example, Stephen D. Krasner, ‘Westphalia and All That’, ch. 9 in Judith Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane (eds.), Ideas and Foreign Policy (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993);
2. Alexander Murphy, ‘The Sovereign State as Political-territorial Ideal: Historical and Contemporary Considerations’, ch. 3 in Thomas J. Biersteker and Cynthia Weber (eds.), State Sovereignty as Social Construct (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
3. For evidence on the transformation of Western Europe, I have drawn extensively on chapters contributed to William Wallace (ed.), The Dynamics of European Integration (London: RIIA/Pinter, 1990).
4. and on chapters contributed to Helen Wallace and William Wallace (eds.), Policy-making in the European Union (4th edn: Oxford University Press, forthcoming 2000).
5. Other sources I have found particularly useful include Ole Tunander and others, Geopolitics in Post-Wall Europe: Security, Territory and Identity (London: Sage for PRIO, 1997).
6. and the earlier studies by Hugh Miall, Shaping the New Europe (London: RIIA/Pinter 1993) and.
7. Christoph Bertram, Europe in the Balance (Washington: Carnegie Endowment, 1995).
8. See also the interesting group of essays on New European Orders, 1919 and 1991, edited by Samuel F. Wells and Paula Bailey Smith (Washington: Woodrow Wilson Center/Johns Hopkins, 1996).
9. Robert Cooper, The Post-modern State and the World Order (London: Demos, 1996), lays particular stress on the transformation of security relations in the European region as providing evidence of an emerging post-sovereign order. This paper was originally written as a planning paper within the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office.
10. Josef Joffe, ‘Europe's American pacifier’, Foreign Policy, Spring 1984, pp. 64-82.
11. On the centrality of the American security guarantee to West European integration, see Alfred Grosser, The Western Alliance: European-American relations since 1945 (London: Macmillan, 1980);
12. Anton de Porte, Europe Between the Superpowers: The Enduring Balance (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1986);
13. Geir Lundestad, Empire by Invitation: The United States and European Integration, 1945-1997 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998).
14. This is the underlying argument of Andrew Moravcsik, The Choice for Europe: Social Purpose and State Power from Messina to Maastricht (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998).
15. See also Andrew Moravcsik and Kalypso Nicolaidis, ‘Explaining the Treaty of Amsterdam: Interest, Influence, Institutions’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 37:1 (1999), pp. 59-86.
16. The argument here is set out more fully in ch. 2 of William Wallace, The Transformation of Western Europe, London: RIIA/Pinter 1990.
17. Fiona Hayes-Renshaw and Helen Wallace, The Council of Ministers (London: Macmillan, 1997);
18. M. P. C. M. van Schendelen (ed.), EC Committees as influential policy-makers (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998);
19. Wolfgang Wessels, ‘An Ever Closer Fusion? A Dynamic Macropolitical View on Integration Processes’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 35:2 (1997), pp. 267-299;
20. Simon Hix and Christopher Lord, Political Parties in the European Union (London: Macmillan, 1997).
21. See, for example, chapter 2 of Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Globalization in Question (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 1996).
22. See for example Keith Hoggart and Henry Buller, ‘Retired British Home Owners in Rural France’, Ageing and Society, 15 (1995), pp. 325-353. France, the largest state by physical area within the EU, is host to the largest number of expatriate second homes; followed by Italy, Spain and Greece.
23. Student mobility in the European Community, 27th Report of the Select Committee on the European Communities, House of Lords, 1997-98 (London: HMSO, HL-116 1997-1998).
24. Monica den Boer and William Wallace, ‘Justice and Home Affairs’, ch. 18 in Wallace and Wallace, Policy-making in the European Union (4th edition: Oxford University Press, forthcoming 2000); Dealing with the Third Pillar: the Government's perspective, 15th Report from Select Committee on the European Communities, House of Lords, 1997-8 (London: HMSO, HL-73 1997-8).
25. Sonia Mazey and Jeremy Richardson, ‘The Logic of Organization: Interest Groups’, ch. 11 in Richardson (ed.), European Union: Power and Policy-making (London: Routledge, 1996);
26. Mazey and Richardson (eds.), Lobbying in the European Community (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993). o w vi cu. 1 ou up U11J.J.1L31J.J., wnuai iuiupvan g, wvwiniiwii.i3 owm uw uavv uwpvu uiiciu uiiv nwL.
27. I have developed this argument at greater length in ‘The Sharing of Sovereignty: The European Paradox’, Political Studies, 47, special issue on sovereignty, pp. 503-521, 1999.
28. Ulrich Sedelmeier and Helen Wallace, ‘Policies towards Central and Eastern Europe’, ch. 14 in Wallace and Wallace, Policy-making in the European Union, 3rd edn. 1996;
29. Jan Zielonka, ‘Policies without strategy: the EU's record in eastern Europe’, ch. 9 in Jan Zielonka (ed.), Paradoxes of European Foreign Policy (the Hague: Kluwer, 1998).
30. See also Stuart Croft and others, The Enlargement of Europe (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999).
31. Karen Henderson (ed.), Back to Europe: Central and Eastern Europe and the European Union (London: UCL Press, 1999).
32. Helen Wallace (ed.), The Wider Western Europe: Reshaping the EC-EFTA Relationship (London: Pinter, 1991);
33. Anna Michalski and Helen Wallace, The European Community: The Challenge of Enlargement (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1992).
34. Malcolm Anderson, et al., Policing the European Union (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1995);
35. Visas and Control of External Borders of the Member States, 14th Report of the House of Lords Select Committee on the European Communities, 1993-4 (London: HMSO, HL-78 1993-1994).
36. Jean Monnet's Memoirs (London: Cape, 1978)
37. are unclear on how wide a Community he was prepared to envisage. François Duchene, in Jean Monnet: the First Statesman of Interdependence (New York: Norton, 1994), ch. 5, suggests that he did not care greatly about the number of smaller countries incorporated, provided that it was built around France and Germany and expanded to include Britain.
38. The successful efforts of these dissident intellectuals to influence opinion in Western Europe is described in Tim Garton Ash, The Uses of Adversity (Cambridge: Granta, 1989).
39. For an early Western attempt to reopen this geopolitical question, see Hugh Seton-Watson, ‘What is Europe, where is Europe?’ Encounter, (July-August 1985), pp. 9-17.
40. The Moroccan government addressed a letter of enquiry about future membership to the EC Commission in 1987, which referred to the contribution which Morocco had made to European civilization—treating contemporary Morocco as the successor state to the Moorish kingdom of Spain. So far as I am aware, it did not receive a formal answer. On Morocco's application, see George Joffe (ed.), Morocco and Europe, Centre for Near and Middle East Studies, SOAS, London, 1989;
41. and A. Bahaijoub, ‘Morocco's Argument to join the EC’, in George Joffe (ed.), North Africa: Nation, State and Region (London: Routledge, 1993), pp. 235-246.
42. Final Declaration, Euro-Mediterranean Conference, Barcelona, 29/11/1995. See also Ricardo Gomez, ‘The EU's Mediterranean Policy: Common Foreign Policy by the Back Door?’, ch. 8 in John Peterson and Helene Sjursen (eds.), A Common Foreign Policy for Europe? (London: Routledge, 1998).
43. Esther Barbé, ‘Balancing Europe's Eastern and Southern Dimensions’, ch. 8 in Zielonka (ed.), Paradoxes of European Foreign Policy.
44. John J. Mearsheimer, ‘Back to the Future: Instability in Europe after the Cold War’, International Security, Summer 1990, 5-56.
45. Clare McManus, ‘Poland and the Europe Agreements: the EU as a Regional Actor’, ch. 7 in Peterson and Sjursen, A Common Foreign Policy for Europe?
46. Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (London: Macmillan, 1977), pp. 254-255.
47. Fred Halliday, in Rethinking International Relations (London: Macmillan, 1994), ch. 5, traces this interpretation of European international society back to Edmund Burke.
48. Helen Wallace, ‘The Pattern of Policy’, ch. 1 in Wallace and Wallace, Policymaking in the European Union, 4th edn.
49. Article 26, Treaty of European Union, as revised in the Treaty of Amsterdam 1997.
50. This threatened to be a major issue in the 1996-7 EU Intergovernmental Conference (IGC), with the German and French governments expressing concern that with the current weighting of votes favouring smaller countries it would be possible after further enlargement for a qualified majority of votes to carry a decision against states representing the majority of EU citizens. The confused endgame negotiations at Amsterdam, in June 1997, however agreed to postpone this issue until a further IGC. Brendan Smith, Politics and Policymaking at the 1996-7 European Union Intergovernmental Conference (London: LSE Ph.D thesis, 1999), ch. 5.
51. For contrasting views on the post-Cold War development of transatlantic relations, see Christopher Coker, The Twilight of the West (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1998).
52. and John Peterson, Europe and America: The Prospects for Partnership (London: Routledge, 2nd edn 1996); or.
53. The Future of Transatlantic Relations, Task Force report (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1998).
54. and William Wallace and Jan Zielonka, ‘Misunderstanding Europe’, Foreign Affairs, 77:6 (1998), pp. 65-79.
55. This process is detailed in Alan Mayhew, Recreating Europe: the EU's Policy towards Central and Eastern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
56. ‘Study on nAtO Enlargment’, NATO Secretariat, Brussels, September 1995.
57. Charles Kupchan, ‘From European Union to Atlantic Union’, ch. 10 in Zielonka (ed.), Paradoxes of European Foreign Policy.
58. Jan Zielonka, Explaining Euro-paralysis: Why Europe is Unable to Act in International Politics (London: Macmillan, 1998).
59. Paul Taylor, The European Union in the 1990s (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), ch. 2.