Elm yellows: A phytoplasma disease of concern in forest and landscape ecosystems

Forest Pathology

Volumn 47, Issue 1, 2017, Pages

  Marcone, C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SALERNO   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOASSAY; DECIDUOUS TREE; DISEASE VECTOR; FOREST ECOSYSTEM; FUTURE PROSPECT; HOST PLANT; INFECTIOUS DISEASE; LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY; PATHOGENICITY; PHYTOPLASMA; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; SUBLETHAL EFFECT; SYMPTOM;

EUROPE; ITALY; NORTH AMERICA;

CANDIDATUS PHYTOPLASMA; CANDIDATUS PHYTOPLASMA ULMI; HEXAPODA; MACROPSIS MENDAX; ULMUS;

EID: 85006411019     PISSN: 14374781     EISSN: 14390329     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/efp.12324     Document Type: Review

References (115)

1. Ahrens, U., & Seemüller, E. (1992). Detection of DNA of plant pathogenic mycoplasmalike organisms by a polymerase chain reaction that amplifies a sequence of the 16S rRNA gene. Phytopathology, 82, 828–832.
2. Ahrens, U., & Seemüller, E. (1994). Detection of mycoplasmalike organisms in declining oaks by polymerase chain reaction. European Journal of Forest Pathology, 24, 55–63.
3. Angelini, E., Clair, D., Borgo, M., Bertaccini, A., & Boudon-Padieu, E. (2001). Flavescence dorée in France and Italy – Occurrence of closely related phytoplasma isolates and their near relationships to Palatinate grapevine yellows and an alder yellows phytoplasma. Vitis, 40, 79–86.
4. Arismendi, N., Andrade, N., Riegel, R., Zamorano, A., & Fiore, N (2011). Molecular identification of 16SrIII-J and 16SrV-A phytoplasmas in Ugni molinae and Amplicephalus curtulus. In Proc. 20th Chilean Cong. Plant Pathol. (pp. 11–12). Santiago, Chile. November 19 - December 1, 2011. Ed. by Sociedad Chilena de Fitopatología.
5. Arismendi, N. L., & Carrillo, R. (2015). Survival, fecundity, and body mass of Amplicephalus curtulus influenced by ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma ulmi’ (16SrV-A) infection. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 155, 176–183.
6. Arismendi, N. L., Reyes, M., & Carrillo, R. (2015). Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activity levels in phytoplasma-infected and uninfected Amplicephalus curtulus (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae): Possible implications of phytoplasma infections. Journal of Pest Science, 88, 657–663.
7. Arismendi, N. L., Reyes, M., Miller, S. A., Wijeratne, A. J., & Carrillo, R. (2015). Infection of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma ulmi’ reduces the protein content and alters the activity of detoxifying enzymes in Amplicephalus curtulus. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 157, 334–345.
8. Arismendi, N., Riegel, R., & Carrillo, R. (2014). In vivo transmission of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma ulmi’ by Amplicephalus curtulus. (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) and its effect on ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum cv. Tama). Journal of Economic Entomology, 107, 83–91.
9. Arnaud, G., Malembic-Maher, S., Salar, P., Bonnet, P., Maixner, M., Marcone, C., … Foissac, X. (2007). Multilocus sequence typing confirms the close genetic interrelatedness of three distinct flavescence dorée phytoplasma strain clusters and group 16SrV phytoplasmas infecting grapevine and alder in Europe. Applied and Environment Microbiology, 73, 4001–4010.
10. Atanasoff, D. (1973). Witches’ brooms on stems of elms and other trees. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 9, 241–243.
11. Baker, W. L. (1948). Transmission by leafhoppers of the virus causing phloem necrosis of American elm. Science, 108, 307–308.
12. Baker, W. L. (1949). Studies on the transmission of the virus causing phloem necrosis of American elm, with notes on the biology of its insect vector. Journal of Economic Entomology, 42, 729–732.
13. Baker, W. L. (1950). Recent developments of transmission of elm phloem necrosis disease. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 52, 52.
14. Berges, R., & Seemüller, E. (2002). Impact of phytoplasma infection of common alder (Alnus glutinosa) depends on strain virulence. Forest Pathology, 32, 357–363.
15. Bertelli, E., Tegli, S., Sfalanga, A., & Surico, G. (2000). Epidemiologia e diffusione del giallume dell'olmo. Petria, 10, 161–162.
16. Bertelli, E., Tegli, S., Sfalanga, A., & Surico, G. (2002). Detection of phytoplasmal DNA in flowers and seeds from elm trees infected with elm yellows. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 41, 259–265.
17. Boiñanský, V. (1969) Elm witches’ broom - A new virus disease in Czechoslovakia. In: Proc. 6th Conf. Czech. Plant Virol. (pp. 211–215). Olomouc, Czechoslovakia, 1967. Ed. by Publ. House Czech. Acad. Sci.
18. Braun, E. J., & Sinclair, W. A. (1976). Histopathology of phloem necrosis in Ulmus americana. Phytopathology, 66, 598–607.
19. Braun, E. J., & Sinclair, W. A. (1978). Translocation in phloem necrosis-diseased American elm seedlings. Phytopathology, 68, 1733–1737.
20. Braun, E. J., & Sinclair, W. A. (1979). Phloem necrosis of elms: Symptoms and histopathological observations in tolerant hosts. Phytopathology, 69, 354–358.
21. Bretz, T. W. (1944a). Phloem necrosis of elms in Missouri. Plant Disease Reporter, 28, 929–931.
22. Bretz, T. W. (1944b). Observations on phloem necrosis of elm in Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. Plant Disease Reporter, 28, 1056–1057.
23. Bretz, T. W., & Swingle, R. U. (1946). Known distribution of phloem necrosis of the American elm. Plant Disease Reporter, 30, 156–159.
24. Carraro, L., Ferrini, F., Ermacora, P., Loi, N., Martini, M., & Osler, R. (2004). Macropsis mendax as a vector of elm yellows phytoplasma of Ulmus species. Plant Pathology, 53, 90–95.
25. Carter, J. C. (1950). Status of oak wilt and elm phloem necrosis in the Midwest. Arborist News, 15, 45–51.
26. Carter, J. C., & Carter, L. R. (1974). An urban epiphytotic of phloem necrosis and Dutch elm disease, 1944-1972. llinois Natural History Survey Bulletin, 31, 113–143.
27. Conti, M., D'Agostino, G., & Mittempergher, L. (1987) A recent epiphytotic of elm yellows in Italy. In: Proc. 7th Cong. Mediterr (pp. 208–209). Granada, Spain: Phytopathol. Union. September 1987. Ed. by Sociedad Española de Fitopatologia.
28. Curl, E. A., Hyche, L. L., & Marshall, N. L. (1959). An outbreak of phloem necrosis in Alabama. Plant Disease Reporter, 43, 1245–1246.
29. Daire, X., Clair, D., Reinert, W., & Boudon-Padieu, E. (1997). Detection and differentiation of grapevine yellows phytoplasmas belonging to the elm yellows group and the stolbur subgroup by PCR amplification of non-ribosomal DNA. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 103, 507–514.
30. Deng, S., & Hiruki, C. (1991). Amplification of 16S rRNA genes from culturable and non culturable mollicutes. Journal of Microbiol Methods, 14, 53–61.
31. Filer, T. H. Jr (1966). Phloem necrosis of American elm in the Mississippi delta. Plant Disease Reporter, 50, 751.
32. Forbes, S. A. (1912). What is the matter with the elms in Illinois? Urbana, University of Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, 154, 1–22.
33. Gao, R., Wang, J., Shao, Y.-H., Li, X.-D., Yang, B.-H., Chang, W. C., … Zhu, S.-F. (2011). Molecular identification of a phytoplasma associated with elm witches’-broom in China. Forest Pathology, 41, 355–360.
34. Garman, H. (1893). The pests of shade and ornamental trees. Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin, 47, 88–181.
35. Garman, H. (1899). The elms and their diseases. Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin, 84, 51–75.
36. Goidànich, G. (1951). Gli scopazzi dell'olmo. Informatore Fitopatologico, 14, 8.
37. Griffiths, H. M. (2013). Forest diseases caused by prokaryotes: Phytoplasmal and bacterial diseases. In P. Gonthier, & G. Nicolotti (Eds.), Infectious Forest Diseases (pp. 76–96). Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK: CAB International.
38. Griffiths, H. M., Sinclair, W. A., Boudon-Padieu, E., Daire, X., Lee, I.-M., Sfalanga, A., & Bertaccini, A. (1999). Phytoplasmas associated with elm yellows: Molecular variability and differentiation from related organisms. Plant Disease, 83, 1101–1104.
39. Gualaccini, F. (1963). Primi risultati di esperienze su scopazzi, foglie ad imbuto ed altre anomalie dell'olmo campestre (Ulmus campestris L.). Bollettino della Stazione di Patologia Vegetale di Roma, 21, 25–44.
40. Gundersen, D. E., & Lee, I. M. (1996). Ultrasensitive detection of phytoplasmas by nested-PCR assays using universal primer pairs. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 35, 144–151.
41. Herath, P., Hoover, G. A., Angelini, E., & Moorman, G. W. (2010). Detection of elm yellows phytoplasma in elms and insects using real-time PCR. Plant Disease, 94, 1355–1360.
42. Hiruki, C., & Wang, K. (2004). Clover proliferation phytoplasma: ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma trifolii’. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 54, 1349–1353.
43. IRPCM Phytoplasma/Spiroplasma Working Team – Phytoplasma taxonomy group (2004). ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’, a taxon for the wall-less, non-helical prokaryotes that colonize plant phloem and insects. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 54, 1243–1255.
44. Jacobs, K. A., Lee, I.-M., Griffiths, H. M., Miller, F. D. Jr, & Bottner, K. D. (2003). A new member of the clover proliferation phytoplasma group (16SrVI) associated with elm yellows in Illinois. Plant Disease, 87, 241–246.
45. Jarausch, W., Jarausch-Wehrheim, B., Danet, J. L., Broquaire, J. M., Dosba, F., Saillard, C., & Garnier, M. (2001). Detection and identification of European stone fruit yellows and other phytoplasmas in wild plants in the surroundings of apricot chlorotic leaf roll-affected orchards in southern France. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 107, 209–217.
46. Jović, J., Cvrković, T., Mitrović, M., Petrović, A., Krnjajić, S., & Toševski, I. (2008). New strain of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma ulmi’ infecting Ulmus minor and U. laevis in Serbia. Plant Pathology, 57, 1174.
47. Jović, J., Cvrković, T., Mitrović, M., Petrović, A., Krstić, O., Krnjajić, S., & Toševski, I. (2010) Genetic variability among ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma ulmi’ strains infecting elms in Serbia and survey of potential vectors. In: A. Bertaccini, A. Laviña & E. Torres (Eds.), COST Action FA0807. Current Status and Perspectives of Phytoplasma Disease Research and Management (pp. 18). Sitges, Spain, February 1-2, 2010.
48. Jović, J., Cvrković, T., Mitrović, M., Petrović, A., Krstić, O., Krnjajić, S., & Toševski, I. (2011). Multigene sequence data and genetic diversity among ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma ulmi’ strains infecting Ulmus spp. in Serbia. Plant Pathology, 60, 356–368.
49. Jung, H.-Y., Sawayanagi, T., Kakizawa, S., Nishigawa, H., Wei, W., Oshima, K., … Namba, S. (2003). ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma ziziphi’, a novel phytoplasma taxon associated with jujube witches’-broom disease. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 53, 1037–1041.
50. Kamala-Kannan, S., Han, S.-S., Lee, K.-J., Velmurugan, P., Lee, Y. H., Chae, J.-C., … Oh, B.-T. (2011). Association of elm yellows subgroup 16SrV-B phytoplasma with a disease of Hovenia dulcis. Journal of Phytopathology, 159, 171–174.
51. Katanić, Z., Krstin, L., Ježić, M., Zebec, M., & Ćurković-Perica, M. (2016). Molecular characterization of elm yellows phytoplasmas in Croatia and their impact on Ulmus spp. Plant Pathology, doi: 10.1111/ppa.12524.
52. Kirkpatrick, B. C., Harrison, N. A., Lee, I.-M., Neimark, H., & Sears, B. B. (1995). Isolation of mycoplasma-like organism DNA from plant and insect hosts. In S. Razin, & J. G. Tully (Eds.), Molecular and Diagnostic Procedures in Mycoplasmology, Vol. I (pp. 105–117). San Diego, CA, USA: Academic Press.
53. Kirkpatrick, B. C., Stenger, D. C., Morris, T. J., & Purcell, A. H. (1987). Cloning and detection of DNA from a nonculturable plant pathogenic mycoplasma-like organism. Science, 238, 197–200.
54. Kollar, A., Seemüller, E., Bonnet, F., Saillard, C., & Bové, J. M. (1990). Isolation of the DNA of various plant pathogenic mycoplasmalike organisms from infected plants. Phytopathology, 80, 233–237.
55. Lanier, G. N., Schubert, D. C., & Manion, P. D. (1988). Dutch elm disease and elm yellows in central New York. Plant Disease, 72, 189–194.
56. Lee, I.-M., Bertaccini, A., Vibio, M., Conti, M., Mittempergher, L., & Gennari, F. (1993). PCR-based procedures for detection and characterization of mycoplasmalike organisms associated with Ulmus spp. in Italy. In P.M. Galletti, C. Rosso, S. Scannerini, A. Ugolini, E. Spoldi & G. Buffa (Eds.), Agricultural and Environmental Biotechnology (pp. 197–198), Turin, Italy: Edizioni M.A.F. Servizi, September 15-17, 1993
57. Lee, I.-M., Bertaccini, A., Vibio, M., Gundersen, D. E., Davis, R. E., Mittempergher, L., … Gennari, F. (1995). Detection and characterization of phytoplasmas associated with disease in Ulmus and Rubus in northern and central Italy. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 34, 174–183.
58. Lee, I.-M., Davis, R. E., Sinclair, W. A., De Witt, N. D., & Conti, M. (1993). Genetic relatedness of mycoplasmalike organisms detected in Ulmus spp. in the United States and Italy by means of DNA probes and polymerase chain reactions. Phytopathology, 83, 829–833.
59. Lee, I.-M., Gundersen, D. E., Hammond, R. W., & Davis, R. E. (1994). Use of mycoplasmalike organism (MLO) group-specific oligonucleotide primers for nested-PCR assays to detect mixed-MLO infections in a single host plant. Phytopathology, 84, 559–566.
60. Lee, I.-M., Martini, M., Marcone, C., & Zhu, S. F. (2004). Classification of phytoplasma strains in the elm yellows group (16SrV) and proposal of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma ulmi’ for the phytoplasma associated with elm yellows. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 54, 337–347.
61. Malembic-Maher, S., Salar, P., Filippin, L., Carle, P., Angelini, E., & Foissac, X. (2011). Genetic diversity of European phytoplasmas of the 16SrV taxonomic group and proposal of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma rubi’. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 61, 2129–2134.
62. Marcone, C. (2010). Movement of phytoplasmas and the development of disease in the plant. In P. G. Weintraub, & P. Jones (Eds.), Phytoplasmas: Genomes, Plant Hosts and Vectors (pp. 114–131). Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK: CAB International.
63. Marcone, C. (2015). Current status of phytoplasma diseases of forest and landscape trees and shrubs. Journal of Plant Pathology, 97, 9–36.
64. Marcone, C., Neimark, H., Ragozzino, A., Lauer, U., & Seemüller, E. (1999). Chromosome sizes of phytoplasmas composing major phylogenetic groups and subgroups. Phytopathology, 89, 805–810.
65. Marcone, C., Ragozzino, A., Berges, R., Cousin, M.-T., & Seemüller, E. (1999). Phytoplasma diseases of trees and shrubs of urban areas in Europe. Acta Horticulturae, 496, 69–75.
66. Marcone, C., Ragozzino, A., Firrao, G., & Locci, R. (1994). Detection of elm witches’-broom agent in Basilicata, Southern Italy. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 33, 194–199.
67. Marcone, C., Ragozzino, A., Schneider, B., Lauer, U., Smart, C. D., & Seemüller, E. (1996). Genetic characterization and classification of two phytoplasmas associated with spartium witches’-broom disease. Plant Disease, 80, 365–371.
68. Marcone, C., Ragozzino, A., & Seemüller, E. (1996). Detection of an elm yellows-related phytoplasma in eucalyptus trees affected by little leaf disease in Italy. Plant Disease, 80, 669–673.
69. Marcone, C., Ragozzino, A., & Seemüller, E. (1997). Identification and characterization of the phytoplasma associated with elm yellows in southern Italy and its relatedness to other phytoplasmas of the elm yellows group. European Journal of Forest Pathology, 27, 45–54.
70. Marcone, C., Ragozzino, A., & Seemüller, E. (1998) Detection and genetic characterization of phytoplasmas in forest trees, landscape trees, and shrubs by direct and nested PCR assays. In C. Manceau & J. L. Spak (Eds.), COST 823 - New technologies to improve phytodiagnosis. Advances in the detection of plant pathogens by polymerase chain reaction, (pp. 67–80). Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
71. Martini, M., Marcone, C., Lee, I.-M., & Firrao, G. (2014). The family Acholeplasmataceae (including phytoplasmas). In E. Rosenberg, E. F. DeLong, S. Lory, E. Stackebrandt, & F. Thompson (Eds.), The Prokaryotes - Firmicutes and Tenericutes, 4th edition, XXII (pp. 469–504). Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
72. Massalongo, C. (1924). A proposito di scopazzi osservati sopra un <>. Bullettino della Società Botanica Italiana, 1924, 159–161.
73. Matteoni, J. A., & Sinclair, W. A. (1983). Stomatal closure in plants infected by mycoplasmalike organisms. Phytopathology, 73, 398–402.
74. Matteoni, J. A., & Sinclair, W. A. (1988). Elm yellows and ash yellows. In C Hiruki (Ed.), Tree Mycoplasmas and Mycoplasma Diseases (pp. 19–31). Edmonton, Alberta, Canada: University of Alberta Press.
75. Matteoni, J. A., & Sinclair, W. A. (1989). A note on the presence of elm yellows in the Niagara Peninsula. Phytoprotection, 70, 137–139.
76. Mäurer, R., Seemüller, E., & Sinclair, W. A. (1993). Genetic relatedness of mycoplasmalike organisms affecting elm, alder, and ash in Europe and North America. Phytopathology, 83, 971–976.
77. McLean, D. M. (1944). Histo-pathologic changes in the phloem of American elm affected with the virus causing phloem necrosis. Phytopathology, 34, 818–826.
78. Mengoni, A., Mocali, S., Surico, G., Tegli, S., & Fani, R. (2003). Fluctuation of endophytic bacteria and phytoplasmosis in elm trees. Microbiological Research, 158, 363–369.
79. Merril, W., & Nichols, L. P. (1972). Distribution of elm phloem necrosis in Pennsylvania. Plant Disease Reporter, 56, 525.
80. Miller, J. H., Campbell, W. A., & Thompson, G. E. (1954). Diseases and insects affecting the commonly planted trees and shrubs in Georgia. Plant Disease Reporter, 38, 362–369.
81. Mittempergher, L. (2000). Elm yellows in Europe. In C. P. Dunn (Ed.), The Elms: Breeding, Conservation, and Disease Management (pp. 103–119). Boston, Massachusetts, USA: Kluwer Academic Publisher.
82. Mittempergher, L., Fagnani, A., Ferrini, F., & D'Agostino, G. (1990) Elm yellows a disease to be taken into consideration when breeding elm for disease resistance. In: Proc. 8th Cong. Mediterr (pp. 433–435). Agadir, Marocco: Phytopathol. Unions. October 28 – November 3, 1990. Ed. by ACTES.
83. Mittempergher, L., Tegli, S., Bertelli, E., Sfalanga, A., Bertaccini, A., & Surigo, G. (2000). I fitoplasmi negli alberi forestali con particolare riferimento all’ olmo. Petria, 10, 157–160.
84. Mocali, S., Sfalanga, A., Di Cello, F., Bertelli, E., Tegli, S., Surico, G., & Fani, R. (2000). Analisi molecolare delle popolazioni batteriche endofite di piante di olmo affette da giallume. Petria, 10, 163–164.
85. Murolo, S., & Romanazzi, G. (2008). Infections of Candidatus Phytoplasma ulmi in Ulmus parvifolia, Ulmus sp. and Zelkova serrata trained as bonsais. Journal of Plant Pathology, 90, 345–349.
86. Navrátil, M., Šafářová, D., Válová, P., Fránová, J., & Šimková, M. (2009). Phytoplasma associated with witches’-broom disease of Ulmus minor Mill. in the Czech Republic: Electron miscoscopy and molecular characterization. Folia Microbiologica, 54, 37–42.
87. Pantanelli, E. (1918). Arricciamento dell'olmo e del bagolaro. Le Stazioni Sperimentali Agrarie Italiane, 51, 214–219.
88. Pisi, A., Marani, F., & Bertaccini, A. (1981). Mycoplasma-like organisms associated with Elm witches’ broom symptoms. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 20, 189–191.
89. Quaglino, F., Casati, P., Eccher, T., & Bianco, P. A. (2005). Genetic variability of phytoplasmas belonging to ‘Ca. Phytoplasma ulmi’ in an ancient historic elm (Ulmus minor) tree. Petria, 15, 209–211.
90. Ren, Z. G., Lin, C. L., Li, Y., Song, C. S., Wang, X. Z., Piao, C. G., & Tian, G. Z. (2014). Comparative molecular analyses of phytoplasmas infecting Sophora japonica cv. golden and Robinia pseudoacacia. Journal of Phytopathology, 162, 98–106.
91. Romanazzi, G., & Murolo, S. (2008). ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma ulmi’ causing yellows in Zelkova serrata newly reported in Italy. Plant Pathology, 57, 1174.
92. Rosa, C., McCarthy, E., Duong, K., Hoover, G., & Moorman, G. (2014). First report of the spittlebug Lepyronia quadrangularis and the leafhopper Latalus sp. as vectors of the elm yellows associated phytoplasma, Candidatus Phytoplasma ulmi in North America. Plant Disease, 98, 154.
93. Seemüller, E. (1992). Laubgehölzmykoplasosen in Europa. Nachrichtenblatt des Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienstes, 44, 145–148.
94. Seemüller, E., Kampmann, M., Kiss, E., & Schneider, B. (2011). HflB gene-based phytopathogenic classification of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’ strains and evidence that strain composition determines virulence in multiply infected apple trees. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 24, 1258–1266.
95. Seemüller, E., & Kirkpatrick, B. C. (1996). Detection of phytoplasma infections in plants. In J. G. Tully, & S. Razin (Eds.), Molecular and Diagnostics Procedures in Mycoplasmology, Vol. II (pp. 299–311). San Diego, CA, USA: Academic Press.
96. Seemüller, E., Kiss, E., Sule, S., & Schneider, B. (2010). Multiple infection of apple trees by distinct strains of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’ and its pathological relevance. Phytopathology, 100, 863–870.
97. Seemüller, E., Marcone, C., Lauer, U., Ragozzino, A., & Göschl, M. (1998). Current status of molecular classification of the phytoplasmas. Journal of Plant Pathology, 80, 3–26.
98. Seemüller, E., Moll, E., & Schneider, B. (2008). Apple proliferation resistance of Malus sieboldii-based rootstocks in comparison to rootstocks derived from other Malus species. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 121, 109–119.
99. Seliskar, C. E., & Wilson, C. L. (1981). Yellows diseases of trees. In K. Maramorosch, & S. P. Raychaudhuri (Eds.), Mycoplasma Diseases of Trees and Shrubs (pp. 35–96). New York, NY, USA: Academic Press.
100. Sfalanga, A., Martini, M., Surico, G., & Bertaccini, A. (2002). Involvement of phytoplasmas in a decline of Ulmus chenmoui in central Italy. Forest Pathology, 32, 265–275.
101. Sinclair, W. A. (1972). Phloem necrosis of American and slippery elms in New York. Plant Disease Reporter, 56, 159–161.
102. Sinclair, W. A. (1981). Elm yellows. In R. J. Stipes, & R. J. Campana (Eds.), Compendium of Elm Diseases (pp. 25–31). St. Paul, Minnesota, USA: The American Phytopathological Society.
103. Sinclair, W. A. (2000). Elm yellows in North America. In C. P. Dunn (Ed.), The Elms: Breeding, Conservation, and Disease Management (pp. 121–136). Boston, Massachusetts, USA: Kluwer Academic Publisher.
104. Sinclair, W. A., Braun, E. J., & Larsen, A. O. (1976). Update on phloem necrosis of elm. Journal of Arboriculture, 2, 106–113.
105. Sinclair, W. A., Griffiths, H. M., & Lee, I.-M. (1994). Mycoplasmalike organisms as causes of slow growth and decline of trees and shrubs. Journal of Arboriculture, 20, 176–189.
106. Sinclair, W. A., Townsend, A. M., Griffiths, H. M., & Whitlow, T. H. (2000). Responses of six Eurasian Ulmus cultivars to a North American elm yellows phytoplasma. Plant Disease, 84, 1266–1270.
107. Sinclair, W. A., Townsend, A. M., & Sherald, J. L. (2001). Elm yellows phytoplasma lethal to Dutch elm disease-resistant Ulmus americana cultivars. Plant Disease, 85, 560.
108. Smart, C. D., Schneider, B., Blomquist, C. L., Guerra, L. J., Harrison, N. A., Ahrens, U., … Kirkpatrick, B. C. (1996). Phytoplasma-specific PCR primers based on sequences of the 16S/23S rRNA spacer region. Applied and Environment Microbiology, 62, 2988–2993.
109. Stack, R. W., & Freeman, T. P. (1988). First report of elm yellows in North Dakota. Plant Disease, 72, 912.
110. Swingle, R. U. (1938). A phloem necrosis of elm. Phytopathology, 28, 757–759.
111. Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Peterson, D., Filipski, A., & Kumar, S. (2013). MEGA 6: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 30, 2725–2729.
112. Wang, L.-P., Hong, N., Xu, W.-X., Wang, Y.-F., Chofong, G.-N., Martini, M., … Wang, G.-P. (2014). Identification and molecular characterization of 16SrV group phytoplasmas with flowering cherry in China. Forest Pathology, 44, 166–168.
113. Weber, P. V. V., Sinclair, W. A., Peterson, J. L., & Davis, S. H. Jr (1974). New in New Jersey: Elm phloem necrosis. Plant Disease Reporter, 58, 387–388.
114. Wilson, C. L., Seliskar, C. E., & Krause, C. R. (1972). Mycoplasmalike bodies associated with elm phloem necrosis. Phytopathology, 62, 140–143.
115. Zhu, T. S., Pan, Y. Z., Cui, T. T., Gao, R., Li, X.-D., & Zhu, S. F. (2008). Molecular detection and identification of the phytoplasma associated with elm yellows in China. Acta Phytopathology Sinica, 38, 401–406.