Diagnostic tools in Rhinology EAACI position paper

Clinical and Translational Allergy

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 1-39

  Scadding, Glenis ^a   Hellings, Peter ^b   Alobid, Isam ^c   Bachert, Claus ^d   Fokkens, Wytske ^e   Van Wijk, Roy Gerth ^f   Gevaert, Philippe ^d   Guilemany, Josep ^c   Kalogjera, Livije ^g   Lund, Valerie ^a   Mullol, Joaquim ^c   Passalacqua, Giovanni ^h   Toskala, Elina ⁱ   Van Drunen, Cornelius ^e  

^a ROYAL NATIONAL THROAT NOSE AND EAR HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS LEUVEN   (Belgium)

^c Department of Cardiovascular Surgery   (Spain)

^d GHENT UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Belgium)

^e ACADEMIC MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^f ERASMUS MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^g KBC Zagreb   (Croatia)

^h UNIVERSITY OF GENOA   (Italy)

ⁱ Center for Applied Genomics   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ADENOSINE PHOSPHATE; ALLERGEN; CAPSAICIN; HISTAMINE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; MANNITOL; METHACHOLINE; NITRIC OXIDE;

ACOUSTIC RHINOMETRY; ALCOHOL SNIFF TEST; ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ANTERIOR RHINOSCOPY; ARTICLE; ASPIRIN NASAL CHALLENGE; BARCELONA SMELL TEST; CANDY SMELL TEST; CHEMOLUMINESCENCE; CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS; CHURG STRAUSS SYNDROME; CLINICAL PRACTICE; COLD AIR; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; CROSS CULTURAL SMELL IDENTIFICATION TEST; CULTURALLY ADJUSTED UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA SMELL IDENTIFICATION TEST; CYSTIC FIBROSIS; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DUTCH ODOR IDENTIFICATION TEST; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; ELOIT AND TROTIER OLFACTORY TEST; ENDOSCOPY; FOUR MINUTE ODOR IDENTIFICATION TEST; GUSTOMETER; HUMAN; INSTRUMENT VALIDATION; MEDICAL HISTORY; MUCOCILIARY CLEARANCE; NASAL BIOPSY; NASAL CYTOLOGY; NASAL LAVAGE; NASAL NITRIC OXIDE; NEZ DU VIN SMELL TEST; NOSE POLYP; NOSE PROVOCATION TEST; NOSE SECRETION; OCCUPATIONAL RHINITIS; ODOR RECOGNITION TEST; ODORANT CONFUSION MATRIX; OLFACTOMETER; OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY; PALPATION; PEAK NASAL INSPIRATORY FLOW; POCKET SMELL TEST; POSTERIOR RHINOSCOPY; PRICK TEST; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROVOCATION TEST; QUALITY OF LIFE ASSESSMENT; QUESTIONNAIRE; RADIOALLERGOSORBENT TEST; RAMDON TEST; RESPIRATORY TRACT EXAMINATION; RHINITIS; RHINOMANOMETRY; RHINOSINUSITIS; SAN DIEGO ODOR IDENTIFICATION TEST; SCANDINAVIAN ODOR IDENTIFICATION TEST; SMELL AND TASTE PARAMETERS; SMELL DISKETTES TEST; SNIFFIN STICKS; SUCTION; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TRANSILLUMINATION; VASOMOTOR RHINITIS;

EID: 85006276880     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20457022     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/2045-7022-1-2     Document Type: Article

References (154)

1. Bousquet J, Khaltaev N, Cruz AA, Denburg J, Fokkens WJ, Togias A: Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) 2008 update (in collaboration with the World Health Organization, GA(2)LEN and AllerGen). Allergy. 2008, 63 (Suppl 86): 8-160.
2. Fokkens W, Lund V, Mullol J: European position paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps 2007. Rhinol Suppl. 2007, 1-136. 20
3. Williams PB, Ahlstedt S, Barnes JH, Soderstrom L, Portnoy J: Are our impressions of allergy test performances correct?. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2003, 91 (1): 26-33. 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62054-6.
4. Hellings PW, Fokkens WJ: Allergic rhinitis and its impact on otorhinolaryngology. Allergy. 2006, 61 (6): 656-64. 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01109.x.
5. Bousquet J, Van Cauwenberge P, Khaltaev N: Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001, 108 (5 Suppl): S147-334.
6. Schipper H: Guidelines and caveats for quality of life measurement in clinical practice and research. Oncology (Williston Park). 1990, 4 (5): 51-7. discussion 70
7. Petersen KD, Kronborg C, Gyrd-Hansen D, Dahl R, Larsen JN, Lowenstein H: Quality of life in rhinoconjunctivitis assessed with generic and disease-specific questionnaires. Allergy. 2008, 63 (3): 284-91. 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01583.x.
8. Hurst JR, Wilkinson TM, Donaldson GC, Wedzicha JA: Upper airway symptoms and quality of life in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Respir Med. 2004, 98 (8): 767-70. 10.1016/j.rmed.2004.01.010.
9. Passalacqua G, Pasquali M, Ariano R, Lombardi C, Giardini A, Baiardini I: Randomized double-blind controlled study with sublingual carbamylated allergoid immunotherapy in mild rhinitis due to mites. Allergy. 2006, 61 (7): 849-54. 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01095.x.
10. Ware JE, Sherbourne CD: The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care. 1992, 30 (6): 473-83. 10.1097/00005650-199206000-00002.
11. Ware J, Kosinski M, Keller SD: A 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity. Med Care. 1996, 34 (3): 220-33. 10.1097/00005650-199603000-00003.
12. Melzack R: The short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire. Pain. 1987, 30 (2): 191-7. 10.1016/0304-3959(87)91074-8.
13. Robinson K, Gatehouse S, Browning GG: Measuring patient benefit from otorhinolaryngological surgery and therapy. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1996, 105 (6): 415-22.
14. Juniper EF, Guyatt GH: Development and testing of a new measure of health status for clinical trials in rhinoconjunctivitis. Clin Exp Allergy. 1991, 21 (1): 77-83. 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1991.tb00807.x.
15. Juniper EF, Thompson AK, Ferrie PJ, Roberts JN: Development and validation of the mini Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire. Clin Exp Allergy. 2000, 30 (1): 132-40. 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2000.00668.x.
16. Juniper EF, Guyatt GH, Dolovich J: Assessment of quality of life in adolescents with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis: development and testing of a questionnaire for clinical trials. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1994, 93 (2): 413-23. 10.1016/0091-6749(94)90349-2.
17. Benninger MS, Senior BA: The development of the Rhinosinusitis Disability Index. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1997, 123 (11): 1175-9.
18. Piccirillo JF, Merritt MG, Richards ML: Psychometric and clinimetric validity of the 20-Item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-20). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2002, 126 (1): 41-7. 10.1067/mhn.2002.121022.
19. Hurst NP, Jobanputra P, Hunter M, Lambert M, Lochhead A, Brown H: Validity of Euroqol--a generic health status instrument--in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Economic and Health Outcomes Research Group. Br J Rheumatol. 1994, 33 (7): 655-62. 10.1093/rheumatology/33.7.655.
20. Revicki DA, Leidy NK, Brennan-Diemer F, Thompson C, Togias A: Development and preliminary validation of the multiattribute Rhinitis Symptom Utility Index. Qual Life Res. 1998, 7 (8): 693-702.
21. van Oene CM, van Reij EJ, Sprangers MA, Fokkens WJ: Quality-assessment of disease-specific quality of life questionnaires for rhinitis and rhinosinusitis: a systematic review. Allergy. 2007, 62 (12): 1359-71. 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01482.x.
22. Baiardini I, Pasquali M, Giardini A, Specchia C, Passalacqua G, Venturi S: Rhinasthma: a new specific QoL questionnaire for patients with rhinitis and asthma. Allergy. 2003, 58 (4): 289-94. 10.1034/j.1398-9995.2003.00079.x.
23. Sintonen H: The 15D instrument of health-related quality of life: properties and applications. Ann Med. 2001, 33 (5): 328-36. 10.3109/07853890109002086.
24. Juniper EF, Rohrbaugh T, Meltzer EO: A questionnaire to measure quality of life in adults with nocturnal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003, 111 (3): 484-90. 10.1067/mai.2003.137.
25. Verdalle P, Roquet E, Hor F, Raynal M, Courtois A, Bauduceau B: Pituitary abscess. A rare complication of sinusitis. Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol (Bord). 1997, 118 (5): 327-9.
26. Landgraf JM, Maunsell E, Speechley KN, Bullinger M, Campbell S, Abetz L: Canadian-French, German and UK versions of the Child Health Questionnaire: methodology and preliminary item scaling results. Qual Life Res. 1998, 7 (5): 433-45.
27. Kay DJ, Rosenfeld RM: Quality of life for children with persistent sinonasal symptoms. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003, 128 (1): 17-26. 10.1067/mhn.2003.41.
28. Anderson ER, Murphy MP, Weymuller EA: Clinimetric evaluation of the Sinonasal Outcome Test-16. Student Research Award 1998. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1999, 121 (6): 702-7. 10.1053/hn.1999.v121.a100114.
29. Gliklich RE, Hilinski JM: Longitudinal sensitivity of generic and specific health measures in chronic sinusitis. Qual Life Res. 1995, 4 (1): 27-32. 10.1007/BF00434380.
30. Atlas SJ, Gallagher PM, Wu YA, Singer DE, Gliklich RE, Metson RB: Development and validation of a new health-related quality of life instrument for patients with sinusitis. Qual Life Res. 2005, 14 (5): 1375-86. 10.1007/s11136-004-6674-7.
31. Nathan RA, Santilli J, Rockwell W, Glassheim J: Effectiveness of immunotherapy for recurring sinusitis associated with allergic rhinitis as assessed by the Sinusitis Outcomes Questionnaire. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2004, 92 (6): 668-72. 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)61435-4.
32. Rosbe KW, Jones KR: Usefulness of patient symptoms and nasal endoscopy in the diagnosis of chronic sinusitis. Am J Rhinol. 1998, 12 (3): 167-71. 10.2500/105065898781390208.
33. Johansson L, Akerlund A, Holmberg K, Melen I, Stierna P, Bende M: Evaluation of methods for endoscopic staging of nasal polyposis. Acta Otolaryngol. 2000, 120 (1): 72-6. 10.1080/000164800760370873.
34. Feldmann H: History of diaphanoscopy. Pictures from the history of otorhinolaryngology, illustrated by instruments from the collection of the Ingolstadt German Medical History Museum. Laryngorhinootologie. 1998, 77 (5): 297-304. 10.1055/s-2007-996978.
35. Midwinter KI, Ahmed A, Willatt D: A randomised trial of flexible versus rigid nasendoscopy in outpatient sinonasal examination. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 2001, 26 (4): 281-3. 10.1046/j.0307-7772.2001.00463.x.
36. Kerkhof M, Droste JH, de Monchy JG, Schouten JP, Rijcken B: Distribution of total serum IgE and specific IgE to common aeroallergens by sex and age, and their relationship to each other in a random sample of the Dutch general population aged 20-70 years. Dutch ECRHS Group, European Community Respiratory Health Study. Allergy. 1996, 51 (11): 770-6.
37. Nelson HS, Rosloniec DM, McCall LI, Ikle D: Comparative performance of five commercial prick skin test devices. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1993, 92 (5): 750-6. 10.1016/0091-6749(93)90019-C.
38. Engler DB, DeJarnatt AC, Sim TC, Lee JL, Grant JA: Comparison of the sensitivity and precision of four skin test devices. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1992, 90 (6 Pt 1): 985-91.
39. Williams AJ, Baghat MS, Stableforth DE, Cayton RM, Shenoi PM, Skinner C: Dysphonia caused by inhaled steroids: recognition of a characteristic laryngeal abnormality. Thorax. 1983, 38 (11): 813-21. 10.1136/thx.38.11.813.
40. Bilo BM, Rueff F, Mosbech H, Bonifazi F, Oude-Elberink JN: Diagnosis of Hymenoptera venom allergy. Allergy. 2005, 60 (11): 1339-49. 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2005.00963.x.
41. Devillers AC, de Waard-van der Spek FB, Mulder PG, Oranje AP: Atopy patch tests with aeroallergens in children aged 0-3 years with atopic dermatitis. Allergy. 2008, 63 (8): 1088-90. 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01746.x.
42. Crimi E, Gaffi D, Frittoli E, Borgonovo B, Burastero SE: Depletion of circulating allergen-specific Th2 T lymphocytes after allergen exposure in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997, 99: 788-97. 10.1016/S0091-6749(97)80013-9.
43. Chinoy B, Yee E, Bahna SL: Skin testing versus radioallergosorbent testing for indoor allergens. Clin Mol Allergy. 2005, 3 (1): 4-10.1186/1476-7961-3-4.
44. Powe DG, Jagger C, Kleinjan A, Carney AS, Jenkins D, Jones NS: 'Entopy': localized mucosal allergic disease in the absence of systemic responses for atopy. Clin Exp Allergy. 2003, 33 (10): 1374-9. 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01737.x.
45. Rondon C, Romero JJ, Lopez S, Antunez C, Martin-Casanez E, Torres MJ: Local IgE production and positive nasal provocation test in patients with persistent nonallergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007, 119 (4): 899-905. 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.01.006.
46. Melillo G, Bonini S, Cocco G, Davies RJ, de Monchy JG, Frolund L: EAACI provocation tests with allergens. Report prepared by the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology Subcommittee on provocation tests with allergens. Allergy. 1997, 52 (35 Suppl): 1-35.
47. Nizankowska-Mogilnicka E, Bochenek G, Mastalerz L, Swierczynska M, Picado C, Scadding G: EAACI/GA2LEN guideline: aspirin provocation tests for diagnosis of aspirin hypersensitivity. Allergy. 2007, 62 (10): 1111-8. 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01409.x.
48. Milewski M, Mastalerz L, Nizankowska E, Szczeklik A: Nasal provocation test with lysine-aspirin for diagnosis of aspirin-sensitive asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998, 101 (5): 581-6. 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70163-0.
49. Gerth van Wijk R, Dieges PH: Nasal reactivity to histamine and methacholine: two different forms of upper airway responsiveness. Rhinology. 1994, 32 (3): 119-22.
50. Larivee Y, Leon Z, Salas-Prato M, Ganeva E, Desrosiers M: Evaluation of the nasal response to histamine provocation with acoustic rhinometry. J Otolaryngol. 2001, 30 (6): 319-23. 10.2310/7070.2001.19350.
51. Braat JP, Mulder PG, Fokkens WJ, van Wijk RG, Rijntjes E: Intranasal cold dry air is superior to histamine challenge in determining the presence and degree of nasal hyperreactivity in nonallergic noninfectious perennial rhinitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998, 157 (6 Pt 1): 1748-55.
52. Wilson AM, Sims EJ, Orr LC, Robb F, Lipworth BJ: An evaluation of short-term corticosteroid response in perennial allergic rhinitis using histamine and adenosine monophosphate nasal challenge. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2003, 55 (4): 354-9. 10.1046/j.1365-2125.2003.01776.x.
53. Vaidyanathan S, Nair A, Barnes ML, Meldrum K, Lipworth BJ: Effect of levocetirizine on nasal provocation testing with adenosine monophosphate compared with allergen challenge in allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2009, 39 (3): 409-16. 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03166.x.
54. Sanico AM, Atsuta S, Proud D, Togias A: Dose-dependent effects of capsaicin nasal challenge: in vivo evidence of human airway neurogenic inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997, 100 (5): 632-41. 10.1016/S0091-6749(97)70167-2.
55. Cruz AA, Togias A: Upper airways reactions to cold air. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2008, 8 (2): 111-7. 10.1007/s11882-008-0020-z.
56. Zinreich SJ, Kennedy DW, Malat J, Curtin HD, Epstein JI, Huff LC: Fungal sinusitis: diagnosis with CT and MR imaging. Radiology. 1988, 169 (2): 439-44.
57. Klimacka-Nawrot E, Suchecka W: Methods of taste sensitivity examination. Wiad Lek. 2008, 61 (7-9): 207-10.
58. Palmer RM, Ferrige AG, Moncada S: Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Nature. 1987, 327 (6122): 524-6. 10.1038/327524a0.
59. Coleman JW: Nitric oxide in immunity and inflammation. Int Immunopharmacol. 2001, 1 (8): 1397-406. 10.1016/S1567-5769(01)00086-8.
60. Alving K, Weitzberg E, Lundberg JM: Increased amount of nitric oxide in exhaled air of asthmatics. Eur Respir J. 1993, 6 (9): 1368-70.
61. Kawamoto H, Takumida M, Takeno S, Watanabe H, Fukushima N, Yajin K: Localization of nitric oxide synthase in human nasal mucosa with nasal allergy. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1998, 539: 65-70.
62. Lundberg JO, Weitzberg E, Rinder J, Rudehill A, Jansson O, Wiklund NP: Calcium-independent and steroid-resistant nitric oxide synthase activity in human paranasal sinus mucosa. Eur Respir J. 1996, 9 (7): 1344-7. 10.1183/09031936.96.09071344.
63. ATS/ERS recommendations for standardized procedures for the online and offline measurement of exhaled lower respiratory nitric oxide and nasal nitric oxide, 2005. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005, 171 (8): 912-30.
64. Bartley J, Fergusson W, Moody A, Wells AU, Kolbe J: Normal adult values, diurnal variation, and repeatability of nasal nitric oxide measurement. Am J Rhinol. 1999, 13 (5): 401-5. 10.2500/105065899781367528.
65. Parikh A, Scadding GK, Gray P, Belvisi MG, Mitchell JA: High levels of nitric oxide synthase activity are associated with nasal polyp tissue from aspirin-sensitive asthmatics. Acta Otolaryngol. 2002, 122 (3): 302-5. 10.1080/000164802753648204.
66. Ragab SM, Lund VJ, Saleh HA, Scadding G: Nasal nitric oxide in objective evaluation of chronic rhinosinusitis therapy. Allergy. 2006, 61 (6): 717-24. 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01044.x.
67. Delclaux C, Malinvaud D, Chevalier-Bidaud B, Callens E, Mahut B, Bonfils P: Nitric oxide evaluation in upper and lower respiratory tracts in nasal polyposis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2008, 38 (7): 1140-7. 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03006.x.
68. Raza T, Elsherif HS, Zulianello L, Plouin-Gaudon I, Landis BN, Lacroix JS: Nasal lavage with sodium hypochlorite solution in Staphylococcus aureus persistent rhinosinusitis. Rhinology. 2008, 46 (1): 15-22.
69. Weitzberg E, Lundberg JO: Humming greatly increases nasal nitric oxide. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002, 166 (2): 144-5. 10.1164/rccm.200202-138BC.
70. Watelet JB, Gevaert P, Holtappels G, Van Cauwenberge P, Bachert C: Collection of nasal secretions for immunological analysis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2004, 261 (5): 242-6. 10.1007/s00405-003-0691-y.
71. Knowles GK, Townsend P, Turner-Warwick M: A standardized filter paper technique for assessing nasal secretory activity. Clin Allergy. 1981, 11 (3): 287-92. 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1981.tb01596.x.
72. Naclerio RM, Baroody FM: Response of nasal mucosa to histamine or methacholine challenge: use of a quantitative method to examine the modulatory effects of atropine and ipratropium bromide. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1992, 90 (6 Pt 2): 1051-4.
73. Biewenga J, Stoop AE, Baker HE, Swart SJ, Nauta JJ, van Kamp GJ: Nasal secretions from patients with polyps and healthy individuals, collected with a new aspiration system: evaluation of total protein and immunoglobulin concentrations. Ann Clin Biochem. 1991, 28 (Pt 3): 260-6.
74. Pipkorn U, Karlsson G, Enerback L: A brush method to harvest cells from the nasal mucosa for microscopic and biochemical analysis. J Immunol Methods. 1988, 112 (1): 37-42. 10.1016/0022-1759(88)90030-0.
75. van Benten IJ, van Drunen CM, Koopman LP, van Middelkoop BC, Hop WC, Osterhaus AD: Age- and infection-related maturation of the nasal immune response in 0-2-year-old children. Allergy. 2005, 60 (2): 226-32. 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2005.00684.x.
76. Meltzer EO, Orgel HA, Rogenes PR, Field EA: Nasal cytology in patients with allergic rhinitis: effects of intranasal fluticasone propionate. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1994, 94 (4): 708-15. 10.1016/0091-6749(94)90178-3.
77. Jalowayski AA, Walpita P, Puryear BA, Connor JD: Rapid detection of respiratory syncytial virus in nasopharyngeal specimens obtained with the rhinoprobe scraper. J Clin Microbiol. 1990, 28 (4): 738-41.
78. Fokkens WJ, Vroom TM, Gerritsma V, Rijntjes E: A biopsy method to obtain high quality specimens of nasal mucosa. Rhinology. 1988, 26 (4): 293-5.
79. KleinJan A, McEuen AR, Dijkstra MD, Buckley MG, Walls AF, Fokkens WJ: Basophil and eosinophil accumulation and mast cell degranulation in the nasal mucosa of patients with hay fever after local allergen provocation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000, 106 (4): 677-86. 10.1067/mai.2000.109621.
80. Fokkens WJ, Holm AF, Rijntjes E, Mulder PG, Vroom TM: Characterization and quantification of cellular infiltrates in nasal mucosa of patients with grass pollen allergy, non-allergic patients with nasal polyps and controls. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1990, 93 (1): 66-72. 10.1159/000235281.
81. Howarth PH, Persson CG, Meltzer EO, Jacobson MR, Durham SR, Silkoff PE: Objective monitoring of nasal airway inflammation in rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005, 115 (3 Suppl 1): S414-41.
82. Juliusson S, Pipkorn U, Karlsson G, Enerback L: Mast cells and eosinophils in the allergic mucosal response to allergen challenge: changes in distribution and signs of activation in relation to symptoms. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1992, 90 (6 Pt 1): 898-909.
83. Jacobson MR, Juliusson S, Lowhagen O, Balder B, Kay AB, Durham SR: Effect of topical corticosteroids on seasonal increases in epithelial eosinophils and mast cells in allergic rhinitis: a comparison of nasal brush and biopsy methods. Clin Exp Allergy. 1999, 29 (10): 1347-55. 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00608.x.
84. Godthelp T, Holm AF, Fokkens WJ, Doornenbal P, Mulder PG, Hoefsmit EC: Dynamics of nasal eosinophils in response to a nonnatural allergen challenge in patients with allergic rhinitis and control subjects: a biopsy and brush study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1996, 97 (3): 800-11. 10.1016/S0091-6749(96)80158-8.
85. Nathan RA, Eccles R, Howarth PH, Steinsvag SK, Togias A: Objective monitoring of nasal patency and nasal physiology in rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005, 115 (3 Suppl 1): S442-59.
86. Fairley JW, Durham LH, Ell SR: Correlation of subjective sensation of nasal patency with nasal inspiratory peak flow rate. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 1993, 18 (1): 19-22. 10.1111/j.1365-2273.1993.tb00803.x.
87. Wilson AM, Dempsey OJ, Sims EJ, Lipworth BJ: Subjective and objective markers of treatment response in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2000, 85 (2): 111-4. 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62449-0.
88. Panagou P, Loukides S, Tsipra S, Syrigou K, Anastasakis C, Kalogeropoulos N: Evaluation of nasal patency: comparison of patient and clinician assessments with rhinomanometry. Acta Otolaryngol. 1998, 118 (6): 847-51. 10.1080/00016489850182567.
89. Jones AS, Viani L, Phillips D, Charters P: The objective assessment of nasal patency. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 1991, 16 (2): 206-11. 10.1111/j.1365-2273.1991.tb01978.x.
90. Morrissey MS, Alun-Jones T, Hill J: The relationship of peak inspiratory airflow to subjective airflow in the nose. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 1990, 15 (5): 447-51. 10.1111/j.1365-2273.1990.tb00499.x.
91. Eccles R, Jawad MS, Jawad SS, Angello JT, Druce HM: Efficacy and safety of single and multiple doses of pseudoephedrine in the treatment of nasal congestion associated with common cold. Am J Rhinol. 2005, 19 (1): 25-31.
92. Kiroglu AF, Bayrakli H, Yuca K, Cankaya H, Kiris M: Nasal obstruction as a common side-effect of sildenafil citrate. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2006, 208 (3): 251-4. 10.1620/tjem.208.251.
93. Larsson C, Millqvist E, Bende M: Relationship between subjective nasal stuffiness and nasal patency measured by acoustic rhinometry. Am J Rhinol. 2001, 15 (6): 403-5.
94. Gungor A, Moinuddin R, Nelson RH, Corey JP: Detection of the nasal cycle with acoustic rhinometry: techniques and applications. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1999, 120 (2): 238-47. 10.1016/S0194-5998(99)70413-4.
95. Greenberg D, Broides A, Blancovich I, Peled N, Givon-Lavi N, Dagan R: Relative importance of nasopharyngeal versus oropharyngeal sampling for isolation of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae from healthy and sick individuals varies with age. J Clin Microbiol. 2004, 42 (10): 4604-9. 10.1128/JCM.42.10.4604-4609.2004.
96. Wald ER: Microbiology of acute and chronic sinusitis in children and adults. Am J Med Sci. 1998, 316 (1): 13-20. 10.1097/00000441-199807000-00003.
97. Benninger MS, Payne SC, Ferguson BJ, Hadley JA, Ahmad N: Endoscopically directed middle meatal cultures versus maxillary sinus taps in acute bacterial maxillary rhinosinusitis: a meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006, 134 (1): 3-9. 10.1016/j.otohns.2005.10.010.
98. Cohen M, Kofonow J, Nayak JV, Palmer JN, Chiu AG, Leid JG: Biofilms in chronic rhinosinusitis: a review. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2009, 23 (3): 255-60. 10.2500/ajra.2009.23.3319.
99. Robinson S, Der-Haroutian V, Grove D, Rees G, Wormald PJ: Prevalence of pus in radiologically diseased sinuses in patients undergoing surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005, 133 (2): 181-4. 10.1016/j.otohns.2005.04.019.
100. Paju S, Bernstein JM, Haase EM, Scannapieco FA: Molecular analysis of bacterial flora associated with chronically inflamed maxillary sinuses. J Med Microbiol. 2003, 52 (Pt 7): 591-7.
101. Storm van's Gravesande K, Omran H: Primary ciliary dyskinesia: clinical presentation, diagnosis and genetics. Ann Med. 2005, 37 (6): 439-49. 10.1080/07853890510011985.
102. Cohen NA: Sinonasal mucociliary clearance in health and disease. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl. 2006, 196: 20-6.
103. Agu RU, Jorissen M, Willems T, Augustijns P, Kinget R, Verbeke N: In-vitro nasal drug delivery studies: comparison of derivatised, fibrillar and polymerised collagen matrix-based human nasal primary culture systems for nasal drug delivery studies. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2001, 53 (11): 1447-56.
104. Fuchs HA, Tanner SB: Granulomatous disorders of the nose and paranasal sinuses. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009, 17 (1): 23-7. 10.1097/MOO.0b013e32831b9e58.
105. Burbelo PD, Ching KH, Issa AT, Loftus CM, Li Y, Satoh M: Rapid Serological Detection of Autoantibodies Associated with Sjogren's Syndrome. J Transl Med. 2009, 7 (1): 83-10.1186/1479-5876-7-83.
106. Abuabara A: Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea: diagnosis and management. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2007, 12 (5): E397-400.
107. Herbort CP, Rao NA, Mochizuki M: International criteria for the diagnosis of ocular sarcoidosis: results of the first International Workshop On Ocular Sarcoidosis (IWOS). Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2009, 17 (3): 160-9. 10.1080/09273940902818861.
108. Sinico RA, Di Toma L, Maggiore U, Bottero P, Radice A, Tosoni C: Prevalence and clinical significance of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in Churg-Strauss syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 2005, 52 (9): 2926-35. 10.1002/art.21250.
109. Sebastiani GD: Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies. Reumatismo. 2009, 61 (1): 69-76.
110. Ng KP, Isenberg DA: Sjogren's syndrome: diagnosis and therapeutic challenges in the elderly. Drugs Aging. 2008, 25 (1): 19-33. 10.2165/00002512-200825010-00003.
111. Bavbek S, Dursun AB, Birben E, Kalayci O, Misirligil Z: Cellular allergen stimulation test with acetylsalicylic acid-lysine is not a useful test to discriminate between asthmatic patients with and without acetylsalicylic acid sensitivity. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2009, 149 (1): 58-64. 10.1159/000176307.
112. Fokkens WJ, Ebbens F, van Drunen CM: Fungus: a role in pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis, disease modifier, a treatment target, or no role at all?. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2009, 29 (4): 677-88. 10.1016/j.iac.2009.07.002.
113. Scadding G, Scadding GK: Update on the use of nitric oxide as a noninvasive measure of airways inflammation. Rhinology. 2009, 47 (2): 115-20.
114. Jorissen M, Willems T, Van der Schueren B, Verbeken E, De Boeck K: Ultrastructural expression of primary ciliary dyskinesia after ciliogenesis in culture. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg. 2000, 54 (3): 343-56.
115. Jorissen M, Willems T, Van der Schueren B: Ciliary function analysis for the diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia: advantages of ciliogenesis in culture. Acta Otolaryngol. 2000, 120 (2): 291-5. 10.1080/000164800750001116.
116. Voter KZ, Ren CL: Diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2008, 35 (3): 100-6. 10.1007/s12016-008-8078-x.
117. Vaidya B, Imrie H, Perros P, Young ET, Kelly WF, Carr D: The cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 is a major Graves' disease locus. Hum Mol Genet. 1999, 8 (7): 1195-9. 10.1093/hmg/8.7.1195.
118. Stankiewicz JA, Chow JM: Nasal endoscopy and the definition and diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2002, 126 (6): 623-7. 10.1067/mhn.2002.125602.
119. Bhattacharyya N, Fried MP: The accuracy of computed tomography in the diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope. 2003, 113 (1): 125-9. 10.1097/00005537-200301000-00023.
120. Ashraf N, Bhattacharyya N: Determination of the "incidental" Lund score for the staging of chronic rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2001, 125 (5): 483-6.
121. Varonen H, Savolainen S, Kunnamo I, Heikkinen R, Revonta M: Acute rhinosinusitis in primary care: a comparison of symptoms, signs, ultrasound, and radiography. Rhinology. 2003, 41 (1): 37-43.
122. Moscato G, Siracusa A: Rhinitis guidelines and implications for occupational rhinitis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009, 9 (2): 110-5. 10.1097/ACI.0b013e328328cfe7.
123. Airaksinen L, Tuomi T, Vanhanen M, Voutilainen R, Toskala E: Use of nasal provocation test in the diagnostics of occupational rhinitis. Rhinology. 2007, 45 (1): 40-6.
124. Castano R, Gautrin D, Theriault G, Trudeau C, Ghezzo H, Malo JL: Occupational rhinitis in workers investigated for occupational asthma. Thorax. 2009, 64 (1): 50-4.
125. Airaksinen LK, Tuomi TO, Tuppurainen MO, Lauerma AI, Toskala EM: Inhalation challenge test in the diagnosis of occupational rhinitis. Am J Rhinol. 2008, 22 (1): 38-46. 10.2500/ajr.2008.22.3117.
126. Moscato G, Pignatti P, Yacoub MR, Romano C, Spezia S, Perfetti L: Occupational asthma and occupational rhinitis in hairdressers. Chest. 2005, 128 (5): 3590-8. 10.1378/chest.128.5.3590.
127. McArthur JG, Raulet DH: CD28-induced costimulation of T helper type 2 cells mediated by induction of responsiveness to interleukin 4. J Exp Med. 1993, 178 (5): 1645-53. 10.1084/jem.178.5.1645.
128. Clement PA, Gordts F: Consensus report on acoustic rhinometry and rhinomanometry. Rhinology. 2005, 43 (3): 169-79.
129. Pirila T, Nuutinen J: Acoustic rhinometry, rhinomanometry and the amount of nasal secretion in the clinical monitoring of the nasal provocation test. Clin Exp Allergy. 1998, 28 (4): 468-77. 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.00247.x.
130. van Drunen CM, Vroling AB, Rinia AB, Fokkens WJ: Considerations on the application of microarray analysis in rhinology. Rhinology. 2008, 46 (4): 259-66.
131. Vroling AB, Jonker MJ, Luiten S, Breit TM, Fokkens WJ, van Drunen CM: Primary nasal epithelium exposed to house dust mite extract shows activated expression in allergic individuals. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2008, 38 (3): 293-9.
132. Vroling AB, Jonker MJ, Breit TM, Fokkens WJ, van Drunen CM: Comparison of expression profiles induced by dust mite in airway epithelia reveals a common pathway. Allergy. 2008, 63 (4): 461-7. 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01621.x.
133. Doty RL, Shaman P, Dann M: Development of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test: a standardized microencapsulated test of olfactory function. Physiol Behav. 1984, 32 (3): 489-502. 10.1016/0031-9384(84)90269-5.
134. Cain WS, Gent J, Catalanotto FA, Goodspeed RB: Clinical evaluation of olfaction. Am J Otolaryngol. 1983, 4 (4): 252-6. 10.1016/S0196-0709(83)80068-4.
135. Briner HR, Simmen D: Smell diskettes as screening test of olfaction. Rhinology. 1999, 37 (4): 145-8.
136. Wright HN: Characterization of olfactory dysfunction. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1987, 113 (2): 163-8.
137. Hendriks AP: Olfactory dysfunction. Rhinology. 1988, 26 (4): 229-51.
138. Corwin J: Olfactory identification in hemodialysis: acute and chronic effects on discrimination and response bias. Neuropsychologia. 1989, 27 (4): 513-22. 10.1016/0028-3932(89)90056-0.
139. Takagi SF: A standardized olfactometer in Japan. A review over ten years. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1987, 510: 113-8. 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb43476.x.
140. Murphy C, Schubert CR, Cruickshanks KJ, Klein BE, Klein R, Nondahl DM: Prevalence of olfactory impairment in older adults. Jama. 2002, 288 (18): 2307-12. 10.1001/jama.288.18.2307.
141. Doty RL, McKeown DA, Lee WW, Shaman P: A study of the test-retest reliability of ten olfactory tests. Chem Senses. 1995, 20 (6): 645-56. 10.1093/chemse/20.6.645.
142. Robson AK, Woollons AC, Ryan J, Horrocks C, Williams S, Dawes PJ: Validation of the combined olfactory test. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 1996, 21 (6): 512-8. 10.1111/j.1365-2273.1996.tb01101.x.
143. Hummel T, Sekinger B, Wolf SR, Pauli E, Kobal G: 'Sniffin' sticks': olfactory performance assessed by the combined testing of odor identification, odor discrimination and olfactory threshold. Chem Senses. 1997, 22 (1): 39-52. 10.1093/chemse/22.1.39.
144. Renner B, Mueller CA, Dreier J, Faulhaber S, Rascher W, Kobal G: The candy smell test: a new test for retronasal olfactory performance. Laryngoscope. 2009, 119 (3): 487-95. 10.1002/lary.20123.
145. Davidson TM, Murphy C: Rapid clinical evaluation of anosmia. The alcohol sniff test. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1997, 123 (6): 591-4.
146. Ahlskog JE, Waring SC, Petersen RC, Esteban-Santillan C, Craig UK, O'Brien PC: Olfactory dysfunction in Guamanian ALS, parkinsonism, and dementia. Neurology. 1998, 51 (6): 1672-7.
147. Kremer B, Klimek L, Mosges R: Clinical validation of a new olfactory test. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1998, 255 (7): 355-8. 10.1007/s004050050076.
148. Nordin S, Bramerson A, Liden E, Bende M: The Scandinavian Odor-Identification Test: development, reliability, validity and normative data. Acta Otolaryngol. 1998, 118 (2): 226-34. 10.1080/00016489850154946.
149. Solomon GS, Petrie WM, Hart JR, Brackin HB: Olfactory dysfunction discriminates Alzheimer's dementia from major depression. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1998, 10 (1): 64-7. Winter
150. Trotier D, Bensimon JL, Herman P, Tran Ba Huy P, Doving KB, Eloit C: Inflammatory obstruction of the olfactory clefts and olfactory loss in humans: a new syndrome?. Chem Senses. 2007, 32 (3): 285-92.
151. Kobal G, Palisch K, Wolf SR, Meyer ED, Huttenbrink KB, Roscher S: A threshold-like measure for the assessment of olfactory sensitivity: the "random" procedure. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2001, 258 (4): 168-72. 10.1007/s004050100328.
152. Hummel T, Konnerth CG, Rosenheim K, Kobal G: Screening of olfactory function with a four-minute odor identification test: reliability, normative data, and investigations in patients with olfactory loss. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2001, 110 (10): 976-81.
153. Guilemany JM, Garcia-Pinero A, Alobid I, Cardelus S, Centellas S, Bartra J: Persistent allergic rhinitis has a moderate impact on the sense of smell, depending on both nasal congestion and inflammation. Laryngoscope. 2009, 119 (2): 233-8. 10.1002/lary.20075.
154. McMahon C, Scadding GK: Le Nez du Vin--a quick test of olfaction. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 1996, 21 (3): 278-80. 10.1111/j.1365-2273.1996.tb01741.x.