Zika virus infection and pregnancy: what we do and do not know

Pathogens and Global Health

Volumn 110, Issue 7-8, 2016, Pages 262-268

  Ticconi, Carlo ^a   Pietropolli, Adalgisa ^a   Rezza, Giovanni ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ROME TOR VERGATA   (Italy)

^b ISTITUTO SUPERIORE DI SANITÀ   (Italy)

Author keywords

Congenital malformations; Microcephaly; Pregnancy; Zika Virus

Indexed keywords

BRAIN CALCIFICATION; BRAIN VENTRICLE DILATATION; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONGENITAL DISORDER; CONGENITAL RUBELLA SYNDROME; ECHOGRAPHY; EYE DISEASE; FETUS MALFORMATION; HUMAN; MICROCEPHALY; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NEUROTROPISM; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PLACENTA DISORDER; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATION; PREGNANCY TERMINATION; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; REVIEW; VIRUS LOAD; VIRUS TRANSMISSION; ZIKA FEVER; ABNORMALITIES; ANIMAL; BRAIN; COMPLICATION; EYE MALFORMATION; FEMALE; FETUS; INSECT VECTOR; MOSQUITO; PATHOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; TRANSMISSION; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION; VIROLOGY; ZIKA VIRUS;

ANIMALS; BRAIN; CULICIDAE; EYE ABNORMALITIES; FEMALE; FETUS; HUMANS; INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL; INSECT VECTORS; MICROCEPHALY; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS, INFECTIOUS; ZIKA VIRUS; ZIKA VIRUS INFECTION;

EID: 85004098283     PISSN: 20477724     EISSN: 20477732     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2016.1234804     Document Type: Review

References (66)

1. World Health Organization (WHO). WHO statement on the first meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005)(IHR 2005) Emergency Committee on Zika virus and observed increase in neurological disorders and neonatal malformations; 2016 [Internet]. [cited 2016 Feb 1. Available from:http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2016/1stemergencycommittee-zika/en/.
2. Dick GW, Kitchen SF, Haddow AJ, Zika virus (I). isolations and serological specificity. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1952; 46:509–520.10.1016/0035-9203(52)90042-4
3. Dick GW. ZIKA virus (II). pathogenicity and physical properties. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1952; 46:521–534.10.1016/0035-9203(52)90043-6
4. Pinto VL, Jr, Luz K, Parreira R, Ferrinho P. Virus Zika:revisão para clínicos [Review for clinicians ]. Acta Med Port. 2015;28:760–765.10.20344/amp.6929
5. Olson JG, Ksiazek TG. Suhandiman, Triwibowo. Zika virus, a cause of fever in central Java, Indonesia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1981;75:389–393.10.1016/0035-9203(81)90100-0
6. Petersen E, Wilson ME, Touch S, McCloskey B, Mwaba P, Bates M, et al. Rapid spread of Zika virus in the Americas–implications for public health preparedness for mass gatherings at the 2016 Brazil olympic games. Int J Infect Dis. 2016;44:11–15.10.1016/j.ijid.2016.02.001
7. Cao-Lormeau VM, Roche C, Teissier A, Robin E, Berry AL, Mallet HP, et al. ZIKA virus, French Polynesia, South Pacific, 2013. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20:1085–1086.
8. Tognarelli J, Ulloa S, Villagra E, Lagos J, Aguayo C, Fasce R, et al. A report on the outbreak of Zika virus on Easter Island, South Pacific, 2014. Arch Virol. 2016;161:665–668.10.1007/s00705-015-2695-5
9. Zanluca C, Melo VC, Mosimann AL, Santos GI, Santos CN, Luz K. First report of autochthonous transmission of Zika virus in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2015;110:569–572.10.1590/0074-02760150192
10. Campos GS, Bandiera AC, Sardi SI. Zika virus outbreak, Bahia, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21:1885–1886.10.3201/eid2110.150847
11. Hennessey M, Fischer M, Staples JE. Zika virus spreads to new areas–region of the Americas, May 2015–January 2016. MMWR. 2016;65:55–58.
12. Besnard M, Lastère S, Teissier A, Cao-Lormeau VM, Musso D. Evidence of perinatal transmission of Zika virus, French Polynesia, December 2013 and February 2014. Euro Surveill. 2014;19:1–4.
13. Meaney-Delman D, Rasmussen SA, Staples JE, Oduyebo T, Ellington SR, Petersen EE, et al. Zika virus and pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2016;127:642–648.10.1097/AOG.0000000000001378
14. Chan JF, Choi GK, Yip CC, Cheng VC, Yuen K-Y. Zika fever and congenital Zika syndrome:an unexpected emerging arboviral disease. J Infect. 2016;72:507–524.10.1016/j.jinf.2016.02.011
15. Laoprasopwattana K, Suntharasaj T, Petmanee P, Suddeaugrai O, Geater A. Chikungunya and Dengue virus infections during pregnancy:seroprevalence, seroincidence and maternal-fetal transmission, southern Thailand, 2009–2010. Epidemiol Infect. 2016;144:381–388.10.1017/S0950268815001065
16. Alpert SG, Fergerson J, Noël LP. Intrauterine West Nile virus:ocular and systemic findings. Am J Opthalmol. 2003;136:733–735.10.1016/S0002-9394(03)00452-5
17. Kariyawasam S, Senanayake H. Dengue infections during pregnancy:case series from a tertiary care hospital in Sri Lanka. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2010;4:767–775.
18. Bentlin MR, de Barros Almeida RAM, Coelho KIR, Ribeiro AF, Siciliano MM, Suzuki A, Fortaleza CMCB. Perinatal transmission of Yellow Fever, Brazil, 2009. Emerging Infect Dis. 2011;17:1779–1780.10.3201/eid1709.110242
19. Agencia Saude. Microcefalia:Ministerio da Saude divulga boletim epidemiologico [Microcefalia:epidemiological bulletin of the Ministry of Health] [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2016 Jan 23]. Available from:http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br/index.php/civada/principal/agencia-saude/2080-5ministerioda-saude-divulga-boletim-epidemiologico.
20. Pan American Health Organization, World Health Organization. Epidemiological update:neurological syndrome, congenital anomalies, and Zika virus infection [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2016 Jan 17]. Available from:http://www.patho.org.hq/index.php?option=com_documan&task=doc_download&Itemid=&gid=32879&lang=en.
21. Pan American Health Organization, World Health Organization. Epidemiological alert:neurological syndrome, congenital malformations, and Zika virus infection. Implications for public health in the Americas [Internet]. Washington, DC:World Health Organization, Pan American Health Organization; 2015 December 1. [cited in 2016 Jan 29]. Available from:http://www.patho.org.hq/index.php?option=com_documan&task=doc_download&Itemid=&gid=32405&lang=en
22. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Rapid risk assessment:Zika virus epidemic in the Americas:potential association with microcephaly and Guillain-Barrè syndrome. Second Update, 8 February 2016. Stockholm:ECDC; 2016.
23. Petersen EE, Staples JE, Meaney-Delman D, Fischer M, Ellington SR, Callaghan WM, et al. Interim guidelines for pregnant women during a Zika virus outbreak–United States, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65:30–33.10.15585/mmwr.mm6502e1
24. Society of Maternal Fetal Medicine. Practice advisory:updated interim guidance for care of obstetric patients during a Zika virus outbreak [Internet]. 2016 February 12 [cited in 2016 Feb 12]. Available from:https://www.smfm.org/publications/220-acog-smfm-joint-practice-advisory-interim-guidance-for-care-of-obstetric-patients-during-a-zika-virus-outbreak.
25. Staples JE, Dziuban, EJ, Fischer M, Cragan JD, Rasmussen SA, Cannon MJ, et al. Interim guidelines for the evaluation and testing of infants with possible congenital Zika virus infection–United States, 2016. MMWR 2016;65:63–67.
26. Petersen EE, Polen K, Meaney-Delman D, Ellington SR, Oduyebo T, Cohn A, et al. Update:interim guidelines for health care providers caring for pregnant women and women of reproductive age with possible Zika virus exposure–United States, 2016. MMWR. 2016;65:315–322.
27. Vital signs:Preparing for local mosquito-borne transmission of Zika Virus–United States, 2016. CDC Zika response. MMWR. 2016;65(3):352. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6513e1
28. Sikka V, Chattu VK, Popli RK, Galwankar SC, Kelkar D, Sawicki SG, et al. The emergence of Zika virus as a Global Health Security Threat:a review and a consensus statement of the INDUSEM Joint working Group (JWG). J Glob Infect Dis. 2016;8:3–15.
29. Butler D. Microcephaly surge in doubt. Nature. 2016;530:13–14.
30. Victora CG, Schuler-Faccini L, Matijasevich A, Ribeiro E, Pessoa A, Barros FC. Microcephaly in Brazil:how to interpret reported numbers? Lancet. 2016;387:621–624.10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00273-7
31. Mlakar J, Korva M, Tul N, Popović M, Poljšak-Prijatelj M, Mraz J, et al. Zika virus associated with microcephaly. NEJM. 2016;374:951–958.10.1056/NEJMoa1600651
32. Driggers RW, Ho C-Y, Korhonen EM, Kuivanen S, Jääskeläinen AJ, Smura T, et al. Zika virus infection with prolonged maternal Viremia and fetal brain abnormalities. NEJM 2016;374:2142–2151.10.1056/NEJMoa1601824
33. Rasmussen SA, Jamieson DJ, Honein MA, Petersen LR. Zika virus and birth defects–reviewing the evidence for causality. NEJM 2016;374(20):1981–1987.
34. Petersen LR, Jamieson DJ, Powers AM, Honein MA. Zika virus. NEJM. 2016;347:1552–1563.
35. Woods CG, Parker A. Investigating microcephaly. Arch Dis Child. 2013;98:707–713.10.1136/archdischild-2012-302882
36. Ashwal S, Michelson D, Plawner I, Dobyns WB. Quality standards subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology, the practice committee of the Child Neurology Society. practice parameter:evaluaton of the child microcephaly (an evidence-based review):report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Neurology. 2009;73:887–897.10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181b783f7
37. Marrs C, Olson G, Saade G, Hankins G, Wen T, Patel J, et al. Zika virus and pregnancy:a review of the literature and clinical considerations. Am J Perinatol. 2016;33:625–639.
38. Corona-Rivera JR, Corona-Rivera E, Romero-Velarde E, Hernández-Rocha J, Bobadilla-Morales I, Corona-Rivera A. Report and review of the fetal brain disruption sequence. Eur J Pediatr. 2001;160:664–667.10.1007/s004310100813
39. Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. Facts about microcephaly [Internet]. [cited in 2016 Feb 4]. Available from:http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdecfects/microcephaly.html.
40. Millichap JG. Zika virus infection and microcephaly. Pediatr Neurol Briefs. 2016;30:8.10.15844/pedneurbriefs-30-1
41. Brasil P, Pereira JP, Jr., Raja Gabaglia C, Damasceno L, Wakimoto M, Ribeiro Nogueira RM, et al. Zika virus infection in pregnant women in Rio de Janeiro–preliminary report. NEJM. 2016; 1–11 [Epub ahead of print]. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1602412.
42. Culjat M, Darling SE, Nerurkar VR, Ching N, Kumar M, Min SK, et al. Clinical and imaging findings in an infant with Zika embryopathy. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63:805–811.
43. Oliveira Melo AS, Malinger G, Ximenes R, Szejnfeld PO, Sampaio SA, Bispo de Filippis AM. Zika virus intrauterine infection causes fetal brain abnormality and microcephaly:tip of the iceberg? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2016;47:6–7.10.1002/uog.15831
44. de Fatima Vasco Aragao M, Van del Linden V, Mertens Brainer-Lima A, Ramos Coeli R, Rocha MA, Sobral da Silva P, et al. Clinical features and neuroimaging (CT and MRI) findings in presumed Zika virus related congenital infection and microcephaly:retrospective case series study. BMJ. 2016;353:i1901 [correction in BMJ 2016;353:i3182].10.1136/bmj.i1901
45. Cavalheiro S, Lopez A, Serra S, Da Cunha A, da Costa MD, Moron A, et al. Microcephaly and Zika virus:neonatal neuroradiological aspects. Childs Nerv Syst. 2016;32:1057–1060.10.1007/s00381-016-3074-6
46. Soares de Oliveira-Szejnfeld P, Levine D, Melo AS, Amorim MM, Batista AG, Chimelli L, et al. Congenital brain abnormalities and Zika virus:what the radiologist can expect to see prenatally and postnatally. Radiology. 2016:161584 [Epub ahead of print].10.1148/radiol.2016161584
47. de Paula Freitas B, de Oliveira Dias JR, Prazeres J, Sacramento GA, Icksang Ko A, Maia M, et al. Ocular findings in infants with microcephaly associated with presumed Zika virus congenital infection in Salvador, Brazil. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2016;134:529–535.10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2016.0267
48. Ventura CV, Maia M, Ventura BV, Van Der Linden V, Araújo EB, Ramos RC, et al. Ophthalmological findings in infants with microcephaly and presumable intra-uterus Zika virus infection. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2016;79:1–3.
49. Ventura CV, Maia M, Travassos SB, Martins TT, Patriota F, Nunes ME, et al. Risk factors associated with the ophthalmoscopic findings identified in infants with presumed Zika virus congenital infection. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2016;134:912–918. 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2016.1784
50. Schuler-Faccini L, Ribeiro EM, Feitosa IM, Horovitz DD, Cavalcanti DP, Pessoa A, et al. Possible association between Zika virus infection and microcephaly–Brazil, 2015. MMWR. 2016;65:59–62.10.15585/mmwr.mm6503e2
51. Quicke KM, Bowen JR, Johnson EL, McDonald CE, Ma H, O’Neal JT, Rajakumar A, et al. Zika virus infects human placental macrophages. Cell Host Microbe. 2016;20:1–8.
52. Pan American Health Organization,World Health Organization. Question and Answers:Zika and pregnancy [Interner]. [cited in 2016 Jan 22]. Available from:http://www.paho.org/Hq/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=11552%3Aquestion-and-answers-zika-and-pregnancy&catid=8424%3Acontent&Itemid=41711&lang=en.
53. Cauchemez S, Besnard M, Bompard P, Dub T, Guillemette-Artur P, Eyrolle-Guignot D, et al. Association between Zika virus and microcephaly in French Polynesia, 2013–15:a retrospective study. Lancet. 2016;387:2125–2132.10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00651-6
54. Naing ZW, Scott GM, Shand A, Hamilton ST, van Zuylen WJ, Basha J, et al. Congenital cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy:a review of prevalence, clinical features, diagnosis and prevention. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2016;56:9–18.10.1111/ajo.2016.56.issue-1
55. De Santis M, Cavaliere AF, Straface G, Caruso A. Rubella infection in pregnancy. Reprod Toxicol. 2006;21:390–398.10.1016/j.reprotox.2005.01.014
56. Nishiura H, Mizumoto K, Rock KS, Yasuda Y, Kinoshita R, Miyamatsu Y. A theoretical estimate of the risk of microcephaly during pregnancy with Zika virus infection. Epidemics. 2016;15:66–70.10.1016/j.epidem.2016.03.001
57. Spong CY. Understanding Zika virus pathogenesis:an interview with Catherine Spong. Spong BMC Medicine. 2016;14(84):1–4. doi:10.1186/s12916-016-0628-0.
58. Pacheco O, Beltrán M, Nelson CA, Valencia D, Tolosa N, Farr SL, et al. Zika virus disease in Colombia–preliminary report. NEJM. 2016. [Epub ahead of print].
59. Reefhuis J, Gilboa SM, Johansson MA, Valencia D, Simeone RM, Hills SL, et al. Projecting month of birth for at-risk infants after Zika virus disease outbreaks. Emerg Infect Diseases. 2016; 22:828–832.10.3201/eid2205.160290
60. Miner JJ, Cao B, Govero J, Smith AM, Fernandez E, Cabrera OH, et al. Zika virus infection during pregnancy in Mice causes placental damage and fetal demise. Cell. 2016;165:1081–1091.10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.008
61. Cugola FR, Fernandes IR, Russo FB, Freitas BC, Dias JL, Guimarães KP, et al. The Brazilian Zika virus strain causes birth defects in experimental models. Nature. 2016;534:267–271.
62. Aliota MT, Caine EA, Walker EC, Larkin KE, Camacho E, Osorio JE. Characterization of lethal Zika virus infection in AG129 mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10(4):e0004682. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004682. eCollection 2016 Apr. In:PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016 May; 10(5):e0004750.
63. Tang H, Hammack C, Ogden SC, Wen Z, Qian X, Li Y, et al. Zika virus infects human cortical neural progenitors and attenuates their growth. Cell Stem Cell. 2016;18:587–590.10.1016/j.stem.2016.02.016
64. Rolfe AJ, Bosco DB, Wang J, Nowakowski RS, Fan J, Ren Y. Bioinformatic analysis reveals the expression of unique transcriptomic signatures in Zika virus infected human neural stem cells. Cell Biosci. 2016 Jun 10;6:e2636. doi:10.1186/s13578-016-0110-x. eCollection 2016.
65. Garcez PP, Loiola EC, Madeiro da Costa R, Higa LM, Trindade P, Delvecchio R, et al. Zika virus impairs growth in human neurospheres and brain organoids. Science. 2016;352:816–818.10.1126/science.aaf6116
66. Dang J, Tiwari SK, Lichinchi G, Qin Y, Patil VS, Eroshkin AM, et al. Zika virus depletes neural progenitors in human cerebral organoids through activation of the innate immune receptor TLR3. Cell Stem Cell. 2016;19:1–8.