Strapdown navigation technology: A literature survey

Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics

Volumn 1, Issue 3, 1978, Pages 161-172

  Garg, S C ^a   Morrow, L D ^b   Mamen, R ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b Spar Aerospace Products Ltd ^*  (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85003394648     PISSN: 07315090     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2514/3.55760     Document Type: Article

References (337)

1. Shaw, J., “Benefits of Strapdown over Gimbal Systems,” NAECON76, Dayton, Ohio, May 18-20, 1976.
2. Peterson, R., “Advantages of Gimballed Inertial Navigation Systems,” NAECON 76, Dayton, Ohio, May 18-20, 1976.
3. McAllister, D. F., “Gimballess Inertial Navigation in Lunar or Planetary Guidance,” Proceedings of the 7th Annual Meeting of the American Astronautical Society, Dallas, Texas, Jan. 16, 1961.
4. Powell, J., “The Present and Future Roles of Strapped-Down Inertial Systems,” Transactions of the 8th Symposium on Ballistic Missile and Space Technology, San Diego, Calif., 1963.
5. Quasius, G. R., “Strapdown Inertial Guidance,” Space!Aeronautics, Vol. 40, Aug. 1963, pp. 89-94.
6. Bumstead, R. M. and Vander Velde, W. E., “Navigation and Guidance Systems Employing a Gimballess IMU,” AIAA Paper 63307, 1963;
7. Bumstead, R. M. and Vander Velde, W. E., AIAA Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics: Guidance and Control— II, edited by R. C. Langford and C. J. Mundo, Academic Press, N.Y., 1964, pp. 391-419.
8. Bessen, A. S. and Levine, J., “Strapped-Down Navigation,” Data Systems Engineering, Vol. 17, April 1964, pp. 6-11.
9. Otten, D. D., “A Look Into Strap-Down Guidance Design-II,” Control Engineering, Vol. 13, Nov. 1966, pp. 71-77.
10. Otten, D. D., “A Look Into Strap-Down Guidance Design-I,” Control Engineering, Vol. 13, Oct. 1966, pp. 61-67.
11. Hayes, R. J., “Strapdown Guidance Component Research,” AGARD CP-43, 1968.
12. Minor, J. W., “Strapdown Inertial Guidance,” Space!Aeronautics, Vol. 52, Oct. 1969.
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14. Edwards, A., Jr. 27th Annual Meeting of the Institute of Navigation, Pasadena, Calif., June 1971.
15. Hung, J. C. and Doane, G. C., III, “Progress in Strapdown Technology,” AGARD CP-116, Oct. 1972.
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17. Collinson, R. P. G., “Strapped Down Inertial Navigation,” Journal of Navigation, Vol. 26, July 1973, pp. 341-358.
18. Roantree, J. P., “Advancements in Strapdown Navigation,” Proceedings of NAECON, May 1974.
19. Savage, P. G., “Laser Gyros in Strapdown Inertial Navigation Systems,” IEEE Position Location and Navigation Symposium, San Diego, Calif., Nov. 1-3, 1976.
20. Napjus, G. A., “Recent Advances in Strapdown Inertial Navigation,” INTERCON 75, New York, April 8-10, 1975.
21. Draper, C. S., Wrigley, W., and Grobe, L. S., Inertial Guidance, Pergamon Press, New York, 1960.
22. Broxmeyer, C., Inertial Navigation Systems, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1964.
23. Britting, K. R., Inertial Navigation Systems Analysis, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1971.
24. Gelb, A. and Sutherland, A. A., Jr., “Software Advances in Aided Inertial Navigation Systems,” Navigation, Journal of the Institute of Navigation, Vol. 17, Winter 1970-1971, pp. 358-369.
25. Andrews, A., “Calibrating the Drift Rates of Strapdown Electrostatic Gyroscopes,” National Aerospace Electronics Conference, NAECON, 1973.
26. Beck, G. A., “Precision Spacecraft Attitude Control Using an On-board Computer,” Proceedings of EASCON, 1975.
27. Brogan, W. L. and Le May, J. L., “Autonomous Satellite Navigation: An Historical Summary and Current Status,” Proceedings of the Joint Automatic Control Conference, 1973.
28. Gilmore, J. P. and Feldman, J., “Gyroscope in Torque-to-Balance Strapdown Application,” Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 7, Sept. 1970, pp. 1076-1082
29. Gilmore, J. P. and Feldman, J., AIAA Paper 69-848, Aug. 1969.
30. Rosenblatt, A., “A Stable, Field-Replaceable Strapdown Gyro-In a Can,” Electronics, Vol. 43, May 25, 1970, pp. 106-111.
31. Sapuppo, M. S., “Strapdown Inertial Gyroscope,” AGARD CP-116, Oct. 1972.
32. Dieselman, J., McNeil, J., and Callahhn, J., “Recent Test Results-A Strapdown IMU Utilizing Hydrodynamic Spin Bearing Rate Sensors and Pulse Rebalance Loops,” AIAA Paper 73-898, Key Biscayne, Fla., Aug. 1973.
33. Bendatt, R. M., Kleine, H. D., Weinstein, S. P., and Zomick, D. A., “Test Evaluation of a High Performance Pulse Rebalanced Gyro for Strapdown IMU Applications,” National Aerospace Meeting, Almogordo, N. Mex., Institute of Navigation, May 1975, pp. 32-42.
34. Sinkiewicz, J. S., Feldman, J., and Lory, C. B., “Evaluation of Selected Strapdown Inertial Instruments and Pulse Torque Loops,” NASA CR-120427, Vol. 1, July 1974.
35. Clark, R. N. and Fosth, D. C., “Analysis and Test of a Precision Pulse-Rebalance Gyroscope,” Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 11, April 1974, pp. 264-266.
36. Lory, C.B., Feldman, J. and Sinkiewicz, J. S., “Dynamic Testing of a Single Degree-of-Freedom Strapdown Gyroscope,” NASA CR-123804, Oct. 1971.
37. Scoville, A. E. and Yamron, J., “The Mechanization of a Strapdown Inertial System Based on Time-Modulated Torquing,” Joint Automatic Control Conference, Seattle, Wash., Aug. 16, 1966, pp. 136-148.
38. McKnight, R. D., “A Comparison of Two Current Regulator Loops for a Strapdown Gyroscope,” M. S. Thesis, Univ. of Tennessee, Dec. 1972.
39. Rowe, W. L. and Hung, J. C., “Error Analysis for Strapdown Sensor Rebalance Loop,” Proceedings of the 4th Southeastern Symposium on System Theory, April 1972.
40. Rowe, W. L., “Analysis of Electronically Induced Errors in Strapdown Sensor Rebalance Loop,” M. S. Thesis, Univ. of Tennessee, Dec. 1971.
41. Wennerholm, R., Jr., “A Strapdown Attitude Reference for Space Vehicles,” Joint Automatic Control Conference, Aug. 16, 1966, pp. 113-120.
42. Craig, R. J. G. and Russell, J. G., “Cost Considerations in a Strapdown Navigation System Using Dry Tuned Instruments,” INTERCON 75, April 8-10, 1975.
43. Howe, E. W. and Savet, P. H., “The Dynamically Tuned Free Rotor Gyro,” Control Engineering, Vol. 11, June 1964, pp. 61-12.
44. Craig, R. J. G., “Theory of Operation of an Elastically Supported Tuned Gyroscope,” IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. AES-8, May 1972, pp. 280-288.
45. Craig, R. J. G., “Investigation of Application of Two Degree of Freedom Dry Tuned Gimbal Gyroscopes to Strapdown Navigation Systems,” NASA CR-132419, April 1974.
46. Warzynski, R. R. and Ringo, R. L., “The Evolution of ESG Technology,” AGARD CP-116, Oct. 1972.
47. Christensen, T. W., “Advanced Development of ESG Strapdown Navigation Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. AES-2, March 1966, pp. 143-157.
48. Schwarz, J. A., “Micro-Navigator (MICRON),” AGARD 30th Technical Meeting of the Avionics Panel on Medium Accuracy Low Cost Navigation, Sandefjord, Norway, Sept. 8, 1975.
49. Elwell, D. F., “An Attitude Reference System with Electrically Suspended Gyros,” Navigation, Journal of the Institute of Navigation, Vol. 20, Winter 1973-1974, pp. 321-328.
50. Duncan, R. R., “Micron-A Strapdown Inertial Navigator Using Miniature Electrostatic Gyros,” Proceedings of the National Aerospace Meeting, Washington, D. C., March 1973.
51. Dobrotin, B. M. “SEAN, A Strapdown Electrostatic Gyro Aerospace Navigator,” Proceedings of ION National Space Meeting, Houston, Texas, 1969.
52. Campos, G. J. “Military Strapdown Inertial Navigation Systems,” Countermeasures, Sept. 1976, pp. 82-91.
53. Sagnac, G., “Sur la Preuve de la Realite de L’Aether Lumineux par L’Experience de L’lnterferograph Tournante,” Comptes Rendus du Academic des Sciences, Vol. 157, Paris, 1913, pp. 1410-1414.
54. Killpatrick, J., “The Laser Gyro,” IEEE Spectrum, Vol. 4, Oct. 1967, pp. 44-55.
55. Hutchinson, I. N. and Inglima, P. K., “An Improved Ring Laser Rate Sensor for Use in Strapdown Inertial Systems,” AIAA Paper 701025, Aug. 17, 1970.
56. Skripka, J. L. and Fredricks, R. J., “Development of an Optical Rate Sensor: Final Report, April 1, 1974-Feb. 28, 1975,” Lear Siegler, Inc., Grand Rapids, Mich., AD-A014505, also GRR-005-0675, April 1975.
57. Stowell, W. H., McAdory, R. W., and Roantree, J. P., “Differential Laser Gyro,” IEEE Southeastern Region 3 Conference, April 5-7, 1976.
58. Ezekiel, S. and Balsamo, S. R., “Passive Ring Resonator Laser Gyroscope,” Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 30, May 1977, pp. 478-480.
59. Savage, P. G., “Laser Gyros in Strapdown Inertial Navigation Systems,” IEEE Position Location and Navigation Symposium, San Diego, Calif., Nov. 1-3, 1976.
60. Eberlein, A. J. and Savage, P. G., “Strapdown Cost Trend Study and Forecast,” NASA CR-137585, 1975.
61. McPherson, B. W., Walls, B. F., and White, J. B., “Redundant Strapdown Laser Gyro Navigation System,” Engineering in a Changing Economy: Proceedings of the Southeastern Region 3 Conference, Clemson, S. C., April 5-7, 1976.
62. Johnston, J. V. and Pugh, R. E., “Laser Inertial Platform for Army Missiles,” IEEE Southeastern Region 3 Conference, Paper 19A, 1976, pp. 221-223.
63. Johnston, J. V. and Pugh, R. E., “Final Report, Development Test of the Honeywell Laser Inertial Navigation System (LINS),” Holoman Rept. ADTC-TR-75-85, Nov. 1975.
64. Morrison, R. F. and Strang, C. B., “A Missile Laser Gyro Rate Sensor,” AIAA Paper 76-1967, Aug. 1976;
65. Morrison, R. F. and Strang, C. B., Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 14, May 1977, pp. 317-318.
66. Schwartz, B., “Strapdown Inertial Navigation Systems,” Sperry Engineering Review, Vol. 20, Jan. 1967, pp. 9-16.
67. Otten, D. D., “A Look Into Strap-Down Guidance Design-II,” Control Engineering, Vol. 13, Nov. 1966, pp. 71-77.
68. Vander Velde, W. E., Bentley, G. K., Fagan, J. H., and McDonald, W. T., “Onboard Computer Requirements for Navigation of a Spinning and Maneuvering Vehicle,” Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 6, Dec. 1969, pp. 1371-1378;
69. Vander Velde, W. E., Bentley, G. K., Fagan, J. H., and McDonald, W. T., AIAA Paper 68-839, Aug. 12, 1968.
70. Lincoln, A. J., Carpenter, P., and Oleksiah, R. E., “Strapdown Inertial Measurement Unit Computer,” NASA CR-108428, Oct. 1969.
71. Bersoff, E. H., Tung, F. F. C., and Hope, M. E., “Modular Computer Research,” IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. AES-6, Jan. 1970, pp. 29-36.
72. Mathewes, J. K., “A High Speed Processor for Strapdown Navigation System Computations,” Instrument Society of America, International Aerospace Instruments Symposium, May 1971.
73. Napjus, G. A. “The Application of Microprocessors to Strap-down Inertial Navigation,” International Conference on Microprocessors, Lausanne, Switzerland, Oct. 1974.
74. Napjus, G. A., “Recent Advances in Strapdown Inertial Navigation,” INTERCOM 75, New York, April 8-10, 1975.
75. Thoennes, W. P., “Avionics Application of an Advanced LSI Microprogrammed Processor,” Proceedings of NAECON, May 1974.
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77. Aukstikalnis, A. J., Space Vehicle Accelerometer Applications, NASA SP-8102, Dec. 1972.
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82. Churchyard, J. N., “A Universal Three-Angle Basis for Rotational Kinematic Analysis, Simulation and Control,” Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 9, Oct. 1972, pp. 779-781.
83. Bortz, J. E., “New Mathematical Formulation for Strapdown Inertial Navigation,” IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. AES-7, Jan. 1971, pp. 61-66.
84. Davenport, P., “A Vector Approach to the Algebra of Rotations with Applications,” NASATN D-4696, Aug. 1968.
85. Morton, H. S., Junkins, J. L., and Blanton, J. N., “Analytical Solutions for Euler Parameters,” Celestial Mechanics, Vol. 10, Nov. 1974, pp. 287-301.
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88. Naka, M., Yamamoto, H., and Homma, K., “A Study of Attitude Reference Computations for Strapdown Inertial Systems,” 5th Symposium on Space Science and Technology, Univ. of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, 1974.
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90. Wilcox, J. C., “A New Algorithm for Strapped-Down Inertial Navigation,” IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. AES-3, Sept. 1967, pp. 796-802.
91. Mortenson, R. E., “Strapdown Guidance Error Analysis,” IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. AES-10, July 1974, pp. 451-457.
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103. Henrici, P., “Error Propagation for Difference Methods,” SIAM Applied Mathematics Series, Wiley, New York, 1963.
104. Broxmeyer, C., Inertial Navigation Systems, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1964.
105. Britting, K. R., Inertial Navigation Systems Analysis, Wiley, New York, 1971.
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107. Zakharin, M. I. and Zakharin, F. M., “Kinematics of Inertial Navigation Systems,” NASA Tech. Transl. TTF-614, Dec. 1970.
108. Britting, K. R., “Strapdown Navigation Equations for Geographic and Tangent Co-ordinate Frames,” Massachusetts Inst, of Technology, Measurement Systems Lab., RE-56, NASA CR-. 103296, June 1969.
109. Killingsworth, W. R., “Computation Frames for Strapdown Inertial Systems,” Massachusetts Inst, of Technology, Measurement Systems Lab., TE-28, NASA CR-103295, June 1969.
110. Zagone, P. V. and Hesse, J. E., “Inertial Attitude Sensors in a Strapped-Down System,” AIAA/ION (Institute of Navigation) Conference, 1965, pp. 23-29.
111. Zagone, P. V. and Hesse, J. E., “Space Vehicle Gyroscope Sensor Applications,” NASA Space Vehicle Design Criteria, NASA SP-8096, Oct. 1972.
112. Zagone, P. V. and Hesse, J. E., “Dynamic Errors in Strapdown Inertial Navigation Systems,” NASA CR-1962, Dec. 1971.
113. Roantree, J. P. and Kormanik, N. J., “A Generalized Design Criterion for Strapped-Down Interial Sensor Loops,” AIAA/JACC Guidance and Control Conference, 1966, pp. 149-162.
114. Sutherland, A. A. and Beebee, W. S., “Design of Strapdown Gyroscopes for a Dynamic Environment,” NASA CR-1396, Sept. 1969.
115. Thompson, J. A. and Unger, F. G., “Inertial Sensor Performance in a Strapped-Down Environment,” AIAA/JACC Guidance and Control Conference, 1966, pp. 1-17.
116. Gelb, A. and Sutherland, A. A., “Design Approach for Reducing Gyro-Induced Errors in Strapdown Inertial Systems,” AIAA Paper 68-830, Aug. 1968.
117. Stieler, B., “On the Performance and the Error Model of a Single Degree-of-Freedom Strapdown Gyroscope,” Zeitschrift fur Flugwissenschaften, Vol. 18, Nov. 1970, pp. 421-429.
118. Fontana, R. B., “Strapdown Inertial Guidance Systems Study,” NA TO/A GARD Symposium on Inertial Navigation Components and Systems, AGARD CP-112, Florence, Italy, 1972.
119. Alongi, R. E., “Strapdown System Application Studies Related to a Surface to Surface Missile of 100 to 400 Nautical Miles,” AIAA/JACC Guidance and Control Conference, 1966, pp. 121-135.
120. Rountree, R. C., “Rectification Errors of a Strapdown Single Axis Platform Under Vibration Inputs,” AIAA Paper 68-827, Santa Barbara, Calif., Aug. 1970.
121. Sargent, D. and Zarett, H., “The Modelling and Verification of the Critical Dynamic Errors of a Strapdown Inertial Guidance System,” AIAA Paper 70-1029, Santa Barbara, Calif., Aug. 1970.
122. Sargent, D. and Zarett, H., “The Critical Dynamic Errors of a Strapdown Guidance System,” Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 8, Dec. 1971, pp. 1208-1215.
123. Sutherland, A. A., Jr. and Beebee, W. S., “Design of Strap-down Gyroscopes for a Dynamic Environment, Interim Scientific Report II,” NASA CR-1396, Aug. 1969.
124. Beebee, W. S. and Sutherland, A. A., “Design of Strapdown Gyroscopes for a Dynamic Environment, Semi-Annual Report,” NASA CR-86245, July 1969.
125. Sutherland, A. A., Beebee, W. S., and Gelb, A., “Design of Strapdown Gyroscopes for a Dynamic Environment, Second SemiAnnual Report,” NASA CR-86082, July 15, 1968.
126. Scoville, A. E. and Yamron, J., “The Mechanization of a Strapdown Inertial System Based on Time-Modulated Torquing,” AIAA/JACC Guidance and Control Conference, Seattle, Wash., Aug. 16, 1966.
127. Daniel, F. P., Doane, G. B., and Kissel, R. R., “Application of PIGA’s and SAP’s to Strapdown Inertial Navigation at MSPC,” AIAA Guidance, Control, and Flight Dynamics Conf., Huntsville, Ala,. Aug. 1967.
128. Howard, P. B., “A Strapdown Gyro Error Compensation,” M. S. Thesis, Massachusetts Inst, of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., 1964.
129. Weiner, T. F., “Theoretical Analysis of Gimballess Inertial Reference Equipment Using Delta Modulated Instruments,” Massachusetts Inst, of Technology, Instrumentation Lab., T-300, 1962.
130. Bar-Itzhack, I. Y., “Strapdown Gyros in a Back-to-Back Configuration,” IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. AES-4, Nov. 1968, pp. 871-873.
131. Bar-Itzhack, I. Y., “Strapdown SAP Gyro in a Back-to-Back Configuration,” IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol. AC-14, Dec. 1969, pp. 741-745.
132. Bar-Itzhack, I. Y., “Strapdown Inertial Navigation,” Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Pennsylvania, Electrical Engineering Dept., 1968.
133. Craig, R. J. G., “Dynamically Tuned Gyros in Strapdown Systems,” NATO/AGARD Conference on Inertial Navigation, AGARD CP-116, Oct. 1972.
134. Craig, R. J. G., “Theory of Operation of an Elastically Supported Tuned Gyroscope,” IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. AES-8, May 1972, pp. 280-288.
135. Craig, R. J. G., “Theory of Errors of a Multi-gimbal, Elastically Supported, Tuned Gyroscope,” IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. AES-8, May 1972, pp. 289-297.
136. Maunder, L., “Some Designs and Features of Dynamically Tuned Gyroscopes,” Gyrodynamics, edited by P. Y. Willems, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1974, pp. 3-9.
137. Forgarasy, A. A., “A Contribution to the Dynamics of a Spring Restrained Hooke’s Joint Gyroscope,” Gyrodynamics, edited by P. Y. Willems, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1974, pp. 49-55.
138. Bortz, J. E., “Dynamic Errors in a Tuned, Flexure-Mounted Gyro,” Analytic Sciences Corp., Interim Scientific Rept., NASA CR-112206, Sept. 1972.
139. Coffman, D. F., “Feasibility Study of a Digital Rebalance Loop for a Dry Tuned TDF Gyro,” NASA CR-144089, May 31, 1974.
140. Kennedy, E. J., Blalock, T. V., Bryan, W. L., and Rush, K., “High Resolution Width - Modulated Pulse Rebalance Electronics for Strapdown Gyroscopes and Accelerometers,” NASA CR-14486, Sept. 23, 1974.
141. Rahlfs, D., “Comparative Study of Pulse-Rebalance Inertial Sensors with Different Dynamics,” Ortung und Navigation, Vol. 2, March 1976, pp. 177-194.
142. Blalock, T. V., Kennedy, E. J., and McKnight, R. D., “Development of a Width-Modulated Pulse Rebalance Electronics Loop for Strapdown Gyroscopes,” NASA CR-124333, July 13, 1973.
143. Garrett, H., Walls, B., and Morrison, R., “A Strapdown Laser Gyro Navigator,” Proceedings of NAECON, 1974.
144. Savage, P. G., “Laser Gyros in Strapdown Inertial Navigation Systems,” IEEE Position Location and Navigation Symposium, San Diego, Calif., Nov. 1-3, 1976.
145. Pasik, D. J., Gneses, M. I., and Taylor, G. R., “A Ring Laser Gyro Strapdown Inertial Navigation System: Performance Analysis and Test Results,” AIAA Paper 75-1095, Boston, Mass., Aug. 1975.
146. Matthews, J. B., Gneses, M. I., Pasik, D. J., and Taylor, G. R., “Results of the Developmental Testing of the First Ring Laser Gyro Inertial Navigation System,” 7th Biennial Guidance Test Symposium, Holloman Air Force Base, N. Mex., May, 1975.
147. Savage, P. G., “The Honeywell Laser Inertial Navigation System (LINS),” Proceedings of NAECON, 1975.
148. Rountree, J. P., “Advances in Strapdown Navigation,” Proceedings of NAECON, 1974.
149. Rountree, J. P., “Final Report, Development Test of the Honeywell Laser Inertial Navigation System (LINS),” Holoman Rept. ADTC-TR-75-85, Nov. 1975.
150. Morrison, R. and Walls, B., “Space Tug Laser Gyro IMU,” AA, AIAA, IEEE, ORSA and IMS Meeting on Space Shuttle Missions of the80’s, Denver, Colo., April 26-28, 1975.
151. Bachman, K. L. and Carson, E. W., “Advanced Development Program for the Ring Laser Gyro Navigator,” Proceedings of the Bicentennial National Aerospace Symposium, April 1976.
152. McPherson, B. W., Walls, B. F., and White, J. B., “Redundant Strapdown Laser Gyro Navigation System,” Engineering in a Changing Economy: Proceedings of the Southeastern Region 3 Conference, Clemson, S. C., April 5-7, 1976.
153. Johnston, J. V. and Pugh, R. E., “Laser Inertial Platform for Army Missiles,” Engineering in a Changing Economy: Proceedings of the Southeastern Region 3 Conference, Clemson, S. C., April 5-7, 1976.
154. Warzynski, R. R. and Ringo, R. L., “The Evolution of ESG Technology,” NATO/AGARD Conference Proceedings, CP-116, Oct. 1972.
155. Christensen, T. W., “Advanced Development of ESG Strapdown Navigation Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. AES-2, March 1966, pp. 143-157.
156. Elwell, D. F., “An Attitude Reference System with Electrically Suspended Gyros,” Journal of the Institute of Navigation, Vol. 20, Winter 1973-1974, pp. 321-328.
157. Andrews, A., “Calibrating the Drift Rates of Strapdown Electrostatic Gyroscopes,” Proceedings of NAECON, 1973.
158. Duncan, R. R., “Micron-A Strapdown Inertial Navigator Using Miniature Electrostatic Gyros,” Proceedings of the National Aerospace Meeting, Washington, D. C., March 1973.
159. Schwarz, J. A., “Micro-Navigator (MICRON),” AGARD 30th Technical Meeting of the Avionics Panel on Medium Accuracy Low Cost Navigation, Sandefjord, Norway, Sept. 8, 1975.
160. Elwell, D. F., Wacker, J. C., and Miletich, J. M., “Performance Evaluation of a Strapdown Electrically Suspended Gyro for Space,” NASA CR-112206, March 1973.
161. Wacker, J. C., “Strapdown Miniature Electrostatic Gyro (SDMEG) Development and Evaluation,” NASA CR-106989, March 1969.
162. Dobrotin, B. M., “SEAN, A Strapdown Electrostatic Gyro Aerospace Navigator,” Proceedings of ION National Space Meeting, Houston, Texas, 1969.
163. Bumstead, R. and Vander Velde, W. E., “Navigation and Guidance Systems Employing a Gimballess IMU,” AIAA Paper 63307,1963.
164. Turley, A. R. and Carnaghie, J. A., “Flight Test Evaluation and Comparison of Several No-Gimball Algorithms,” AIAA/JACC Guidance and Control Conference, 1966, pp. 163-171.
165. Savage, P. G., “A New Second-Order Solution for Strapped Down Attitude Computation,” AIAA/JACC Guidance and Control Conference, Aug. 1966.
166. Edwards, A. Jr., “The State of Strapdown Inertial Guidance and Navigation,” Institute of Navigation, Annual Meeting, Pasadena, Calif., 1971.
167. Morgan, A. A., “Computational Errors in the Generation of the Direction Cosine Matrix in a Strapdown System,” Journal of the Institute of Navigation, Vol. 14, Spring 1967, pp. 95-104.
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